Associations of Smoking and Alcohol and Coffee Intake with Fracture and Bone Mineral Density: A Mendelian Randomization Study

go back to reference Ward KD, Klesges RC (2001) A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 68:259–270CrossRef Ward KD, Klesges RC (2001) A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 68:259–270CrossRef

go back to reference Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L (2003) Fracture risk associated with smoking: a meta-analysis. J Intern Med 254:572–583CrossRef Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L (2003) Fracture risk associated with smoking: a meta-analysis. J Intern Med 254:572–583CrossRef

go back to reference Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Kroger H, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:155–162CrossRef Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Kroger H, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:155–162CrossRef

go back to reference Olofsson H, Byberg L, Mohsen R, Melhus H, Lithell H, Michaëlsson K (2005) Smoking and the risk of fracture in older men. J Bone Miner Res 20:1208–1215CrossRef Olofsson H, Byberg L, Mohsen R, Melhus H, Lithell H, Michaëlsson K (2005) Smoking and the risk of fracture in older men. J Bone Miner Res 20:1208–1215CrossRef

go back to reference Gronkjaer M, Eliasen M, Skov-Ettrup LS, Tolstrup JS, Christiansen AH, Mikkelsen SS, Becker U, Flensborg-Madsen T (2014) Preoperative smoking status and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 259:52–71CrossRef Gronkjaer M, Eliasen M, Skov-Ettrup LS, Tolstrup JS, Christiansen AH, Mikkelsen SS, Becker U, Flensborg-Madsen T (2014) Preoperative smoking status and postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 259:52–71CrossRef

go back to reference Jutberger H, Lorentzon M, Barrett-Connor E, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Ljunggren O, Karlsson MK, Rosengren BE, Redlund-Johnell I, Orwoll E, Ohlsson C, Mellstrom D (2010) Smoking predicts incident fractures in elderly men: Mr OS Sweden. J Bone Miner Res 25:1010–1016PubMed Jutberger H, Lorentzon M, Barrett-Connor E, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Ljunggren O, Karlsson MK, Rosengren BE, Redlund-Johnell I, Orwoll E, Ohlsson C, Mellstrom D (2010) Smoking predicts incident fractures in elderly men: Mr OS Sweden. J Bone Miner Res 25:1010–1016PubMed

go back to reference Maurel DB, Boisseau N, Benhamou CL, Jaffre C (2012) Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms. Osteoporos Int 23:1–16CrossRef Maurel DB, Boisseau N, Benhamou CL, Jaffre C (2012) Alcohol and bone: review of dose effects and mechanisms. Osteoporos Int 23:1–16CrossRef

go back to reference Zhang X, Yu Z, Yu M, Qu X (2015) Alcohol consumption and hip fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 26:531–542CrossRef Zhang X, Yu Z, Yu M, Qu X (2015) Alcohol consumption and hip fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 26:531–542CrossRef

go back to reference Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JL, Nahvi S, Chaudhry A, Harris KA Jr, Malik R, Arnsten JH (2008) Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density. Am J Med 121:406–418CrossRef Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JL, Nahvi S, Chaudhry A, Harris KA Jr, Malik R, Arnsten JH (2008) Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density. Am J Med 121:406–418CrossRef

go back to reference Mukamal KJ, Robbins JA, Cauley JA, Kern LM, Siscovick DS (2007) Alcohol consumption, bone density, and hip fracture among older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Osteoporos Int 18:593–602CrossRef Mukamal KJ, Robbins JA, Cauley JA, Kern LM, Siscovick DS (2007) Alcohol consumption, bone density, and hip fracture among older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Osteoporos Int 18:593–602CrossRef

go back to reference Sheng J, Qu X, Zhang X, Zhai Z, Li H, Liu X, Liu G, Zhu Z, Hao Y, Qin A, Dai K (2014) Coffee, tea, and the risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 25:141–150CrossRef Sheng J, Qu X, Zhang X, Zhai Z, Li H, Liu X, Liu G, Zhu Z, Hao Y, Qin A, Dai K (2014) Coffee, tea, and the risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 25:141–150CrossRef

go back to reference Larsson SC, Michaelsson K, Burgess S (2018) Mendelian randomization in the bone field. Bone 126:51–58CrossRef Larsson SC, Michaelsson K, Burgess S (2018) Mendelian randomization in the bone field. Bone 126:51–58CrossRef

go back to reference Morris JA, Kemp JP, Youlten SE, Laurent L, Logan JG, Chai RC, Vulpescu NA, Forgetta V, Kleinman A, Mohanty ST, Sergio CM, Quinn J, Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Luco AL, Vijay J, Simon MM, Pramatarova A, Medina-Gomez C, Trajanoska K, Ghirardello EJ, Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Leitch VD, Sparkes PC, Adoum AT, Mannan NS, Komla-Ebri DSK, Pollard AS, Dewhurst HF, Hassall TAD, Beltejar MG, Adams DJ, Vaillancourt SM, Kaptoge S, Baldock P, Cooper C, Reeve J, Ntzani EE, Evangelou E, Ohlsson C, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Kiel DP, Tobias JH, Gregson CL, Harvey NC, Grundberg E, Goltzman D, Lelliott CJ, Hinds DA, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Hsu YH, Maurano MT, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Evans DM, Richards JB (2019) An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice. Nat Genet 51:258–266CrossRef Morris JA, Kemp JP, Youlten SE, Laurent L, Logan JG, Chai RC, Vulpescu NA, Forgetta V, Kleinman A, Mohanty ST, Sergio CM, Quinn J, Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Luco AL, Vijay J, Simon MM, Pramatarova A, Medina-Gomez C, Trajanoska K, Ghirardello EJ, Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Leitch VD, Sparkes PC, Adoum AT, Mannan NS, Komla-Ebri DSK, Pollard AS, Dewhurst HF, Hassall TAD, Beltejar MG, Adams DJ, Vaillancourt SM, Kaptoge S, Baldock P, Cooper C, Reeve J, Ntzani EE, Evangelou E, Ohlsson C, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Kiel DP, Tobias JH, Gregson CL, Harvey NC, Grundberg E, Goltzman D, Lelliott CJ, Hinds DA, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Hsu YH, Maurano MT, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Evans DM, Richards JB (2019) An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice. Nat Genet 51:258–266CrossRef

go back to reference Karasik D, Myers RH, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, McLean RR, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2002) Mapping of quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus bone to chromosome 1 by genome-wide linkage analysis. Osteoporos Int 13:796–802CrossRef Karasik D, Myers RH, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, McLean RR, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2002) Mapping of quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus bone to chromosome 1 by genome-wide linkage analysis. Osteoporos Int 13:796–802CrossRef

go back to reference Zheng HF, Forgetta V, Hsu YH, Estrada K, Rosello-Diez A, Leo PJ, Dahia CL, Park-Min KH, Tobias JH, Kooperberg C, Kleinman A, Styrkarsdottir U, Liu CT, Uggla C, Evans DS, Nielson CM, Walter K, Pettersson-Kymmer U, McCarthy Eriksson J, Kwan T, Jhamai M, Trajanoska K, Memari Y, Min J, Huang J, Danecek P, Wilmot B, Li R, Chou WC, Mokry LE, Moayyeri A, Claussnitzer M, Cheng CH, Cheung W, Medina-Gómez C, Ge B, Chen SH, Choi K, Oei L, Fraser J, Kraaij R, Hibbs MA, Gregson CL, Paquette D, Hofman A, Wibom C, Tranah GJ, Marshall M, Gardiner BB, Cremin K, Auer P, Hsu L, Ring S, Tung JY, Thorleifsson G, Enneman AW, van Schoor NM, de Groot LC, van der Velde N, Melin B, Kemp JP, Christiansen C, Sayers A, Zhou Y, Calderari S, van Rooij J, Carlson C, Peters U, Berlivet S, Dostie J, Uitterlinden AG, Williams SR, Farber C, Grinberg D, LaCroix AZ, Haessler J, Chasman DI, Giulianini F, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Nogues X, Garcia-Giralt N, Launer LL, Gudnason V, Mellström D, Vandenput L, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Karlsson MK, Ljunggren Ö, Svensson O, Hallmans G, Rousseau F, Giroux S, Bussière J, Arp PP, Koromani F, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Langdahl BL, Hermann AP, Jensen JE, Kaptoge S, Khaw KT, Reeve J, Formosa MM, Xuereb-Anastasi A, Åkesson K, McGuigan FE, Garg G, Olmos JM, Zarrabeitia MT, Riancho JA, Ralston SH, Alonso N, Jiang X, Goltzman D, Pastinen T, Grundberg E, Gauguier D, Orwoll ES, Karasik D, Davey-Smith G, AOGC Consortium, Smith AV, Siggeirsdottir K, Harris TB, Zillikens MC, van Meurs JB, Thorsteinsdottir U, Maurano MT, Timpson NJ, Soranzo N, Durbin R, Wilson SG, Ntzani EE, Brown MA, Stefansson K, Hinds DA, Spector T, Cupples LA, Ohlsson C, Greenwood CM, UK10 K Consortium, Jackson RD, Rowe DW, Loomis CA, Evans DM, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Joyner AL, Duncan EL, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB (2015) Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature 526(7571):112–117CrossRef Zheng HF, Forgetta V, Hsu YH, Estrada K, Rosello-Diez A, Leo PJ, Dahia CL, Park-Min KH, Tobias JH, Kooperberg C, Kleinman A, Styrkarsdottir U, Liu CT, Uggla C, Evans DS, Nielson CM, Walter K, Pettersson-Kymmer U, McCarthy Eriksson J, Kwan T, Jhamai M, Trajanoska K, Memari Y, Min J, Huang J, Danecek P, Wilmot B, Li R, Chou WC, Mokry LE, Moayyeri A, Claussnitzer M, Cheng CH, Cheung W, Medina-Gómez C, Ge B, Chen SH, Choi K, Oei L, Fraser J, Kraaij R, Hibbs MA, Gregson CL, Paquette D, Hofman A, Wibom C, Tranah GJ, Marshall M, Gardiner BB, Cremin K, Auer P, Hsu L, Ring S, Tung JY, Thorleifsson G, Enneman AW, van Schoor NM, de Groot LC, van der Velde N, Melin B, Kemp JP, Christiansen C, Sayers A, Zhou Y, Calderari S, van Rooij J, Carlson C, Peters U, Berlivet S, Dostie J, Uitterlinden AG, Williams SR, Farber C, Grinberg D, LaCroix AZ, Haessler J, Chasman DI, Giulianini F, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Nogues X, Garcia-Giralt N, Launer LL, Gudnason V, Mellström D, Vandenput L, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Karlsson MK, Ljunggren Ö, Svensson O, Hallmans G, Rousseau F, Giroux S, Bussière J, Arp PP, Koromani F, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Langdahl BL, Hermann AP, Jensen JE, Kaptoge S, Khaw KT, Reeve J, Formosa MM, Xuereb-Anastasi A, Åkesson K, McGuigan FE, Garg G, Olmos JM, Zarrabeitia MT, Riancho JA, Ralston SH, Alonso N, Jiang X, Goltzman D, Pastinen T, Grundberg E, Gauguier D, Orwoll ES, Karasik D, Davey-Smith G, AOGC Consortium, Smith AV, Siggeirsdottir K, Harris TB, Zillikens MC, van Meurs JB, Thorsteinsdottir U, Maurano MT, Timpson NJ, Soranzo N, Durbin R, Wilson SG, Ntzani EE, Brown MA, Stefansson K, Hinds DA, Spector T, Cupples LA, Ohlsson C, Greenwood CM, UK10 K Consortium, Jackson RD, Rowe DW, Loomis CA, Evans DM, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Joyner AL, Duncan EL, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB (2015) Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature 526(7571):112–117CrossRef

go back to reference Liu M, Jiang Y, Wedow R, Li Y, Brazel DM, Chen F, Datta G, Davila-Velderrain J, McGuire D, Tian C, Zhan X, Choquet H, Docherty AR, Faul JD, Foerster JR, Fritsche LG, Gabrielsen ME, Gordon SD, Haessler J, Hottenga JJ, Huang H, Jang SK, Jansen PR, Ling Y, Magi R, Matoba N, McMahon G, Mulas A, Orru V, Palviainen T, Pandit A, Reginsson GW, Skogholt AH, Smith JA, Taylor AE, Turman C, Willemsen G, Young H, Young KA, Zajac GJM, Zhao W, Zhou W, Bjornsdottir G, Boardman JD, Boehnke M, Boomsma DI, Chen C, Cucca F, Davies GE, Eaton CB, Ehringer MA, Esko T, Fiorillo E, Gillespie NA, Gudbjartsson DF, Haller T, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hewitt JK, Hickie IB, Hokanson JE, Hopfer CJ, Hunter DJ, Iacono WG, Johnson EO, Kamatani Y, Kardia SLR, Keller MC, Kellis M, Kooperberg C, Kraft P, Krauter KS, Laakso M, Lind PA, Loukola A, Lutz SM, Madden PAF, Martin NG, McGue M, McQueen MB, Medland SE, Metspalu A, Mohlke KL, Nielsen JB, Okada Y, Peters U, Polderman TJC, Posthuma D, Reiner AP, Rice JP, Rimm E, Rose RJ, Runarsdottir V, Stallings MC, Stancakova A, Stefansson H, Thai KK, Tindle HA, Tyrfingsson T, Wall TL et al (2019) Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat Genet 51:237–244CrossRef Liu M, Jiang Y, Wedow R, Li Y, Brazel DM, Chen F, Datta G, Davila-Velderrain J, McGuire D, Tian C, Zhan X, Choquet H, Docherty AR, Faul JD, Foerster JR, Fritsche LG, Gabrielsen ME, Gordon SD, Haessler J, Hottenga JJ, Huang H, Jang SK, Jansen PR, Ling Y, Magi R, Matoba N, McMahon G, Mulas A, Orru V, Palviainen T, Pandit A, Reginsson GW, Skogholt AH, Smith JA, Taylor AE, Turman C, Willemsen G, Young H, Young KA, Zajac GJM, Zhao W, Zhou W, Bjornsdottir G, Boardman JD, Boehnke M, Boomsma DI, Chen C, Cucca F, Davies GE, Eaton CB, Ehringer MA, Esko T, Fiorillo E, Gillespie NA, Gudbjartsson DF, Haller T, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hewitt JK, Hickie IB, Hokanson JE, Hopfer CJ, Hunter DJ, Iacono WG, Johnson EO, Kamatani Y, Kardia SLR, Keller MC, Kellis M, Kooperberg C, Kraft P, Krauter KS, Laakso M, Lind PA, Loukola A, Lutz SM, Madden PAF, Martin NG, McGue M, McQueen MB, Medland SE, Metspalu A, Mohlke KL, Nielsen JB, Okada Y, Peters U, Polderman TJC, Posthuma D, Reiner AP, Rice JP, Rimm E, Rose RJ, Runarsdottir V, Stallings MC, Stancakova A, Stefansson H, Thai KK, Tindle HA, Tyrfingsson T, Wall TL et al (2019) Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat Genet 51:237–244CrossRef

go back to reference Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ, Adkins AE, Aliev F, Bacanu SA, Batzler A, Bertelsen S, Biernacka JM, Bigdeli TB, Chen LS, Clarke TK, Chou YL, Degenhardt F, Docherty AR, Edwards AC, Fontanillas P, Foo JC, Fox L, Frank J, Giegling I, Gordon S, Hack LM, Hartmann AM, Hartz SM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Herms S, Hodgkinson C, Hoffmann P, Jan Hottenga J, Kennedy MA, Alanne-Kinnunen M, Konte B, Lahti J, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Lai D, Ligthart L, Loukola A, Maher BS, Mbarek H, McIntosh AM, McQueen MB, Meyers JL, Milaneschi Y, Palviainen T, Pearson JF, Peterson RE, Ripatti S, Ryu E, Saccone NL, Salvatore JE, Sanchez-Roige S, Schwandt M, Sherva R, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Thomas N, Wang JC, Webb BT, Wedow R, Wetherill L, Wills AG, 23andMe Research Team, Boardman JD, Chen D, Choi DS, Copeland WE, Culverhouse RC, Dahmen N, Degenhardt L, Domingue BW, Elson SL, Frye MA, Gäbel W, Hayward C, Ising M, Keyes M, Kiefer F, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Lucae S, Lynskey MT, Maier W, Mann K, Männistö S, Müller-Myhsok B, Murray AD, Nurnberger JI, Palotie A, Preuss U, Räikkönen K28, Reynolds MD, Ridinger M, Scherbaum N, Schuckit MA, Soyka M, Treutlein J, Witt S, Wodarz N, Zill P, Adkins DE, Boden JM25, Boomsma DI, Bierut LJ, Brown SA, Bucholz KK, Cichon S, Costello EJ, de Wit H, Diazgranados N, Dick DM, Eriksson JG, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Gillespie NA, Goate AM, Goldman D, Grucza RA, Hancock DB, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hesselbrock V, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Horwood J, Iacono W, Johnson EO, Kaprio JA, Karpyak VM, Kendler KS, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, Lichtenstein P, Lind PA, McGue M, MacKillop J, Madden PAF, Maes HH, Magnusson P, Martin NG, Medland SE20, Montgomery GW, Nelson EC, Nöthen MM, Palmer AA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BWJH, Porjesz B, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rose R, Rujescu D, Shen PH, Silberg J, Stallings MC, Tarter RE, Vanyukov MM, Vrieze S, Wall TL, Whitfield JB, Zhao H, Neale BM, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A (2018) Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 21(12):1656CrossRef Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ, Adkins AE, Aliev F, Bacanu SA, Batzler A, Bertelsen S, Biernacka JM, Bigdeli TB, Chen LS, Clarke TK, Chou YL, Degenhardt F, Docherty AR, Edwards AC, Fontanillas P, Foo JC, Fox L, Frank J, Giegling I, Gordon S, Hack LM, Hartmann AM, Hartz SM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Herms S, Hodgkinson C, Hoffmann P, Jan Hottenga J, Kennedy MA, Alanne-Kinnunen M, Konte B, Lahti J, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Lai D, Ligthart L, Loukola A, Maher BS, Mbarek H, McIntosh AM, McQueen MB, Meyers JL, Milaneschi Y, Palviainen T, Pearson JF, Peterson RE, Ripatti S, Ryu E, Saccone NL, Salvatore JE, Sanchez-Roige S, Schwandt M, Sherva R, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Thomas N, Wang JC, Webb BT, Wedow R, Wetherill L, Wills AG, 23andMe Research Team, Boardman JD, Chen D, Choi DS, Copeland WE, Culverhouse RC, Dahmen N, Degenhardt L, Domingue BW, Elson SL, Frye MA, Gäbel W, Hayward C, Ising M, Keyes M, Kiefer F, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Lucae S, Lynskey MT, Maier W, Mann K, Männistö S, Müller-Myhsok B, Murray AD, Nurnberger JI, Palotie A, Preuss U, Räikkönen K28, Reynolds MD, Ridinger M, Scherbaum N, Schuckit MA, Soyka M, Treutlein J, Witt S, Wodarz N, Zill P, Adkins DE, Boden JM25, Boomsma DI, Bierut LJ, Brown SA, Bucholz KK, Cichon S, Costello EJ, de Wit H, Diazgranados N, Dick DM, Eriksson JG, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Gillespie NA, Goate AM, Goldman D, Grucza RA, Hancock DB, Harris KM, Heath AC, Hesselbrock V, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Horwood J, Iacono W, Johnson EO, Kaprio JA, Karpyak VM, Kendler KS, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, Lichtenstein P, Lind PA, McGue M, MacKillop J, Madden PAF, Maes HH, Magnusson P, Martin NG, Medland SE20, Montgomery GW, Nelson EC, Nöthen MM, Palmer AA, Pedersen NL, Penninx BWJH, Porjesz B, Rice JP, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rose R, Rujescu D, Shen PH, Silberg J, Stallings MC, Tarter RE, Vanyukov MM, Vrieze S, Wall TL, Whitfield JB, Zhao H, Neale BM, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A (2018) Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 21(12):1656CrossRef

go back to reference Zhong VW, Kuang A, Danning RD, Kraft P, van Dam RM, Chasman DI, Cornelis MC (2019) A genome-wide association study of bitter and sweet beverage consumption. Hum Mol Genet 28:2449–2457CrossRef Zhong VW, Kuang A, Danning RD, Kraft P, van Dam RM, Chasman DI, Cornelis MC (2019) A genome-wide association study of bitter and sweet beverage consumption. Hum Mol Genet 28:2449–2457CrossRef

go back to reference Burgess S, Bowden J, Fall T, Ingelsson E, Thompson SG (2017) Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from Mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants. Epidemiology 28:30–42CrossRef Burgess S, Bowden J, Fall T, Ingelsson E, Thompson SG (2017) Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from Mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants. Epidemiology 28:30–42CrossRef

go back to reference Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S (2016) Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol 40:304–314CrossRef Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S (2016) Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol 40:304–314CrossRef

go back to reference Burgess S, Thompson SG (2017) Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol 32:377–389CrossRef Burgess S, Thompson SG (2017) Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol 32:377–389CrossRef

go back to reference Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R (2018) Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet 50:693–698CrossRef Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R (2018) Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet 50:693–698CrossRef

go back to reference Rees JMB, Wood AM, Burgess S (2017) Extending the MR-Egger method for multivariable Mendelian randomization to correct for both measured and unmeasured pleiotropy. Stat Med 36:4705–4718CrossRef Rees JMB, Wood AM, Burgess S (2017) Extending the MR-Egger method for multivariable Mendelian randomization to correct for both measured and unmeasured pleiotropy. Stat Med 36:4705–4718CrossRef

go back to reference Hallstrom H, Byberg L, Glynn A, Lemming EW, Wolk A, Michaelsson K (2013) Long-term coffee consumption in relation to fracture risk and bone mineral density in women. Am J Epidemiol 178:898–909CrossRef Hallstrom H, Byberg L, Glynn A, Lemming EW, Wolk A, Michaelsson K (2013) Long-term coffee consumption in relation to fracture risk and bone mineral density in women. Am J Epidemiol 178:898–909CrossRef

go back to reference Spiller W, Davies NM, Palmer TM (2017) Software Application Profile: mrrobust—a tool for performing two-sample summary Mendelian randomization analyses. Int J epidemiology 48:684–690CrossRef Spiller W, Davies NM, Palmer TM (2017) Software Application Profile: mrrobust—a tool for performing two-sample summary Mendelian randomization analyses. Int J epidemiology 48:684–690CrossRef

go back to reference Yavorska OO, Burgess S (2017) MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int J Epidemiol 46:1734–1739CrossRef Yavorska OO, Burgess S (2017) MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int J Epidemiol 46:1734–1739CrossRef

go back to reference Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM (2013) Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol 42:1497–1501CrossRef Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM (2013) Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol 42:1497–1501CrossRef

go back to reference Shen GS, Li Y, Zhao G, Zhou HB, Xie ZG, Xu W, Chen HN, Dong QR, Xu YJ (2015) Cigarette smoking and risk of hip fracture in women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Injury 46:1333–1340CrossRef Shen GS, Li Y, Zhao G, Zhou HB, Xie ZG, Xu W, Chen HN, Dong QR, Xu YJ (2015) Cigarette smoking and risk of hip fracture in women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Injury 46:1333–1340CrossRef

go back to reference Abu-Amer Y (2013) NF-kappaB signaling and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 24:2377–2386CrossRef Abu-Amer Y (2013) NF-kappaB signaling and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 24:2377–2386CrossRef

go back to reference Sorensen LT, Toft BG, Rygaard J, Ladelund S, Paddon M, James T, Taylor R, Gottrup F (2010) Effect of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine patch on wound dimension, vitamin C, and systemic markers of collagen metabolism. Surgery 148:982–990CrossRef Sorensen LT, Toft BG, Rygaard J, Ladelund S, Paddon M, James T, Taylor R, Gottrup F (2010) Effect of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine patch on wound dimension, vitamin C, and systemic markers of collagen metabolism. Surgery 148:982–990CrossRef

go back to reference Ma L, Zheng LW, Sham MH, Cheung LK (2010) Uncoupled angiogenesis and osteogenesis in nicotine-compromised bone healing. J Bone Miner Res 25:1305–1313CrossRef Ma L, Zheng LW, Sham MH, Cheung LK (2010) Uncoupled angiogenesis and osteogenesis in nicotine-compromised bone healing. J Bone Miner Res 25:1305–1313CrossRef

go back to reference Behfarnia P, Saied-Moallemi Z, Javanmard SH, Naseri R (2016) Serum, saliva, and GCF concentration of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smokers versus nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Adv Biomed Res 5:80CrossRef Behfarnia P, Saied-Moallemi Z, Javanmard SH, Naseri R (2016) Serum, saliva, and GCF concentration of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smokers versus nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Adv Biomed Res 5:80CrossRef

go back to reference Campos JM, Prati AJ, Cirano FR, Pimentel SP, Pastore GP, Pecorari VG, Ribeiro FV, Casati MZ, Casarin RC (2015) Smoking modulates gene expression of type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in human alveolar bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 73:2123–2131CrossRef Campos JM, Prati AJ, Cirano FR, Pimentel SP, Pastore GP, Pecorari VG, Ribeiro FV, Casati MZ, Casarin RC (2015) Smoking modulates gene expression of type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in human alveolar bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 73:2123–2131CrossRef

go back to reference Seibel MJ (2005) Biochemical markers of bone turnover: part I: biochemistry and variability. Clin Biochem Rev 26:97–122PubMedPubMedCentral Seibel MJ (2005) Biochemical markers of bone turnover: part I: biochemistry and variability. Clin Biochem Rev 26:97–122PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Sloan A, Hussain I, Maqsood M, Eremin O, El-Sheemy M (2010) The effects of smoking on fracture healing. Surgeon 8:111–116CrossRef Sloan A, Hussain I, Maqsood M, Eremin O, El-Sheemy M (2010) The effects of smoking on fracture healing. Surgeon 8:111–116CrossRef

go back to reference d’Herbomez M, Caron P, Bauters C, Do Cao C, Schlienger JL, Sapin R, Baldet L, Carnaille B, Wemeau JL (2007) Reference range of serum calcitonin levels in humans: influence of calcitonin assays, sex, age, and cigarette smoking. Eur J Endocrinol 157:749–755CrossRef d’Herbomez M, Caron P, Bauters C, Do Cao C, Schlienger JL, Sapin R, Baldet L, Carnaille B, Wemeau JL (2007) Reference range of serum calcitonin levels in humans: influence of calcitonin assays, sex, age, and cigarette smoking. Eur J Endocrinol 157:749–755CrossRef

go back to reference Lee DR, Lee J, Rota M, Ahn HS, Park SM, Shin D (2014) Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Bone 63:20–28CrossRef Lee DR, Lee J, Rota M, Ahn HS, Park SM, Shin D (2014) Coffee consumption and risk of fractures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Bone 63:20–28CrossRef

go back to reference Yoon V, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K (2012) The effects of smoking on bone metabolism. Osteoporos Int 23:2081–2092CrossRef Yoon V, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K (2012) The effects of smoking on bone metabolism. Osteoporos Int 23:2081–2092CrossRef

go back to reference Thorin MH, Wihlborg A, Akesson K, Gerdhem P (2016) Smoking, smoking cessation, and fracture risk in elderly women followed for 10 years. Osteoporos Int 27:249–255CrossRef Thorin MH, Wihlborg A, Akesson K, Gerdhem P (2016) Smoking, smoking cessation, and fracture risk in elderly women followed for 10 years. Osteoporos Int 27:249–255CrossRef