Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Abdominal Radiology 6/2021

01-06-2021 | Ultrasound | Review

Current update on gallbladder carcinoma

Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan, Avinash Kambadakone, Paul Nikolaidis, Vivek Subbiah, Ishwaria M. Subbiah, Catherine Devine

Published in: Abdominal Radiology | Issue 6/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Gallbladder (GB) carcinoma is a relatively rare malignancy and is associated with poor prognosis. Numerous risk factors have been associated with the development of GB carcinoma. GB carcinomas may present as mass lesions replacing the GB, focal or diffuse thickening of the GB wall, and intraluminal mass in the GB. Various benign conditions can mimic GB carcinoma. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathology, clinical findings, imaging features, and management of GB carcinomas.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68 (6):394-424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492 Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68 (6):394-424. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3322/​caac.​21492
6.
go back to reference Duffy A, Capanu M, Abou-Alfa GK, Huitzil D, Jarnagin W, Fong Y, D'Angelica M, Dematteo RP, Blumgart LH, O'Reilly EM (2008) Gallbladder cancer (GBC): 10-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC). J Surg Oncol 98 (7):485–489. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21141 Duffy A, Capanu M, Abou-Alfa GK, Huitzil D, Jarnagin W, Fong Y, D'Angelica M, Dematteo RP, Blumgart LH, O'Reilly EM (2008) Gallbladder cancer (GBC): 10-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC). J Surg Oncol 98 (7):485–489. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​jso.​21141
9.
go back to reference Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandstrom P, Andersson B (2017) Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry. Surgery 162 (2):256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.02.009 Muszynska C, Lundgren L, Lindell G, Andersson R, Nilsson J, Sandstrom P, Andersson B (2017) Predictors of incidental gallbladder cancer in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease: Results from a population-based gallstone surgery registry. Surgery 162 (2):256–263. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​surg.​2017.​02.​009
11.
go back to reference Zatonski WA, Lowenfels AB, Boyle P, Maisonneuve P, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Ghadirian P, Jain M, Przewozniak K, Baghurst P, Moerman CJ, Simard A, Howe GR, McMichael AJ, Hsieh CC, Walker AM (1997) Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 89 (15):1132–1138. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.15.1132 Zatonski WA, Lowenfels AB, Boyle P, Maisonneuve P, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Ghadirian P, Jain M, Przewozniak K, Baghurst P, Moerman CJ, Simard A, Howe GR, McMichael AJ, Hsieh CC, Walker AM (1997) Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 89 (15):1132–1138. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​jnci/​89.​15.​1132
15.
go back to reference Jorgensen T, Jensen KH (1990) Polyps in the gallbladder. A prevalence study. Scand J Gastroenterol 25 (3):281–286 Jorgensen T, Jensen KH (1990) Polyps in the gallbladder. A prevalence study. Scand J Gastroenterol 25 (3):281–286
17.
go back to reference Ishikawa O, Ohhigashi H, Imaoka S, Nakaizumi A, Kitamura T, Sasaki Y, Shibata T, Wada A, Iwanaga T (1989) The difference in malignancy between pedunculated and sessile polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 84 (11):1386–1390 Ishikawa O, Ohhigashi H, Imaoka S, Nakaizumi A, Kitamura T, Sasaki Y, Shibata T, Wada A, Iwanaga T (1989) The difference in malignancy between pedunculated and sessile polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 84 (11):1386–1390
19.
go back to reference Tsuchiya K UM (1986) [Collective review of 503 cases of small polypoid lesions (less than 20mm in maximum diameter) of the gallbladder: size distribution in various diseases and the depth of carcinomatous invasion]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 83 (9):2086–2087 Tsuchiya K UM (1986) [Collective review of 503 cases of small polypoid lesions (less than 20mm in maximum diameter) of the gallbladder: size distribution in various diseases and the depth of carcinomatous invasion]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 83 (9):2086–2087
21.
go back to reference Morine Y, Shimada M, Takamatsu H, Araida T, Endo I, Kubota M, Toki A, Noda T, Matsumura T, Miyakawa S, Ishibashi H, Kamisawa T, Shimada H (2013) Clinical features of pancreaticobiliary maljunction: update analysis of 2nd Japan-nationwide survey. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 20 (5):472–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-013-0606-2 Morine Y, Shimada M, Takamatsu H, Araida T, Endo I, Kubota M, Toki A, Noda T, Matsumura T, Miyakawa S, Ishibashi H, Kamisawa T, Shimada H (2013) Clinical features of pancreaticobiliary maljunction: update analysis of 2nd Japan-nationwide survey. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 20 (5):472–480. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00534-013-0606-2
24.
go back to reference van Erp LW, Cunningham M, Narasimman M, Ale Ali H, Jhaveri K, Drenth JPH, Janssen HLA, Levy C, Hirschfield GM, Hansen BE, Gulamhusein AF (2020) Risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and radiographically detected gallbladder polyps. Liver Int 40 (2):382–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14326 van Erp LW, Cunningham M, Narasimman M, Ale Ali H, Jhaveri K, Drenth JPH, Janssen HLA, Levy C, Hirschfield GM, Hansen BE, Gulamhusein AF (2020) Risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and radiographically detected gallbladder polyps. Liver Int 40 (2):382–392. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​liv.​14326
25.
go back to reference Samuel S, Mukherjee S, Ammannagari N, Pokuri VK, Kuvshinoff B, Groman A, LeVea CM, Iyer R (2018) Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of rare histologic subtypes of gallbladder cancer over two decades: A population-based study. PLoS One 13 (6):e0198809. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198809 Samuel S, Mukherjee S, Ammannagari N, Pokuri VK, Kuvshinoff B, Groman A, LeVea CM, Iyer R (2018) Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of rare histologic subtypes of gallbladder cancer over two decades: A population-based study. PLoS One 13 (6):e0198809. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0198809
26.
go back to reference Yang Z, Yang Z, Zou Q, Yuan Y, Li J, Li D, Liang L, Zeng G, Chen S (2014) A comparative study of clinicopathological significance, FGFBP1, and WISP-2 expression between squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinomas and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Int J Clin Oncol 19 (2):325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-013-0550-9 Yang Z, Yang Z, Zou Q, Yuan Y, Li J, Li D, Liang L, Zeng G, Chen S (2014) A comparative study of clinicopathological significance, FGFBP1, and WISP-2 expression between squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinomas and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Int J Clin Oncol 19 (2):325–335. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10147-013-0550-9
27.
go back to reference Albores-Saavedra J HDTotgaebdaotpF, ser 2. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1986. Albores-Saavedra J HDTotgaebdaotpF, ser 2. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1986.
29.
go back to reference Shukla VK, Gurubachan, Sharma D, Dixit VK, Usha (2006) Diagnostic value of serum CA242, CA 19–9, CA 15–3 and CA 125 in patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder. Trop Gastroenterol 27 (4):160–165 Shukla VK, Gurubachan, Sharma D, Dixit VK, Usha (2006) Diagnostic value of serum CA242, CA 19–9, CA 15–3 and CA 125 in patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder. Trop Gastroenterol 27 (4):160–165
30.
go back to reference Corwin MT, Khera SS, Loehfelm TW, Yang NT, Fananapazir G (2019) Incidentally Detected Focal Fundal Gallbladder Wall Thickening at Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography: Prevalence and Computed Tomography Features of Malignancy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 43 (1):149–154. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000000802 Corwin MT, Khera SS, Loehfelm TW, Yang NT, Fananapazir G (2019) Incidentally Detected Focal Fundal Gallbladder Wall Thickening at Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography: Prevalence and Computed Tomography Features of Malignancy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 43 (1):149–154. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1097/​RCT.​0000000000000802​
31.
go back to reference Demachi H, Matsui O, Hoshiba K, Kimura M, Miyata S, Kuroda Y, Konishi K, Tsuji M, Miwa A (1997) Dynamic MRI using a surface coil in chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic and histopathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21 (4):643–651. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199707000-00025 Demachi H, Matsui O, Hoshiba K, Kimura M, Miyata S, Kuroda Y, Konishi K, Tsuji M, Miwa A (1997) Dynamic MRI using a surface coil in chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic and histopathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21 (4):643–651. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1097/​00004728-199707000-00025
46.
50.
go back to reference Chen LD, Huang Y, Xie XH, Chen W, Shan QY, Xu M, Liu JY, Nie ZQ, Xie XY, Lu MD, Shen SL, Wang W (2017) Diagnostic nomogram for gallbladder wall thickening mimicking malignancy: using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography or multi-detector computed tomography? Abdom Radiol (NY) 42 (10):2436–2446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-017-1162-z Chen LD, Huang Y, Xie XH, Chen W, Shan QY, Xu M, Liu JY, Nie ZQ, Xie XY, Lu MD, Shen SL, Wang W (2017) Diagnostic nomogram for gallbladder wall thickening mimicking malignancy: using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography or multi-detector computed tomography? Abdom Radiol (NY) 42 (10):2436–2446. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00261-017-1162-z
51.
go back to reference Xie XH, Xu HX, Xie XY, Lu MD, Kuang M, Xu ZF, Liu GJ, Wang Z, Liang JY, Chen LD, Lin MX (2010) Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant gallbladder diseases with real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Eur Radiol 20 (1):239–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-009-1538-8 Xie XH, Xu HX, Xie XY, Lu MD, Kuang M, Xu ZF, Liu GJ, Wang Z, Liang JY, Chen LD, Lin MX (2010) Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant gallbladder diseases with real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Eur Radiol 20 (1):239–248. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00330-009-1538-8
54.
go back to reference Kim SJ, Lee JM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI, Choi JY (2008) Analysis of enhancement pattern of flat gallbladder wall thickening on MDCT to differentiate gallbladder cancer from cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 (3):765–771. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.3331 Kim SJ, Lee JM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI, Choi JY (2008) Analysis of enhancement pattern of flat gallbladder wall thickening on MDCT to differentiate gallbladder cancer from cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 (3):765–771. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2214/​AJR.​07.​3331
56.
go back to reference Tongdee R, Maroongroge P, Suthikeree W (2011) The value of MDCT scans in differentiation between benign and malignant gallbladder wall thickening. J Med Assoc Thai 94 (5):592–600 Tongdee R, Maroongroge P, Suthikeree W (2011) The value of MDCT scans in differentiation between benign and malignant gallbladder wall thickening. J Med Assoc Thai 94 (5):592–600
60.
go back to reference Min JH, Kang TW, Cha DI, Kim SH, Shin KS, Lee JE, Jang KT, Ahn SH (2019) Apparent diffusion coefficient as a potential marker for tumour differentiation, staging and long-term clinical outcomes in gallbladder cancer. Eur Radiol 29 (1):411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5602-0 Min JH, Kang TW, Cha DI, Kim SH, Shin KS, Lee JE, Jang KT, Ahn SH (2019) Apparent diffusion coefficient as a potential marker for tumour differentiation, staging and long-term clinical outcomes in gallbladder cancer. Eur Radiol 29 (1):411–421. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00330-018-5602-0
63.
go back to reference Sun LP, Guo LH, Xu HX, Liu LN, Xu JM, Zhang YF, Liu C, Bo XW, Xu XH (2015) Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis between gallbladder adenoma and gallbladder adenoma canceration. Int J Clin Exp Med 8 (1):1115–1121 Sun LP, Guo LH, Xu HX, Liu LN, Xu JM, Zhang YF, Liu C, Bo XW, Xu XH (2015) Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis between gallbladder adenoma and gallbladder adenoma canceration. Int J Clin Exp Med 8 (1):1115–1121
69.
go back to reference Yoshioka M, Watanabe G, Uchinami H, Miyazawa H, Abe Y, Ishiyama K, Hashimoto M, Nakamura A, Yamamoto Y (2013) Diffusion-weighted MRI for differential diagnosis in gallbladder lesions with special reference to ADC cut-off values. Hepatogastroenterology 60 (124):692–698 Yoshioka M, Watanabe G, Uchinami H, Miyazawa H, Abe Y, Ishiyama K, Hashimoto M, Nakamura A, Yamamoto Y (2013) Diffusion-weighted MRI for differential diagnosis in gallbladder lesions with special reference to ADC cut-off values. Hepatogastroenterology 60 (124):692–698
73.
74.
go back to reference Zhou D, Wang JD, Yang Y, Yu WL, Zhang YJ, Quan ZW (2016) Individualized nomogram improves diagnostic accuracy of stage I-II gallbladder cancer in chronic cholecystitis patients with gallbladder wall thickening. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 15 (2):180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60073-5 Zhou D, Wang JD, Yang Y, Yu WL, Zhang YJ, Quan ZW (2016) Individualized nomogram improves diagnostic accuracy of stage I-II gallbladder cancer in chronic cholecystitis patients with gallbladder wall thickening. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 15 (2):180–188. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​s1499-3872(16)60073-5
75.
go back to reference Chen M, Cao J, Bai Y, Tong C, Lin J, Jindal V, Barchi LC, Nadalin S, Yang SX, Pesce A, Panaro F, Ariche A, Kai K, Memeo R, Bekaii-Saab T, Cai X, Written on behalf of the AMEGCCG (2019) Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Early Detection of Malignant Gallbladder Lesions. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 10 (10):e00098. https://doi.org/10.14309/ctg.0000000000000098 Chen M, Cao J, Bai Y, Tong C, Lin J, Jindal V, Barchi LC, Nadalin S, Yang SX, Pesce A, Panaro F, Ariche A, Kai K, Memeo R, Bekaii-Saab T, Cai X, Written on behalf of the AMEGCCG (2019) Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Early Detection of Malignant Gallbladder Lesions. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 10 (10):e00098. https://​doi.​org/​10.​14309/​ctg.​0000000000000098​
80.
go back to reference Nabatame N, Shirai Y, Nishimura A, Yokoyama N, Wakai T, Hatakeyama K (2004) High risk of gallbladder carcinoma in elderly patients with segmental adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 23 (4):593–598 Nabatame N, Shirai Y, Nishimura A, Yokoyama N, Wakai T, Hatakeyama K (2004) High risk of gallbladder carcinoma in elderly patients with segmental adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 23 (4):593–598
84.
go back to reference Chao C, Hsiao HC, Wu CS, Wang KC (1992) Computed tomographic finding in adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Formos Med Assoc 91 (4):467–469 Chao C, Hsiao HC, Wu CS, Wang KC (1992) Computed tomographic finding in adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Formos Med Assoc 91 (4):467–469
94.
go back to reference Casas D, Perez-Andres R, Jimenez JA, Mariscal A, Cuadras P, Salas M, Gomez-Plaza MC (1996) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a radiological study of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Abdom Imaging 21 (5):456–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002619900104 Casas D, Perez-Andres R, Jimenez JA, Mariscal A, Cuadras P, Salas M, Gomez-Plaza MC (1996) Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a radiological study of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Abdom Imaging 21 (5):456–460. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s002619900104
100.
go back to reference Oe A, Kawabe J, Torii K, Kawamura E, Higashiyama S, Kotani J, Hayashi T, Kurooka H, Tsumoto C, Kubo S, Shiomi S (2006) Distinguishing benign from malignant gallbladder wall thickening using FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med 20 (10):699–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984683 Oe A, Kawabe J, Torii K, Kawamura E, Higashiyama S, Kotani J, Hayashi T, Kurooka H, Tsumoto C, Kubo S, Shiomi S (2006) Distinguishing benign from malignant gallbladder wall thickening using FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med 20 (10):699–703. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​BF02984683
101.
go back to reference Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Gomez-Rio M, Llamas-Elvira JM, Ortega-Lozano S, Ferron-Orihuela JA, Ramia-Angel JM, Mansilla-Rosello A, Martinez-del-Valle MD, Ramos-Font C (2004) Positron-emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose for gallbladder cancer diagnosis. Am J Surg 188 (2):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.070 Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Gomez-Rio M, Llamas-Elvira JM, Ortega-Lozano S, Ferron-Orihuela JA, Ramia-Angel JM, Mansilla-Rosello A, Martinez-del-Valle MD, Ramos-Font C (2004) Positron-emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose for gallbladder cancer diagnosis. Am J Surg 188 (2):171–175. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​amjsurg.​2003.​12.​070
102.
104.
go back to reference Piehler JM, Crichlow RW (1978) Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147 (6):929–942 Piehler JM, Crichlow RW (1978) Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147 (6):929–942
113.
go back to reference Kim JH, Kim TK, Eun HW, Kim BS, Lee MG, Kim PN, Ha HK (2002) Preoperative evaluation of gallbladder carcinoma: efficacy of combined use of MR imaging, MR cholangiography, and contrast-enhanced dual-phase three-dimensional MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 16 (6):676–684. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.10212 Kim JH, Kim TK, Eun HW, Kim BS, Lee MG, Kim PN, Ha HK (2002) Preoperative evaluation of gallbladder carcinoma: efficacy of combined use of MR imaging, MR cholangiography, and contrast-enhanced dual-phase three-dimensional MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 16 (6):676–684. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​jmri.​10212
119.
go back to reference Margonis GA, Gani F, Buettner S, Amini N, Sasaki K, Andreatos N, Ethun CG, Poultsides G, Tran T, Idrees K, Isom CA, Fields RC, Krasnick B, Weber SM, Salem A, Martin RC, Scoggins C, Shen P, Mogal HD, Schmidt C, Beal E, Hatzaras I, Shenoy R, Maithel SK, Pawlik TM (2016) Rates and patterns of recurrence after curative intent resection for gallbladder cancer: a multi-institution analysis from the US Extra-hepatic Biliary Malignancy Consortium. HPB (Oxford) 18 (11):872–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.05.016 Margonis GA, Gani F, Buettner S, Amini N, Sasaki K, Andreatos N, Ethun CG, Poultsides G, Tran T, Idrees K, Isom CA, Fields RC, Krasnick B, Weber SM, Salem A, Martin RC, Scoggins C, Shen P, Mogal HD, Schmidt C, Beal E, Hatzaras I, Shenoy R, Maithel SK, Pawlik TM (2016) Rates and patterns of recurrence after curative intent resection for gallbladder cancer: a multi-institution analysis from the US Extra-hepatic Biliary Malignancy Consortium. HPB (Oxford) 18 (11):872–878. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​hpb.​2016.​05.​016
121.
go back to reference Wiggers JK, Groot Koerkamp B, Ovadia Z, Busch OR, Gouma DJ, van Gulik TM (2014) Patterns of recurrence after resection of gallbladder cancer without routine extrahepatic bile duct resection. HPB (Oxford) 16 (7):635–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/hpb.12188 Wiggers JK, Groot Koerkamp B, Ovadia Z, Busch OR, Gouma DJ, van Gulik TM (2014) Patterns of recurrence after resection of gallbladder cancer without routine extrahepatic bile duct resection. HPB (Oxford) 16 (7):635–640. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​hpb.​12188
122.
go back to reference Jarnagin WR, Ruo L, Little SA, Klimstra D, D'Angelica M, DeMatteo RP, Wagman R, Blumgart LH, Fong Y (2003) Patterns of initial disease recurrence after resection of gallbladder carcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapeutic strategies. Cancer 98 (8):1689–1700. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11699 Jarnagin WR, Ruo L, Little SA, Klimstra D, D'Angelica M, DeMatteo RP, Wagman R, Blumgart LH, Fong Y (2003) Patterns of initial disease recurrence after resection of gallbladder carcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapeutic strategies. Cancer 98 (8):1689–1700. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​cncr.​11699
Metadata
Title
Current update on gallbladder carcinoma
Authors
Dhakshinamoorthy Ganeshan
Avinash Kambadakone
Paul Nikolaidis
Vivek Subbiah
Ishwaria M. Subbiah
Catherine Devine
Publication date
01-06-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Abdominal Radiology / Issue 6/2021
Print ISSN: 2366-004X
Electronic ISSN: 2366-0058
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02871-2

Other articles of this Issue 6/2021

Abdominal Radiology 6/2021 Go to the issue