Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Child's Nervous System 8/2013

01-08-2013 | Original Paper

Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) is a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target in medulloblastoma

Authors: Marc Remke, Esther Hering, Nicolas U. Gerber, Marcel Kool, Dominik Sturm, Christian H. Rickert, Joachim Gerß, Stefan Schulz, Thomas Hielscher, Martin Hasselblatt, Astrid Jeibmann, Volkmar Hans, Vijay Ramaswamy, Michael D. Taylor, Torsten Pietsch, Stefan Rutkowski, Andrey Korshunov, Carmelia-Maria Monoranu, Michael C. Frühwald

Published in: Child's Nervous System | Issue 8/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

Neuroectodermal tumors in general demonstrate high and dense expression of the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2). It controls proliferation of both normal and neoplastic cells. sst2 has thus been suggested as a therapeutic target and prognostic marker for certain malignancies.

Methods

To assess global expression patterns of sst 2 mRNA, we evaluated normal (n = 353) and tumor tissues (n = 340) derived from previously published gene expression profiling studies. These analyses demonstrated specific upregulation of sst 2 mRNA in medulloblastoma (p < 0.001). sst2 protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry in two independent cohorts.

Results

Correlation of sst2 protein expression with clinicopathological variables revealed significantly higher levels in medulloblastoma (p < 0.05) compared with CNS-PNET, ependymoma, or pilocytic astrocytoma. The non-SHH medulloblastoma subgroup tumors showed particularly high expression of sst2, when compared to other tumors and normal tissues. Furthermore, we detected a significant survival benefit in children with tumors exhibiting high sst2 expression (p = 0.02) in this screening set. A similar trend was observed in a validation cohort including 240 independent medulloblastoma samples.

Conclusion

sst2 is highly expressed in medulloblastoma and deserves further evaluation in the setting of prospective trials, given its potential utility as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bai AH, Milde T, Remke M, Rolli CG, Hielscher T, Cho YJ, Kool M, Northcott PA, Jugold M, Bazhin AV, Eichmuller SB, Kulozik AE, Pscherer A, Benner A, Taylor MD, Pomeroy SL, Kemkemer R, Witt O, Korshunov A, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2012) MicroRNA-182 promotes leptomeningeal spread of non-sonic hedgehog-medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 123(4):529–538. doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0924-x PubMedCrossRef Bai AH, Milde T, Remke M, Rolli CG, Hielscher T, Cho YJ, Kool M, Northcott PA, Jugold M, Bazhin AV, Eichmuller SB, Kulozik AE, Pscherer A, Benner A, Taylor MD, Pomeroy SL, Kemkemer R, Witt O, Korshunov A, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2012) MicroRNA-182 promotes leptomeningeal spread of non-sonic hedgehog-medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 123(4):529–538. doi:10.​1007/​s00401-011-0924-x PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Cervera P, Videau C, Viollet C, Petrucci C, Lacombe J, Winsky-Sommerer R, Csaba Z, Helboe L, Daumas-Duport C, Reubi JC, Epelbaum J (2002) Comparison of somatostatin receptor expression in human gliomas and medulloblastomas. J Neuroendocrinol 14(6):458–471PubMedCrossRef Cervera P, Videau C, Viollet C, Petrucci C, Lacombe J, Winsky-Sommerer R, Csaba Z, Helboe L, Daumas-Duport C, Reubi JC, Epelbaum J (2002) Comparison of somatostatin receptor expression in human gliomas and medulloblastomas. J Neuroendocrinol 14(6):458–471PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Cho YJ, Tsherniak A, Tamayo P, Santagata S, Ligon A, Greulich H, Berhoukim R, Amani V, Goumnerova L, Eberhart CG, Lau CC, Olson JM, Gilbertson RJ, Gajjar A, Delattre O, Kool M, Ligon K, Meyerson M, Mesirov JP, Pomeroy SL (2011) Integrative genomic analysis of medulloblastoma identifies a molecular subgroup that drives poor clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1424–1430. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.28.5148 PubMedCrossRef Cho YJ, Tsherniak A, Tamayo P, Santagata S, Ligon A, Greulich H, Berhoukim R, Amani V, Goumnerova L, Eberhart CG, Lau CC, Olson JM, Gilbertson RJ, Gajjar A, Delattre O, Kool M, Ligon K, Meyerson M, Mesirov JP, Pomeroy SL (2011) Integrative genomic analysis of medulloblastoma identifies a molecular subgroup that drives poor clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1424–1430. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2010.​28.​5148 PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Ellison DW, Kocak M, Dalton J, Megahed H, Lusher ME, Ryan SL, Zhao W, Nicholson SL, Taylor RE, Bailey S, Clifford SC (2011) Definition of disease-risk stratification groups in childhood medulloblastoma using combined clinical, pathologic, and molecular variables. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1400–1407. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.2810 PubMedCrossRef Ellison DW, Kocak M, Dalton J, Megahed H, Lusher ME, Ryan SL, Zhao W, Nicholson SL, Taylor RE, Bailey S, Clifford SC (2011) Definition of disease-risk stratification groups in childhood medulloblastoma using combined clinical, pathologic, and molecular variables. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1400–1407. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2010.​30.​2810 PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Frühwald MC (2008) Medulloblastoma. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedic reference of cancer. Springer, Berlin, pp 537–539 Frühwald MC (2008) Medulloblastoma. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedic reference of cancer. Springer, Berlin, pp 537–539
6.
go back to reference Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Cottingham SL, Qualman SJ, O’Dorisio TM (1998) Neuropeptides in developmental tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 865:420–426PubMedCrossRef Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Cottingham SL, Qualman SJ, O’Dorisio TM (1998) Neuropeptides in developmental tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 865:420–426PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Dai Z, Rush LJ, Krahe R, Smiraglia DJ, Pietsch T, Elsea SH, Plass C (2001) Aberrant hypermethylation of the major breakpoint cluster region in 17p11.2 in medulloblastomas but not supratentorial PNETs. Genes Chromosome Canc 30(1):38–47CrossRef Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Dai Z, Rush LJ, Krahe R, Smiraglia DJ, Pietsch T, Elsea SH, Plass C (2001) Aberrant hypermethylation of the major breakpoint cluster region in 17p11.2 in medulloblastomas but not supratentorial PNETs. Genes Chromosome Canc 30(1):38–47CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Pietsch T, Reubi JC (1999) High expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) in medulloblastoma: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Pediatr Res 45(5 Pt 1):697–708PubMedCrossRef Frühwald MC, O’Dorisio MS, Pietsch T, Reubi JC (1999) High expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) in medulloblastoma: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Pediatr Res 45(5 Pt 1):697–708PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Frühwald MC, Rickert CH, O’Dorisio MS, Madsen M, Warmuth-Metz M, Khanna G, Paulus W, Kühl J, Jürgens H, Schneider P, Müller HL (2004) Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 is expressed by supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors of childhood and can be targeted for somatostatin receptor imaging. Clin Cancer Res 10(9):2997–3006PubMedCrossRef Frühwald MC, Rickert CH, O’Dorisio MS, Madsen M, Warmuth-Metz M, Khanna G, Paulus W, Kühl J, Jürgens H, Schneider P, Müller HL (2004) Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 is expressed by supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors of childhood and can be targeted for somatostatin receptor imaging. Clin Cancer Res 10(9):2997–3006PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Gilbertson R, Wickramasinghe C, Hernan R, Balaji V, Hunt D, Jones-Wallace D, Crolla J, Perry R, Lunec J, Pearson A, Ellison D (2001) Clinical and molecular stratification of disease risk in medulloblastoma. Br J Cancer 85(5):705–712. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2001.1987 PubMedCrossRef Gilbertson R, Wickramasinghe C, Hernan R, Balaji V, Hunt D, Jones-Wallace D, Crolla J, Perry R, Lunec J, Pearson A, Ellison D (2001) Clinical and molecular stratification of disease risk in medulloblastoma. Br J Cancer 85(5):705–712. doi:10.​1054/​bjoc.​2001.​1987 PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ginj M, Zhang H, Waser B, Cescato R, Wild D, Wang X, Erchegyi J, Rivier J, Macke HR, Reubi JC (2006) Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are preferable to agonists for in vivo peptide receptor targeting of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(44):16436–16441PubMedCrossRef Ginj M, Zhang H, Waser B, Cescato R, Wild D, Wang X, Erchegyi J, Rivier J, Macke HR, Reubi JC (2006) Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are preferable to agonists for in vivo peptide receptor targeting of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(44):16436–16441PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Goodrich LV, Milenkovic L, Higgins KM, Scott MP (1997) Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants. Science 277(5329):1109–1113PubMedCrossRef Goodrich LV, Milenkovic L, Higgins KM, Scott MP (1997) Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants. Science 277(5329):1109–1113PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Guyotat J, Champier J, Jouvet A, Signorelli F, Houzard C, Bret P, Saint Pierre G, Fevre Montange M (2001) Differential expression of somatostatin receptors in ependymoma: implications for diagnosis. Int J Cancer 95(3):144–151PubMedCrossRef Guyotat J, Champier J, Jouvet A, Signorelli F, Houzard C, Bret P, Saint Pierre G, Fevre Montange M (2001) Differential expression of somatostatin receptors in ependymoma: implications for diagnosis. Int J Cancer 95(3):144–151PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Guyotat J, Champier J, Pierre GS, Jouvet A, Bret P, Brisson C, Belin MF, Signorelli F, Montange MF (2001) Differential expression of somatostatin receptors in medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 51(2):93–103PubMedCrossRef Guyotat J, Champier J, Pierre GS, Jouvet A, Bret P, Brisson C, Belin MF, Signorelli F, Montange MF (2001) Differential expression of somatostatin receptors in medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 51(2):93–103PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Jones DT, Jager N, Kool M, Zichner T, Hutter B, Sultan M, Cho YJ, Pugh TJ, Hovestadt V, Stutz AM, Rausch T, Warnatz HJ, Ryzhova M, Bender S, Sturm D, Pleier S, Cin H, Pfaff E, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Remke M, Witt H, Hutter S, Tzaridis T, Weischenfeldt J, Raeder B, Avci M, Amstislavskiy V, Zapatka M, Weber UD, Wang Q, Lasitschka B, Bartholomae CC, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Ast V, Lawerenz C, Eils J, Kabbe R, Benes V, van Sluis P, Koster J, Volckmann R, Shih D, Betts MJ, Russell RB, Coco S, Tonini GP, Schuller U, Hans V, Graf N, Kim YJ, Monoranu C, Roggendorf W, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Milde T, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Witt O, Maass E, Rossler J, Ebinger M, Schuhmann MU, Fruhwald MC, Hasselblatt M, Jabado N, Rutkowski S, von Bueren AO, Williamson D, Clifford SC, McCabe MG, Collins VP, Wolf S, Wiemann S, Lehrach H, Brors B, Scheurlen W, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Yaspo ML, Korbel JO, Korshunov A, Eils R, Pfister SM, Lichter P (2012) Dissecting the genomic complexity underlying medulloblastoma. Nature 488(7409):100–105. doi:10.1038/nature11284 PubMedCrossRef Jones DT, Jager N, Kool M, Zichner T, Hutter B, Sultan M, Cho YJ, Pugh TJ, Hovestadt V, Stutz AM, Rausch T, Warnatz HJ, Ryzhova M, Bender S, Sturm D, Pleier S, Cin H, Pfaff E, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Remke M, Witt H, Hutter S, Tzaridis T, Weischenfeldt J, Raeder B, Avci M, Amstislavskiy V, Zapatka M, Weber UD, Wang Q, Lasitschka B, Bartholomae CC, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Ast V, Lawerenz C, Eils J, Kabbe R, Benes V, van Sluis P, Koster J, Volckmann R, Shih D, Betts MJ, Russell RB, Coco S, Tonini GP, Schuller U, Hans V, Graf N, Kim YJ, Monoranu C, Roggendorf W, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Milde T, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Witt O, Maass E, Rossler J, Ebinger M, Schuhmann MU, Fruhwald MC, Hasselblatt M, Jabado N, Rutkowski S, von Bueren AO, Williamson D, Clifford SC, McCabe MG, Collins VP, Wolf S, Wiemann S, Lehrach H, Brors B, Scheurlen W, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Yaspo ML, Korbel JO, Korshunov A, Eils R, Pfister SM, Lichter P (2012) Dissecting the genomic complexity underlying medulloblastoma. Nature 488(7409):100–105. doi:10.​1038/​nature11284 PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Khanna G, Bushnell D, O’Dorisio MS (2008) Utility of radiolabeled somatostatin receptor analogues for staging/restaging and treatment of somatostatin receptor-positive pediatric tumors. Oncologist 13(4):382–389PubMedCrossRef Khanna G, Bushnell D, O’Dorisio MS (2008) Utility of radiolabeled somatostatin receptor analogues for staging/restaging and treatment of somatostatin receptor-positive pediatric tumors. Oncologist 13(4):382–389PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, Jones DT, Schlanstein M, Northcott PA, Cho YJ, Koster J, Schouten-van Meeteren A, van Vuurden D, Clifford SC, Pietsch T, von Bueren AO, Rutkowski S, McCabe M, Collins VP, Backlund ML, Haberler C, Bourdeaut F, Delattre O, Doz F, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ, Pomeroy SL, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, group 3, and group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta neuropathologica 123(4):473–484. doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0958-8 PubMedCrossRef Kool M, Korshunov A, Remke M, Jones DT, Schlanstein M, Northcott PA, Cho YJ, Koster J, Schouten-van Meeteren A, van Vuurden D, Clifford SC, Pietsch T, von Bueren AO, Rutkowski S, McCabe M, Collins VP, Backlund ML, Haberler C, Bourdeaut F, Delattre O, Doz F, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ, Pomeroy SL, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of transcriptome, genetic aberrations, and clinical data of WNT, SHH, group 3, and group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta neuropathologica 123(4):473–484. doi:10.​1007/​s00401-012-0958-8 PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Kool M, Koster J, Bunt J, Hasselt NE, Lakeman A, van Sluis P, Troost D, Meeteren NS, Caron HN, Cloos J, Mrsic A, Ylstra B, Grajkowska W, Hartmann W, Pietsch T, Ellison D, Clifford SC, Versteeg R (2008) Integrated genomics identifies five medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct genetic profiles, pathway signatures and clinicopathological features. PLoS One 3(8):e3088. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003088 PubMedCrossRef Kool M, Koster J, Bunt J, Hasselt NE, Lakeman A, van Sluis P, Troost D, Meeteren NS, Caron HN, Cloos J, Mrsic A, Ylstra B, Grajkowska W, Hartmann W, Pietsch T, Ellison D, Clifford SC, Versteeg R (2008) Integrated genomics identifies five medulloblastoma subtypes with distinct genetic profiles, pathway signatures and clinicopathological features. PLoS One 3(8):e3088. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0003088 PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Korshunov A, Remke M, Werft W, Benner A, Ryzhova M, Witt H, Sturm D, Wittmann A, Schottler A, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Rutkowski S, Scheurlen W, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2010) Adult and pediatric medulloblastomas are genetically distinct and require different algorithms for molecular risk stratification. J Clin Oncol 28(18):3054–3060. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.7121 PubMedCrossRef Korshunov A, Remke M, Werft W, Benner A, Ryzhova M, Witt H, Sturm D, Wittmann A, Schottler A, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Rutkowski S, Scheurlen W, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2010) Adult and pediatric medulloblastomas are genetically distinct and require different algorithms for molecular risk stratification. J Clin Oncol 28(18):3054–3060. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2009.​25.​7121 PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kulaksiz H, Eissele R, Rossler D, Schulz S, Hollt V, Cetin Y, Arnold R (2002) Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 in neuroendocrine tumours with subtype specific antibodies. Gut 50(1):52–60PubMedCrossRef Kulaksiz H, Eissele R, Rossler D, Schulz S, Hollt V, Cetin Y, Arnold R (2002) Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 in neuroendocrine tumours with subtype specific antibodies. Gut 50(1):52–60PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Laquerriere A, Leroux P, Gonzalez B, Bodenant C, Tayot J, Vaudry H (1992) Somatostatin receptors in the human cerebellum during development. Brain Res 573(2):251–259PubMedCrossRef Laquerriere A, Leroux P, Gonzalez B, Bodenant C, Tayot J, Vaudry H (1992) Somatostatin receptors in the human cerebellum during development. Brain Res 573(2):251–259PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Le Verche V, Kaindl AM, Verney C, Csaba Z, Peineau S, Olivier P, Adle-Biassette H, Leterrier C, Vitalis T, Renaud J, Dargent B, Gressens P, Dournaud P (2009) The somatostatin 2A receptor is enriched in migrating neurons during rat and human brain development and stimulates migration and axonal outgrowth. PLoS One 4(5):e5509. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005509 PubMedCrossRef Le Verche V, Kaindl AM, Verney C, Csaba Z, Peineau S, Olivier P, Adle-Biassette H, Leterrier C, Vitalis T, Renaud J, Dargent B, Gressens P, Dournaud P (2009) The somatostatin 2A receptor is enriched in migrating neurons during rat and human brain development and stimulates migration and axonal outgrowth. PLoS One 4(5):e5509. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0005509 PubMedCrossRef
23.
24.
25.
go back to reference Moertel CL, Reubi JC, Scheithauer BS, Schaid DJ, Kvols LK (1994) Expression of somatostatin receptors in childhood neuroblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol 102(6):752–756PubMed Moertel CL, Reubi JC, Scheithauer BS, Schaid DJ, Kvols LK (1994) Expression of somatostatin receptors in childhood neuroblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol 102(6):752–756PubMed
26.
go back to reference Müller HL, Frühwald MC, Scheubeck M, Rendl J, Warmuth-Metz M, Sorensen N, Kühl J, Reubi JC (1998) A possible role for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the diagnosis and follow-up of children with medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 38(1):27–40PubMedCrossRef Müller HL, Frühwald MC, Scheubeck M, Rendl J, Warmuth-Metz M, Sorensen N, Kühl J, Reubi JC (1998) A possible role for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the diagnosis and follow-up of children with medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 38(1):27–40PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Witt H, Hielscher T, Eberhart CG, Mack S, Bouffet E, Clifford SC, Hawkins CE, French P, Rutka JT, Pfister S, Taylor MD (2011) Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular variants. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1408–1414. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.4324 PubMedCrossRef Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Witt H, Hielscher T, Eberhart CG, Mack S, Bouffet E, Clifford SC, Hawkins CE, French P, Rutka JT, Pfister S, Taylor MD (2011) Medulloblastoma comprises four distinct molecular variants. J Clin Oncol 29(11):1408–1414. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2009.​27.​4324 PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Northcott PA, Nakahara Y, Wu X, Feuk L, Ellison DW, Croul S, Mack S, Kongkham PN, Peacock J, Dubuc A, Ra YS, Zilberberg K, McLeod J, Scherer SW, Sunil Rao J, Eberhart CG, Grajkowska W, Gillespie Y, Lach B, Grundy R, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Van Meter T, Carlotti CG, Boop F, Bigner D, Gilbertson RJ, Rutka JT, Taylor MD (2009) Multiple recurrent genetic events converge on control of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma. Nat Genet 41(4):465–472. doi:10.1038/ng.336 PubMedCrossRef Northcott PA, Nakahara Y, Wu X, Feuk L, Ellison DW, Croul S, Mack S, Kongkham PN, Peacock J, Dubuc A, Ra YS, Zilberberg K, McLeod J, Scherer SW, Sunil Rao J, Eberhart CG, Grajkowska W, Gillespie Y, Lach B, Grundy R, Pollack IF, Hamilton RL, Van Meter T, Carlotti CG, Boop F, Bigner D, Gilbertson RJ, Rutka JT, Taylor MD (2009) Multiple recurrent genetic events converge on control of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma. Nat Genet 41(4):465–472. doi:10.​1038/​ng.​336 PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Northcott PA, Shih DJ, Peacock J, Garzia L, Morrissy AS, Zichner T, Stutz AM, Korshunov A, Reimand J, Schumacher SE, Beroukhim R, Ellison DW, Marshall CR, Lionel AC, Mack S, Dubuc A, Yao Y, Ramaswamy V, Luu B, Rolider A, Cavalli FM, Wang X, Remke M, Wu X, Chiu RY, Chu A, Chuah E, Corbett RD, Hoad GR, Jackman SD, Li Y, Lo A, Mungall KL, Nip KM, Qian JQ, Raymond AG, Thiessen NT, Varhol RJ, Birol I, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Holt R, Kawauchi D, Roussel MF, Kool M, Jones DT, Witt H, Fernandez LA, Kenney AM, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Dirks P, Aviv T, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Haberler CC, Delattre O, Reynaud SS, Doz FF, Pernet-Fattet SS, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Scheurlen W, Eberhart CG, Fevre-Montange M, Jouvet A, Pollack IF, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Gillespie GY, Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Michiels EM, Kloosterhof NK, French PJ, Kros JM, Olson JM, Ellenbogen RG, Zitterbart K, Kren L, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Lach B, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Fontebasso A, Albrecht S, Jabado N, Lindsey JC, Bailey S, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Bognar L, Klekner A, Van Meter TE, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Elbabaa SK, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Liau LM, Van Meir EG, Fouladi M, Nakamura H, Cinalli G, Garami M, Hauser P, Saad AG, Iolascon A, Jung S, Carlotti CG, Vibhakar R, Ra YS, Robinson S, Zollo M, Faria CC, Chan JA, Levy ML, Sorensen PH, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Bader GD, Tabori U, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Scherer SW, Rutka JT, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Jones SJ, Korbel JO, Pfister SM, Marra MA, Taylor MD (2012) Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes. Nature 488(7409):49–56. doi:10.1038/nature11327 PubMedCrossRef Northcott PA, Shih DJ, Peacock J, Garzia L, Morrissy AS, Zichner T, Stutz AM, Korshunov A, Reimand J, Schumacher SE, Beroukhim R, Ellison DW, Marshall CR, Lionel AC, Mack S, Dubuc A, Yao Y, Ramaswamy V, Luu B, Rolider A, Cavalli FM, Wang X, Remke M, Wu X, Chiu RY, Chu A, Chuah E, Corbett RD, Hoad GR, Jackman SD, Li Y, Lo A, Mungall KL, Nip KM, Qian JQ, Raymond AG, Thiessen NT, Varhol RJ, Birol I, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Holt R, Kawauchi D, Roussel MF, Kool M, Jones DT, Witt H, Fernandez LA, Kenney AM, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Dirks P, Aviv T, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Haberler CC, Delattre O, Reynaud SS, Doz FF, Pernet-Fattet SS, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Scheurlen W, Eberhart CG, Fevre-Montange M, Jouvet A, Pollack IF, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Gillespie GY, Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Michiels EM, Kloosterhof NK, French PJ, Kros JM, Olson JM, Ellenbogen RG, Zitterbart K, Kren L, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Lach B, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Fontebasso A, Albrecht S, Jabado N, Lindsey JC, Bailey S, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Bognar L, Klekner A, Van Meter TE, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Elbabaa SK, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Liau LM, Van Meir EG, Fouladi M, Nakamura H, Cinalli G, Garami M, Hauser P, Saad AG, Iolascon A, Jung S, Carlotti CG, Vibhakar R, Ra YS, Robinson S, Zollo M, Faria CC, Chan JA, Levy ML, Sorensen PH, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Bader GD, Tabori U, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Scherer SW, Rutka JT, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Jones SJ, Korbel JO, Pfister SM, Marra MA, Taylor MD (2012) Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes. Nature 488(7409):49–56. doi:10.​1038/​nature11327 PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference O’Dorisio MS, Khanna G, Bushnell D (2008) Combining anatomic and molecularly targeted imaging in the diagnosis and surveillance of embryonal tumors of the nervous and endocrine systems in children. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27(4):665–677PubMedCrossRef O’Dorisio MS, Khanna G, Bushnell D (2008) Combining anatomic and molecularly targeted imaging in the diagnosis and surveillance of embryonal tumors of the nervous and endocrine systems in children. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27(4):665–677PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Parsons DW, Li M, Zhang X, Jones S, Leary RJ, Lin JC, Boca SM, Carter H, Samayoa J, Bettegowda C, Gallia GL, Jallo GI, Binder ZA, Nikolsky Y, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Gerhard DS, Fults DW, VandenBerg S, Berger MS, Marie SK, Shinjo SM, Clara C, Phillips PC, Minturn JE, Biegel JA, Judkins AR, Resnick AC, Storm PB, Curran T, He Y, Rasheed BA, Friedman HS, Keir ST, McLendon R, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Burger PC, Riggins GJ, Karchin R, Parmigiani G, Bigner DD, Yan H, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE (2011) The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma. Science 331(6016):435–439. doi:10.1126/science.1198056 PubMedCrossRef Parsons DW, Li M, Zhang X, Jones S, Leary RJ, Lin JC, Boca SM, Carter H, Samayoa J, Bettegowda C, Gallia GL, Jallo GI, Binder ZA, Nikolsky Y, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Gerhard DS, Fults DW, VandenBerg S, Berger MS, Marie SK, Shinjo SM, Clara C, Phillips PC, Minturn JE, Biegel JA, Judkins AR, Resnick AC, Storm PB, Curran T, He Y, Rasheed BA, Friedman HS, Keir ST, McLendon R, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Burger PC, Riggins GJ, Karchin R, Parmigiani G, Bigner DD, Yan H, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE (2011) The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma. Science 331(6016):435–439. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1198056 PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Pfaff E, Remke M, Sturm D, Benner A, Witt H, Milde T, von Bueren AO, Wittmann A, Schottler A, Jorch N, Graf N, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Scheurlen W, von Deimling A, Rutkowski S, Taylor MD, Tabori U, Lichter P, Korshunov A, Pfister SM (2010) TP53 mutation is frequently associated with CTNNB1 mutation or MYCN amplification and is compatible with long-term survival in medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 28(35):5188–5196. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1670 PubMedCrossRef Pfaff E, Remke M, Sturm D, Benner A, Witt H, Milde T, von Bueren AO, Wittmann A, Schottler A, Jorch N, Graf N, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Scheurlen W, von Deimling A, Rutkowski S, Taylor MD, Tabori U, Lichter P, Korshunov A, Pfister SM (2010) TP53 mutation is frequently associated with CTNNB1 mutation or MYCN amplification and is compatible with long-term survival in medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 28(35):5188–5196. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2010.​31.​1670 PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Pfister S, Remke M, Benner A, Mendrzyk F, Toedt G, Felsberg J, Wittmann A, Devens F, Gerber NU, Joos S, Kulozik A, Reifenberger G, Rutkowski S, Wiestler OD, Radlwimmer B, Scheurlen W, Lichter P, Korshunov A (2009) Outcome prediction in pediatric medulloblastoma based on DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 6q and 17q and the MYC and MYCN loci. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1627–1636PubMedCrossRef Pfister S, Remke M, Benner A, Mendrzyk F, Toedt G, Felsberg J, Wittmann A, Devens F, Gerber NU, Joos S, Kulozik A, Reifenberger G, Rutkowski S, Wiestler OD, Radlwimmer B, Scheurlen W, Lichter P, Korshunov A (2009) Outcome prediction in pediatric medulloblastoma based on DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 6q and 17q and the MYC and MYCN loci. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1627–1636PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Pfister S, Remke M, Benner A, Mendrzyk F, Toedt G, Felsberg J, Wittmann A, Devens F, Gerber NU, Joos S, Kulozik A, Reifenberger G, Rutkowski S, Wiestler OD, Radlwimmer B, Scheurlen W, Lichter P, Korshunov A (2009) Outcome prediction in pediatric medulloblastoma based on DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 6q and 17q and the MYC and MYCN loci. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1627–1636. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.9432 PubMedCrossRef Pfister S, Remke M, Benner A, Mendrzyk F, Toedt G, Felsberg J, Wittmann A, Devens F, Gerber NU, Joos S, Kulozik A, Reifenberger G, Rutkowski S, Wiestler OD, Radlwimmer B, Scheurlen W, Lichter P, Korshunov A (2009) Outcome prediction in pediatric medulloblastoma based on DNA copy-number aberrations of chromosomes 6q and 17q and the MYC and MYCN loci. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1627–1636. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2008.​17.​9432 PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Pomeroy SL, Tamayo P, Gaasenbeek M, Sturla LM, Angelo M, McLaughlin ME, Kim JY, Goumnerova LC, Black PM, Lau C, Allen JC, Zagzag D, Olson JM, Curran T, Wetmore C, Biegel JA, Poggio T, Mukherjee S, Rifkin R, Califano A, Stolovitzky G, Louis DN, Mesirov JP, Lander ES, Golub TR (2002) Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression. Nature 415(6870):436–442. doi:10.1038/415436a PubMedCrossRef Pomeroy SL, Tamayo P, Gaasenbeek M, Sturla LM, Angelo M, McLaughlin ME, Kim JY, Goumnerova LC, Black PM, Lau C, Allen JC, Zagzag D, Olson JM, Curran T, Wetmore C, Biegel JA, Poggio T, Mukherjee S, Rifkin R, Califano A, Stolovitzky G, Louis DN, Mesirov JP, Lander ES, Golub TR (2002) Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression. Nature 415(6870):436–442. doi:10.​1038/​415436a PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Pugh TJ, Weeraratne SD, Archer TC, Pomeranz Krummel DA, Auclair D, Bochicchio J, Carneiro MO, Carter SL, Cibulskis K, Erlich RL, Greulich H, Lawrence MS, Lennon NJ, McKenna A, Meldrim J, Ramos AH, Ross MG, Russ C, Shefler E, Sivachenko A, Sogoloff B, Stojanov P, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP, Amani V, Teider N, Sengupta S, Francois JP, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Yu F, Crabtree GR, Kautzman AG, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Jager N, Jones DT, Lichter P, Pfister SM, Roberts TM, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ (2012) Medulloblastoma exome sequencing uncovers subtype-specific somatic mutations. Nature 488(7409):106–110. doi:10.1038/nature11329 PubMedCrossRef Pugh TJ, Weeraratne SD, Archer TC, Pomeranz Krummel DA, Auclair D, Bochicchio J, Carneiro MO, Carter SL, Cibulskis K, Erlich RL, Greulich H, Lawrence MS, Lennon NJ, McKenna A, Meldrim J, Ramos AH, Ross MG, Russ C, Shefler E, Sivachenko A, Sogoloff B, Stojanov P, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP, Amani V, Teider N, Sengupta S, Francois JP, Northcott PA, Taylor MD, Yu F, Crabtree GR, Kautzman AG, Gabriel SB, Getz G, Jager N, Jones DT, Lichter P, Pfister SM, Roberts TM, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ (2012) Medulloblastoma exome sequencing uncovers subtype-specific somatic mutations. Nature 488(7409):106–110. doi:10.​1038/​nature11329 PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Raggi CC, Cianchi F, Valanzano R, Smith MC, Serio M, Maggi M, Orlando C (2005) Prognostic value of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 expression in colorectal cancer. Regul Pept 132((1–3)):23–26, Epub 2005Aug 2030PubMedCrossRef Raggi CC, Cianchi F, Valanzano R, Smith MC, Serio M, Maggi M, Orlando C (2005) Prognostic value of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 expression in colorectal cancer. Regul Pept 132((1–3)):23–26, Epub 2005Aug 2030PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Rausch T, Jones DT, Zapatka M, Stutz AM, Zichner T, Weischenfeldt J, Jager N, Remke M, Shih D, Northcott PA, Pfaff E, Tica J, Wang Q, Massimi L, Witt H, Bender S, Pleier S, Cin H, Hawkins C, Beck C, von Deimling A, Hans V, Brors B, Eils R, Scheurlen W, Blake J, Benes V, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Martin D, Zhang C, Porat R, Merino DM, Wasserman J, Jabado N, Fontebasso A, Bullinger L, Rucker FG, Dohner K, Dohner H, Koster J, Molenaar JJ, Versteeg R, Kool M, Tabori U, Malkin D, Korshunov A, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Pfister SM, Korbel JO (2012) Genome sequencing of pediatric medulloblastoma links catastrophic DNA rearrangements with TP53 mutations. Cell 148(1–2):59–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.013 PubMedCrossRef Rausch T, Jones DT, Zapatka M, Stutz AM, Zichner T, Weischenfeldt J, Jager N, Remke M, Shih D, Northcott PA, Pfaff E, Tica J, Wang Q, Massimi L, Witt H, Bender S, Pleier S, Cin H, Hawkins C, Beck C, von Deimling A, Hans V, Brors B, Eils R, Scheurlen W, Blake J, Benes V, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Martin D, Zhang C, Porat R, Merino DM, Wasserman J, Jabado N, Fontebasso A, Bullinger L, Rucker FG, Dohner K, Dohner H, Koster J, Molenaar JJ, Versteeg R, Kool M, Tabori U, Malkin D, Korshunov A, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Pfister SM, Korbel JO (2012) Genome sequencing of pediatric medulloblastoma links catastrophic DNA rearrangements with TP53 mutations. Cell 148(1–2):59–71. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cell.​2011.​12.​013 PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Remke M, Hielscher T, Korshunov A, Northcott PA, Bender S, Kool M, Westermann F, Benner A, Cin H, Ryzhova M, Sturm D, Witt H, Haag D, Toedt G, Wittmann A, Schottler A, von Bueren AO, von Deimling A, Rutkowski S, Scheurlen W, Kulozik AE, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2011) FSTL5 is a marker of poor prognosis in non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 29(29):3852–3861. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.2798 PubMedCrossRef Remke M, Hielscher T, Korshunov A, Northcott PA, Bender S, Kool M, Westermann F, Benner A, Cin H, Ryzhova M, Sturm D, Witt H, Haag D, Toedt G, Wittmann A, Schottler A, von Bueren AO, von Deimling A, Rutkowski S, Scheurlen W, Kulozik AE, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Pfister SM (2011) FSTL5 is a marker of poor prognosis in non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 29(29):3852–3861. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2011.​36.​2798 PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Remke M, Hielscher T, Northcott PA, Witt H, Ryzhova M, Wittmann A, Benner A, von Deimling A, Scheurlen W, Perry A, Croul S, Kulozik AE, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Pfister SM, Korshunov A (2011) Adult medulloblastoma comprises three major molecular variants. J Clin Oncol 29(19):2717–2723. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9373 PubMedCrossRef Remke M, Hielscher T, Northcott PA, Witt H, Ryzhova M, Wittmann A, Benner A, von Deimling A, Scheurlen W, Perry A, Croul S, Kulozik AE, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Pfister SM, Korshunov A (2011) Adult medulloblastoma comprises three major molecular variants. J Clin Oncol 29(19):2717–2723. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2011.​34.​9373 PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Remmele W, Schicketanz KH (1993) Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor content in human breast cancer. Computer-assisted image analysis (QIC score) vs. subjective grading (IRS). Pathol Res Pract 189(8):862–866PubMedCrossRef Remmele W, Schicketanz KH (1993) Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor content in human breast cancer. Computer-assisted image analysis (QIC score) vs. subjective grading (IRS). Pathol Res Pract 189(8):862–866PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Robinson G, Parker M, Kranenburg TA, Lu C, Chen X, Ding L, Phoenix TN, Hedlund E, Wei L, Zhu X, Chalhoub N, Baker SJ, Huether R, Kriwacki R, Curley N, Thiruvenkatam R, Wang J, Wu G, Rusch M, Hong X, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Ma J, Easton J, Vadodaria B, Onar-Thomas A, Lin T, Li S, Pounds S, Paugh S, Zhao D, Kawauchi D, Roussel MF, Finkelstein D, Ellison DW, Lau CC, Bouffet E, Hassall T, Gururangan S, Cohn R, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Dooling DJ, Ochoa K, Gajjar A, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Zhang J, Gilbertson RJ (2012) Novel mutations target distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma. Nature 488(7409):43–48. doi:10.1038/nature11213 PubMedCrossRef Robinson G, Parker M, Kranenburg TA, Lu C, Chen X, Ding L, Phoenix TN, Hedlund E, Wei L, Zhu X, Chalhoub N, Baker SJ, Huether R, Kriwacki R, Curley N, Thiruvenkatam R, Wang J, Wu G, Rusch M, Hong X, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Ma J, Easton J, Vadodaria B, Onar-Thomas A, Lin T, Li S, Pounds S, Paugh S, Zhao D, Kawauchi D, Roussel MF, Finkelstein D, Ellison DW, Lau CC, Bouffet E, Hassall T, Gururangan S, Cohn R, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Dooling DJ, Ochoa K, Gajjar A, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Zhang J, Gilbertson RJ (2012) Novel mutations target distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma. Nature 488(7409):43–48. doi:10.​1038/​nature11213 PubMedCrossRef
43.
44.
go back to reference Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, Ottensmeier H, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Graf N, Emser A, Pietsch T, Wolff JE, Kortmann RD, Kuehl J (2005) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med 352(10):978–986. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042176 PubMedCrossRef Rutkowski S, Bode U, Deinlein F, Ottensmeier H, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Graf N, Emser A, Pietsch T, Wolff JE, Kortmann RD, Kuehl J (2005) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy alone. N Engl J Med 352(10):978–986. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa042176 PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Rutkowski S, Cohen B, Finlay J, Luksch R, Ridola V, Valteau-Couanet D, Hara J, Garre ML, Grill J (2010) Medulloblastoma in young children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54(4):635–637PubMedCrossRef Rutkowski S, Cohen B, Finlay J, Luksch R, Ridola V, Valteau-Couanet D, Hara J, Garre ML, Grill J (2010) Medulloblastoma in young children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54(4):635–637PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Rutkowski S, Gerber NU, von Hoff K, Gnekow A, Bode U, Graf N, Berthold F, Henze G, Wolff JE, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Emser A, Ottensmeier H, Deinlein F, Schlegel PG, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, Kuehl J (2009) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol 11(2):201–210, Epub 2008, Sep 2025PubMedCrossRef Rutkowski S, Gerber NU, von Hoff K, Gnekow A, Bode U, Graf N, Berthold F, Henze G, Wolff JE, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Emser A, Ottensmeier H, Deinlein F, Schlegel PG, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, Kuehl J (2009) Treatment of early childhood medulloblastoma by postoperative chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol 11(2):201–210, Epub 2008, Sep 2025PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Schindler M, Holloway S, Humphrey PP, Waldvogel H, Faull RL, Berger W, Emson PC (1998) Localization of the somatostatin sst2(a) receptor in human cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Neuroreport 9(3):521–525PubMedCrossRef Schindler M, Holloway S, Humphrey PP, Waldvogel H, Faull RL, Berger W, Emson PC (1998) Localization of the somatostatin sst2(a) receptor in human cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Neuroreport 9(3):521–525PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Schuller U, Heine VM, Mao J, Kho AT, Dillon AK, Han YG, Huillard E, Sun T, Ligon AH, Qian Y, Ma Q, Alvarez-Buylla A, McMahon AP, Rowitch DH, Ligon KL (2008) Acquisition of granule neuron precursor identity is a critical determinant of progenitor cell competence to form Shh-induced medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 14(2):123–134. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.005 PubMedCrossRef Schuller U, Heine VM, Mao J, Kho AT, Dillon AK, Han YG, Huillard E, Sun T, Ligon AH, Qian Y, Ma Q, Alvarez-Buylla A, McMahon AP, Rowitch DH, Ligon KL (2008) Acquisition of granule neuron precursor identity is a critical determinant of progenitor cell competence to form Shh-induced medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 14(2):123–134. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ccr.​2008.​07.​005 PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Schulz S, Schmitt J, Quednow C, Roessner A, Weise W, Kulaksiz H, Eissele R, Rossler D, Hollt V, Cetin Y, Arnold R (2002) Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptors in human ovarian tumors Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 in neuroendocrine tumours with subtype specific antibodies. Gynecol Oncol 84(2):235–240PubMedCrossRef Schulz S, Schmitt J, Quednow C, Roessner A, Weise W, Kulaksiz H, Eissele R, Rossler D, Hollt V, Cetin Y, Arnold R (2002) Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptors in human ovarian tumors Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 in neuroendocrine tumours with subtype specific antibodies. Gynecol Oncol 84(2):235–240PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Strosberg J, Kvols L (2010) Antiproliferative effect of somatostatin analogs in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. World J Gastroenterol 16(24):2963–2970PubMedCrossRef Strosberg J, Kvols L (2010) Antiproliferative effect of somatostatin analogs in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. World J Gastroenterol 16(24):2963–2970PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Susini C, Buscail L (2006) Rationale for the use of somatostatin analogs as antitumor agents. Ann Oncol 17(12):1733–1742, Epub 2006Jun 1726PubMedCrossRef Susini C, Buscail L (2006) Rationale for the use of somatostatin analogs as antitumor agents. Ann Oncol 17(12):1733–1742, Epub 2006Jun 1726PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Remke M, Cho YJ, Clifford SC, Eberhart CG, Parsons DW, Rutkowski S, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Lichter P, Gilbertson RJ, Pomeroy SL, Kool M, Pfister SM (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta neuropathologica 123(4):465–472. doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0922-z PubMedCrossRef Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Remke M, Cho YJ, Clifford SC, Eberhart CG, Parsons DW, Rutkowski S, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Lichter P, Gilbertson RJ, Pomeroy SL, Kool M, Pfister SM (2012) Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta neuropathologica 123(4):465–472. doi:10.​1007/​s00401-011-0922-z PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Thompson MC, Fuller C, Hogg TL, Dalton J, Finkelstein D, Lau CC, Chintagumpala M, Adesina A, Ashley DM, Kellie SJ, Taylor MD, Curran T, Gajjar A, Gilbertson RJ (2006) Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 24(12):1924–1931. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.4974 PubMedCrossRef Thompson MC, Fuller C, Hogg TL, Dalton J, Finkelstein D, Lau CC, Chintagumpala M, Adesina A, Ashley DM, Kellie SJ, Taylor MD, Curran T, Gajjar A, Gilbertson RJ (2006) Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 24(12):1924–1931. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2005.​04.​4974 PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Traenka C, Remke M, Korshunov A, Bender S, Hielscher T, Northcott PA, Witt H, Ryzhova M, Felsberg J, Benner A, Riester S, Scheurlen W, Grunewald TG, von Deimling A, Kulozik AE, Reifenberger G, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Butt E, Pfister SM (2010) Role of LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) in the metastatic dissemination of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 70(20):8003–8014. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0592 PubMedCrossRef Traenka C, Remke M, Korshunov A, Bender S, Hielscher T, Northcott PA, Witt H, Ryzhova M, Felsberg J, Benner A, Riester S, Scheurlen W, Grunewald TG, von Deimling A, Kulozik AE, Reifenberger G, Taylor MD, Lichter P, Butt E, Pfister SM (2010) Role of LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) in the metastatic dissemination of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 70(20):8003–8014. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-10-0592 PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference von Hoff K, Hinkes B, Gerber NU, Deinlein F, Mittler U, Urban C, Benesch M, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Zwiener I, Goette H, Schlegel PG, Pietsch T, Kortmann RD, Kuehl J, Rutkowski S (2009) Long-term outcome and clinical prognostic factors in children with medulloblastoma treated in the prospective randomised multicentre trial HIT’91. Eur J Cancer 45(7):1209–1217CrossRef von Hoff K, Hinkes B, Gerber NU, Deinlein F, Mittler U, Urban C, Benesch M, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Zwiener I, Goette H, Schlegel PG, Pietsch T, Kortmann RD, Kuehl J, Rutkowski S (2009) Long-term outcome and clinical prognostic factors in children with medulloblastoma treated in the prospective randomised multicentre trial HIT’91. Eur J Cancer 45(7):1209–1217CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Wu X, Northcott PA, Dubuc A, Dupuy AJ, Shih DJ, Witt H, Croul S, Bouffet E, Fults DW, Eberhart CG, Garzia L, Van Meter T, Zagzag D, Jabado N, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Scheetz TE, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Li XN, Scherer SW, Cho YJ, Akagi K, MacDonald TJ, Koster J, McCabe MG, Sarver AL, Collins VP, Weiss WA, Largaespada DA, Collier LS, Taylor MD (2012) Clonal selection drives genetic divergence of metastatic medulloblastoma. Nature 482(7386):529–533. doi:10.1038/nature10825 PubMedCrossRef Wu X, Northcott PA, Dubuc A, Dupuy AJ, Shih DJ, Witt H, Croul S, Bouffet E, Fults DW, Eberhart CG, Garzia L, Van Meter T, Zagzag D, Jabado N, Schwartzentruber J, Majewski J, Scheetz TE, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Li XN, Scherer SW, Cho YJ, Akagi K, MacDonald TJ, Koster J, McCabe MG, Sarver AL, Collins VP, Weiss WA, Largaespada DA, Collier LS, Taylor MD (2012) Clonal selection drives genetic divergence of metastatic medulloblastoma. Nature 482(7386):529–533. doi:10.​1038/​nature10825 PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Yang ZJ, Ellis T, Markant SL, Read TA, Kessler JD, Bourboulas M, Schuller U, Machold R, Fishell G, Rowitch DH, Wainwright BJ, Wechsler-Reya RJ (2008) Medulloblastoma can be initiated by deletion of patched in lineage-restricted progenitors or stem cells. Cancer Cell 14(2):135–145. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.003 PubMedCrossRef Yang ZJ, Ellis T, Markant SL, Read TA, Kessler JD, Bourboulas M, Schuller U, Machold R, Fishell G, Rowitch DH, Wainwright BJ, Wechsler-Reya RJ (2008) Medulloblastoma can be initiated by deletion of patched in lineage-restricted progenitors or stem cells. Cancer Cell 14(2):135–145. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ccr.​2008.​07.​003 PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, Albright AL, Rorke LB, Milstein JM, Allen JC, Stevens KR, Stanley P, Li H, Wisoff JH, Geyer JR, McGuire-Cullen P, Stehbens JA, Shurin SB, Packer RJ (1999) Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children’s Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 17(3):832–845PubMed Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, Albright AL, Rorke LB, Milstein JM, Allen JC, Stevens KR, Stanley P, Li H, Wisoff JH, Geyer JR, McGuire-Cullen P, Stehbens JA, Shurin SB, Packer RJ (1999) Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children’s Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol 17(3):832–845PubMed
Metadata
Title
Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) is a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target in medulloblastoma
Authors
Marc Remke
Esther Hering
Nicolas U. Gerber
Marcel Kool
Dominik Sturm
Christian H. Rickert
Joachim Gerß
Stefan Schulz
Thomas Hielscher
Martin Hasselblatt
Astrid Jeibmann
Volkmar Hans
Vijay Ramaswamy
Michael D. Taylor
Torsten Pietsch
Stefan Rutkowski
Andrey Korshunov
Carmelia-Maria Monoranu
Michael C. Frühwald
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Child's Nervous System / Issue 8/2013
Print ISSN: 0256-7040
Electronic ISSN: 1433-0350
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2142-4

Other articles of this Issue 8/2013

Child's Nervous System 8/2013 Go to the issue