Ultrasonography of the pancreas. 7. Intraoperative imaging

The usefulness of intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) has been documented in the Literature since the Eighties and, although its main applications are in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, it has been used also in neurosurgery, cardiovascular and endocrine surgery. The continuous technical developments have led to an increase in the diagnostic accuracy of IOUS from the Eighties to now. The use of IOUS has increased in time together with the technical innovations until, mainly in the mid-Nineties, its value was recognized by many surgeons. This results have been obtained with scanners that allow to depict fine anatomical details and detect small lesions in real time with extremly high spatial resolution. IOUS is able to shows fine details, such as primary or secondary lesions not detectable with other preoperative imaging modalities or tumor extension and its relationship with vessels [14, 15]. Assessment of resectability by IOUS may determine important changes in therapeutic planning [13, 14, 16‐18]. The role of IOUS, however, has recently been downsized, especially in those centers where preoperative imaging is advanced [20, 21]. This article will review the clinical role of pancreatic IOUS in the different pancreatic pathologies.