Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 7/2010

01-07-2010 | Original Paper

Does the prevalence of CD and ODD vary across cultures?

Authors: Glorisa Canino, Guilherme Polanczyk, Jose J. Bauermeister, Luis A. Rohde, Paul J. Frick

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 7/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

The worldwide prevalence of conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is presented to examine the first of four criteria used in other studies to determine the validity of psychiatric disorders across cultures.

Methods

The authors searched Medline and PsycINFO from 1987 to 2008. Studies were included if they were representative of specific communities or countries and reported point prevalence of CD or ODD according to DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria for children 18 years or younger.

Results

Only methodological and not geographic factors were associated with variability of the prevalence estimates.

Conclusions

The results are discussed in terms of their significance for the classification of disorders and the need for further research to establish the validity of these two disorders across cultures.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Alyahri A, Goodman R (2008) The prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among 7–10 year old Yemeni schoolchildren. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43(3):224–230CrossRefPubMed Alyahri A, Goodman R (2008) The prevalence of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among 7–10 year old Yemeni schoolchildren. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43(3):224–230CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
3.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
4.
go back to reference Andres MA, Catala MA, Gomez-Beneyto M (1999) Prevalence, comorbidity, risk factors and service utilisation of disruptive behaviour disorders in a community sample of children in Valencia (Spain). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34(4):175–179CrossRefPubMed Andres MA, Catala MA, Gomez-Beneyto M (1999) Prevalence, comorbidity, risk factors and service utilisation of disruptive behaviour disorders in a community sample of children in Valencia (Spain). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34(4):175–179CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
go back to reference Angold A, Erkanli A, Farmer EM, Fairbank JA, Burns BJ, Keeler G, Costello EJ (2002) Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service use in rural African American and white youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(10):893–901CrossRefPubMed Angold A, Erkanli A, Farmer EM, Fairbank JA, Burns BJ, Keeler G, Costello EJ (2002) Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service use in rural African American and white youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(10):893–901CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Ashenafi Y, Kebede D, Desta M, Alem A (2001) Prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders in Ethiopian children. East Afr Med J 78(6):308–311PubMed Ashenafi Y, Kebede D, Desta M, Alem A (2001) Prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders in Ethiopian children. East Afr Med J 78(6):308–311PubMed
8.
go back to reference Beals J, Piasecki J, Nelson S, Jones M, Keane E, Dauphinais P, Shirt RR, Sack WH, Manson SM (1997) Psychiatric disorder among American Indian adolescents: prevalence in Northern Plains youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(9):1252–1259CrossRefPubMed Beals J, Piasecki J, Nelson S, Jones M, Keane E, Dauphinais P, Shirt RR, Sack WH, Manson SM (1997) Psychiatric disorder among American Indian adolescents: prevalence in Northern Plains youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(9):1252–1259CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Berkson J (1950) Are there two regressions? J Am Statist Assoc 45:164–180CrossRef Berkson J (1950) Are there two regressions? J Am Statist Assoc 45:164–180CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Bird H (2002) The diagnostic classification, epidemiology, and cross-cultural validity of ADHD. In: Jensen PS, Cooper J (eds) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: state of the science; best practices. Civic Research Institute, Kingston, NJ, pp 12-11–12-36 Bird H (2002) The diagnostic classification, epidemiology, and cross-cultural validity of ADHD. In: Jensen PS, Cooper J (eds) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: state of the science; best practices. Civic Research Institute, Kingston, NJ, pp 12-11–12-36
11.
go back to reference Bird HR (1996) Epidemiology of childhood disorders in a cross-cultural context. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37(1):35–49CrossRefPubMed Bird HR (1996) Epidemiology of childhood disorders in a cross-cultural context. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37(1):35–49CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bird HR, Davies M, Duarte CS, Shen S, Loeber R, Canino GJ (2006) A study of disruptive behavior disorders in Puerto Rican youth: II. Baseline prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates in two sites. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45(9):1042–1053CrossRefPubMed Bird HR, Davies M, Duarte CS, Shen S, Loeber R, Canino GJ (2006) A study of disruptive behavior disorders in Puerto Rican youth: II. Baseline prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates in two sites. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45(9):1042–1053CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Breton JJ, Bergeron L, Valla JP, Berthiaume C, Gaudet N, Lambert J, St-Georges M, Houde L, Lepine S (1999) Quebec child mental health survey: prevalence of DSM-III-R mental health disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40(3):375–384CrossRefPubMed Breton JJ, Bergeron L, Valla JP, Berthiaume C, Gaudet N, Lambert J, St-Georges M, Houde L, Lepine S (1999) Quebec child mental health survey: prevalence of DSM-III-R mental health disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40(3):375–384CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Buka SL, Monuteaux M, Earls FJ (2002) Epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders. In: Tsuang MT, Tohen M (eds) Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology, pp 629–656 Buka SL, Monuteaux M, Earls FJ (2002) Epidemiology of childhood psychiatric disorders. In: Tsuang MT, Tohen M (eds) Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology, pp 629–656
15.
go back to reference Burke JD, Loeber R, Birmaher B (2002) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(11):1275–1293CrossRefPubMed Burke JD, Loeber R, Birmaher B (2002) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(11):1275–1293CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Burke JD, Pardini DA, Loeber R (2008) Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36(5):679–692CrossRefPubMed Burke JD, Pardini DA, Loeber R (2008) Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36(5):679–692CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Canino G, Alegria M (2008) Psychiatric diagnosis—is it universal or relative to culture? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(3):237–250CrossRefPubMed Canino G, Alegria M (2008) Psychiatric diagnosis—is it universal or relative to culture? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(3):237–250CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Canino G, Lewis Fernández R, Bravo M (1997) Methodological challenges in cross-cultural mental health research. Transcul Psychiatr Res Rev 34(2):163–184CrossRef Canino G, Lewis Fernández R, Bravo M (1997) Methodological challenges in cross-cultural mental health research. Transcul Psychiatr Res Rev 34(2):163–184CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Canino G, Shrout PE, Rubio-Stipec M, Bird HR, Bravo M, Ramirez R, Chavez L, Alegria M, Bauermeister JJ, Hohmann A, Ribera J, Garcia P, Martinez-Taboas A (2004) The DSM-IV rates of child and adolescent disorders in Puerto Rico: prevalence, correlates, service use, and the effects of impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(1):85–93CrossRefPubMed Canino G, Shrout PE, Rubio-Stipec M, Bird HR, Bravo M, Ramirez R, Chavez L, Alegria M, Bauermeister JJ, Hohmann A, Ribera J, Garcia P, Martinez-Taboas A (2004) The DSM-IV rates of child and adolescent disorders in Puerto Rico: prevalence, correlates, service use, and the effects of impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(1):85–93CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Cohen P, Cohen J (1984) The clinician’s illusion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(12):1178–1182PubMed Cohen P, Cohen J (1984) The clinician’s illusion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(12):1178–1182PubMed
21.
go back to reference Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CN, Hartmark C, Johnson J et al (1993) An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence–I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34(6):851–867CrossRefPubMed Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CN, Hartmark C, Johnson J et al (1993) An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence–I. Age- and gender-specific prevalence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34(6):851–867CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Collishaw S, Maughan B, Goodman R, Pickles A (2004) Time trends in adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45(8):1350–1362CrossRefPubMed Collishaw S, Maughan B, Goodman R, Pickles A (2004) Time trends in adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45(8):1350–1362CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Maughan B, Collishaw SM, Meltzer J, Goodman R (2008) Recent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:305–310CrossRef Maughan B, Collishaw SM, Meltzer J, Goodman R (2008) Recent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:305–310CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A (2005) 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(10):972–986CrossRefPubMed Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A (2005) 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(10):972–986CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Costello EJ, Farmer EM, Angold A, Burns BJ, Erkanli A (1997) Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth in Appalachia: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. Am J Public Health 87:827–832CrossRefPubMed Costello EJ, Farmer EM, Angold A, Burns BJ, Erkanli A (1997) Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and white youth in Appalachia: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. Am J Public Health 87:827–832CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A (2003) Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(8):837–844CrossRefPubMed Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A (2003) Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(8):837–844CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Crijnen AA, Achenbach TM, Verhulst FC (1999) Problems reported by parents of children in multiple cultures: the Child Behavior Checklist syndrome constructs. Am J Psychiatry 156(4):569–574PubMed Crijnen AA, Achenbach TM, Verhulst FC (1999) Problems reported by parents of children in multiple cultures: the Child Behavior Checklist syndrome constructs. Am J Psychiatry 156(4):569–574PubMed
28.
go back to reference Dolan M, Rennie C (2006) Reliability and validity of the psychopathy checklist: Youth version in a UK sample of conduct disordered boys. Pers Ind Differ 40:65–75CrossRef Dolan M, Rennie C (2006) Reliability and validity of the psychopathy checklist: Youth version in a UK sample of conduct disordered boys. Pers Ind Differ 40:65–75CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Eapen V, al-Gazali L, Bin-Othman S, Abou-Saleh M (1998) Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37(8):880–886CrossRefPubMed Eapen V, al-Gazali L, Bin-Othman S, Abou-Saleh M (1998) Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37(8):880–886CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Frick PJ (2006) Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment 13:454–469CrossRefPubMed Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Frick PJ (2006) Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment 13:454–469CrossRefPubMed
31.
32.
go back to reference Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2001) The Christchurch Health and Development Study: review of findings on child and adolescent mental health. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 35(3):287–296CrossRefPubMed Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2001) The Christchurch Health and Development Study: review of findings on child and adolescent mental health. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 35(3):287–296CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT (1993) Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32(6):1127–1134CrossRefPubMed Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT (1993) Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15 year olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32(6):1127–1134CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R (2004) Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in southeast Brazil. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(6):727–734CrossRefPubMed Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R (2004) Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in southeast Brazil. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(6):727–734CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H (2003) The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(10):1203–1211CrossRefPubMed Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H (2003) The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(10):1203–1211CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Frick PJ, Dickens C (2006) Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8(1):59–72CrossRefPubMed Frick PJ, Dickens C (2006) Current perspectives on conduct disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8(1):59–72CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Frick PJ, Kimonis ER (2008) Externalizing disorders of childhood. In: Maddux JE, Winstead BA (eds) Psychopathology: foundations for a contemporary understanding, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 349–374 Frick PJ, Kimonis ER (2008) Externalizing disorders of childhood. In: Maddux JE, Winstead BA (eds) Psychopathology: foundations for a contemporary understanding, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 349–374
38.
go back to reference Frick PJ, Marsee MA (2006) Psychopathy and developmental pathways to antisocial behavior in youth. In: Patrick CJ (ed) Handbook of psychopathy. Guilford, New York, pp 353–374 Frick PJ, Marsee MA (2006) Psychopathy and developmental pathways to antisocial behavior in youth. In: Patrick CJ (ed) Handbook of psychopathy. Guilford, New York, pp 353–374
39.
go back to reference Gau SS, Chong MY, Chen TH, Cheng AT (2005) A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1344–1350CrossRefPubMed Gau SS, Chong MY, Chen TH, Cheng AT (2005) A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1344–1350CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Gomez R, Vance A (2008) Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms: differential symptom functioning across Malaysian Malay and Chinese children. J Abnorm Child Psychology 36(6):955–967CrossRef Gomez R, Vance A (2008) Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms: differential symptom functioning across Malaysian Malay and Chinese children. J Abnorm Child Psychology 36(6):955–967CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Goodman R, Slobodskaya H, Knyazev G (2005) Russian child mental health–a cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14(1):28–33CrossRefPubMed Goodman R, Slobodskaya H, Knyazev G (2005) Russian child mental health–a cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14(1):28–33CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Grills AE, Ollendick TH (2002) Issues in parent-child agreement: the case of structured diagnostic interviews. Clin Child Fam Psychology Rev 5(1):57–83CrossRef Grills AE, Ollendick TH (2002) Issues in parent-child agreement: the case of structured diagnostic interviews. Clin Child Fam Psychology Rev 5(1):57–83CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Heiervang E, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Heimann M, Goodman R, Posserud MB, Ullebo AK, Plessen KJ, Bjelland I, Lie SA, Gillberg C (2007) Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8- to 10-year-olds: An epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(4):438–447CrossRefPubMed Heiervang E, Stormark KM, Lundervold AJ, Heimann M, Goodman R, Posserud MB, Ullebo AK, Plessen KJ, Bjelland I, Lie SA, Gillberg C (2007) Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8- to 10-year-olds: An epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(4):438–447CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Helzer JE, Kraemer HC, Krueger RF (2006) The feasibility and need for dimensional psychiatric diagnoses. Psychological Med 36(12):1671–1680CrossRef Helzer JE, Kraemer HC, Krueger RF (2006) The feasibility and need for dimensional psychiatric diagnoses. Psychological Med 36(12):1671–1680CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Kendler KS (2005) “A gene for”: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1243–1252CrossRefPubMed Kendler KS (2005) “A gene for”: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1243–1252CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Kim-Cohen J, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Tomas MP, Taylor A, Moffitt TE (2005) Validity of DSM-IV conduct disorder in 41/2–5-year-old children: a longitudinal epidemiological study. Am J Psychiatry 162(6):1108–1117CrossRefPubMed Kim-Cohen J, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Tomas MP, Taylor A, Moffitt TE (2005) Validity of DSM-IV conduct disorder in 41/2–5-year-old children: a longitudinal epidemiological study. Am J Psychiatry 162(6):1108–1117CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Kraemer HC (2007) DSM categories and dimensions in clinical and research contexts. Intern J Methods Psychiatric Res 16(Suppl 1):S8–S15CrossRef Kraemer HC (2007) DSM categories and dimensions in clinical and research contexts. Intern J Methods Psychiatric Res 16(Suppl 1):S8–S15CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Kraemer HC, Measelle JR, Ablow JC, Essex MJ, Boyce WT, Kupfer DJ (2003) A new approach to integrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessment and research: mixing and matching contexts and perspectives. Am J Psychiatry 160(9):1566–1577CrossRefPubMed Kraemer HC, Measelle JR, Ablow JC, Essex MJ, Boyce WT, Kupfer DJ (2003) A new approach to integrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessment and research: mixing and matching contexts and perspectives. Am J Psychiatry 160(9):1566–1577CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Kroes M, Kalff AC, Kessels AG, Steyaert J, Feron FJ, van Someren AJ, Hurks PP, Hendriksen JG, van Zeben TM, Rozendaal N, Crolla IF, Troost J, Jolles J, Vles JS (2001) Child psychiatric diagnoses in a population of Dutch schoolchildren aged 6 to 8 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40(12):1401–1409CrossRefPubMed Kroes M, Kalff AC, Kessels AG, Steyaert J, Feron FJ, van Someren AJ, Hurks PP, Hendriksen JG, van Zeben TM, Rozendaal N, Crolla IF, Troost J, Jolles J, Vles JS (2001) Child psychiatric diagnoses in a population of Dutch schoolchildren aged 6 to 8 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40(12):1401–1409CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Lahey BB, Waldman ID (2003) A developmental propensity model of the origins of conduct problems during childhood and adolescence. In: Lahey BB, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (eds) Causes of conduct disorder and serious delinquency. Guilford Press, New York Lahey BB, Waldman ID (2003) A developmental propensity model of the origins of conduct problems during childhood and adolescence. In: Lahey BB, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (eds) Causes of conduct disorder and serious delinquency. Guilford Press, New York
51.
go back to reference Lahey BB, Goodman SH, Waldman ID, Bird H, Canino G, Jensen P, Regier D, Leaf PJ, Gordon R, Applegate B (1999) Relation of age of onset to the type and severity of child and adolescent conduct problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 27(4):247–260CrossRefPubMed Lahey BB, Goodman SH, Waldman ID, Bird H, Canino G, Jensen P, Regier D, Leaf PJ, Gordon R, Applegate B (1999) Relation of age of onset to the type and severity of child and adolescent conduct problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 27(4):247–260CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Leung PW, Hung SF, Ho TP, Lee CC, Liu WS, Tang CP, Kwong SL (2008) Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in Chinese adolescents and the effects of an impairment criterion: A pilot community study in Hong Kong. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17(7):452–461CrossRefPubMed Leung PW, Hung SF, Ho TP, Lee CC, Liu WS, Tang CP, Kwong SL (2008) Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in Chinese adolescents and the effects of an impairment criterion: A pilot community study in Hong Kong. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17(7):452–461CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA (1993) Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychology 102(1):133–144CrossRef Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA (1993) Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychology 102(1):133–144CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Lilienfeld SO, Marino L (1999) Essentialism revisited: Evolutionary theory and the concept of mental disorder. J Abnorm Psychology 108:400–411CrossRef Lilienfeld SO, Marino L (1999) Essentialism revisited: Evolutionary theory and the concept of mental disorder. J Abnorm Psychology 108:400–411CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB, Winters A, Zera M (2000) Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(12):1468–1484CrossRefPubMed Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB, Winters A, Zera M (2000) Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part I. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(12):1468–1484CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Lynch F, Mills C, Daly I, Fitzpatrick C (2006) Challenging times: prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviours in Irish adolescents. J Adolesc 29(4):555–573CrossRefPubMed Lynch F, Mills C, Daly I, Fitzpatrick C (2006) Challenging times: prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviours in Irish adolescents. J Adolesc 29(4):555–573CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference McArdle P, Prosser J, Kolvin I (2004) Prevalence of psychiatric disorder: with and without psychosocial impairment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(6):347–353CrossRefPubMed McArdle P, Prosser J, Kolvin I (2004) Prevalence of psychiatric disorder: with and without psychosocial impairment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(6):347–353CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Moffitt TE (2003) Life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: a 10-year research review and a research agenda. In: Lahey B, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (eds) The causes of conduct disorder and serious juvenile delinquency. Guilford, New York, pp 49–75 Moffitt TE (2003) Life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: a 10-year research review and a research agenda. In: Lahey B, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (eds) The causes of conduct disorder and serious juvenile delinquency. Guilford, New York, pp 49–75
59.
go back to reference Moffitt TE (2006) Life-course persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In: Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ (eds) Developmental psychopathology, Risk, disorder, and adaptation, vol 3, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 570–598 Moffitt TE (2006) Life-course persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In: Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ (eds) Developmental psychopathology, Risk, disorder, and adaptation, vol 3, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 570–598
60.
go back to reference Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, Kim-Cohen J, Koenen KC, Odgers CL, Slutske WS, Viding E (2008) Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(1):3–33CrossRefPubMed Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Jaffee SR, Kim-Cohen J, Koenen KC, Odgers CL, Slutske WS, Viding E (2008) Research review: DSM-V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(1):3–33CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M, Silva PA (2001) Sex differences in antisocial behaviour: Conduct disorder, delinquency and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. University Press, CambridgeCrossRef Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M, Silva PA (2001) Sex differences in antisocial behaviour: Conduct disorder, delinquency and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. University Press, CambridgeCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Panyayong B, Wacharasindhu A (2002) Psychiatric disorders in Thai school-aged children: II Associated factors. J Medical Ass Thailand 85(Suppl 1):S137–S147 Panyayong B, Wacharasindhu A (2002) Psychiatric disorders in Thai school-aged children: II Associated factors. J Medical Ass Thailand 85(Suppl 1):S137–S147
63.
go back to reference Pine D, Alegria M, Cook E, Jr (2002) Advances in developmental science and DSM-IV. In: Kupfer D, First M, Regier D, (eds). A Research Agenda for DSM-V. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, pp. 85Y122 Pine D, Alegria M, Cook E, Jr (2002) Advances in developmental science and DSM-IV. In: Kupfer D, First M, Regier D, (eds). A Research Agenda for DSM-V. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, pp. 85Y122
64.
go back to reference Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (2007) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 164(6):942–948CrossRefPubMed Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA (2007) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 164(6):942–948CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Puura K, Almqvist F, Tamminen T, Piha J, Rasanen E, Kumpulainen K, Moilanen I, Koivisto AM (1998) Psychiatric disturbances among prepubertal children in southern Finland. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 33(7):310–318CrossRef Puura K, Almqvist F, Tamminen T, Piha J, Rasanen E, Kumpulainen K, Moilanen I, Koivisto AM (1998) Psychiatric disturbances among prepubertal children in southern Finland. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 33(7):310–318CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Roberts RE, Attkisson CC, Rosenblatt A (1998) Prevalence of psychopathology among children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 155(6):715–725PubMed Roberts RE, Attkisson CC, Rosenblatt A (1998) Prevalence of psychopathology among children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 155(6):715–725PubMed
67.
go back to reference Robins E, Guze SB (1970) Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 126(7):983–987PubMed Robins E, Guze SB (1970) Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 126(7):983–987PubMed
68.
go back to reference Romano E, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Zoccolillo M, Pagani L (2001) Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and the role of perceived impairment: findings from an adolescent community sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42(4):451–461CrossRefPubMed Romano E, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Zoccolillo M, Pagani L (2001) Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and the role of perceived impairment: findings from an adolescent community sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42(4):451–461CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Rutter M (2008) Biological implications of gene-environment interaction. J Abnorm Child Psychology 36:969–976CrossRef Rutter M (2008) Biological implications of gene-environment interaction. J Abnorm Child Psychology 36:969–976CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Sawyer MG, Arney FM, Baghurst PA, Clark JJ, Graetz BW, Kosky RJ, Nurcombe B, Patton GC, Prior MR, Raphael B, Rey JM, Whaites LC, Zubrick SR (2001) The mental health of young people in Australia: key findings from the child and adolescent component of the national survey of mental health and well-being. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 35(6):806–814CrossRefPubMed Sawyer MG, Arney FM, Baghurst PA, Clark JJ, Graetz BW, Kosky RJ, Nurcombe B, Patton GC, Prior MR, Raphael B, Rey JM, Whaites LC, Zubrick SR (2001) The mental health of young people in Australia: key findings from the child and adolescent component of the national survey of mental health and well-being. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 35(6):806–814CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, Davies M, Piacentini J, Schwab-Stone ME, Lahey BB, Bourdon K, Jensen PS, Bird HR, Canino G, Regier DA (1996) The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35(7):865–877CrossRefPubMed Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, Davies M, Piacentini J, Schwab-Stone ME, Lahey BB, Bourdon K, Jensen PS, Bird HR, Canino G, Regier DA (1996) The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35(7):865–877CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Simonoff E, Pickles A, Meyer JM, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Loeber R, Rutter M, Hewitt JK, Eaves LJ (1997) The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Influences of age, sex, and impairment on rates of disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(9):801–808PubMed Simonoff E, Pickles A, Meyer JM, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Loeber R, Rutter M, Hewitt JK, Eaves LJ (1997) The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Influences of age, sex, and impairment on rates of disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(9):801–808PubMed
73.
go back to reference Somech LY, Elizur Y (2009) Adherence to honor code as mediator of the associations between callousness, attachment style, and socioeconomic status, and adolescent boys’ conduct problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychology 38(5):606–618CrossRef Somech LY, Elizur Y (2009) Adherence to honor code as mediator of the associations between callousness, attachment style, and socioeconomic status, and adolescent boys’ conduct problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychology 38(5):606–618CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Steinhausen HC, Metzke CW, Meier M, Kannenberg R (1998) Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: the Zurich Epidemiological Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98(4):262–271CrossRefPubMed Steinhausen HC, Metzke CW, Meier M, Kannenberg R (1998) Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: the Zurich Epidemiological Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98(4):262–271CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Sugawara M, Mukai T, Kitamura T, Toda MA, Shima S, Tomoda A, Koizumi T, Watanabe K, Ando A (1999) Psychiatric disorders among Japanese children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38(4):444–452CrossRefPubMed Sugawara M, Mukai T, Kitamura T, Toda MA, Shima S, Tomoda A, Koizumi T, Watanabe K, Ando A (1999) Psychiatric disorders among Japanese children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38(4):444–452CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Thompson SG, Higgins JP (2002) How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Statistics Med 21(11):1559–1573CrossRef Thompson SG, Higgins JP (2002) How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Statistics Med 21(11):1559–1573CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Verhulst FC, van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Kasius MC (1997) The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(4):329–336PubMed Verhulst FC, van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Kasius MC (1997) The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(4):329–336PubMed
78.
go back to reference Viding E, Simmonds E, Petrides KV, Frederickson N (2009) The contribution of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(4):471–481CrossRefPubMed Viding E, Simmonds E, Petrides KV, Frederickson N (2009) The contribution of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems to bullying in early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(4):471–481CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Wacharasindhu A, Panyyayong B (2002) Psychiatric disorders in Thai school-aged children: I Prevalence. J Med Association Thailand 85(Suppl 1):S125–S136 Wacharasindhu A, Panyyayong B (2002) Psychiatric disorders in Thai school-aged children: I Prevalence. J Med Association Thailand 85(Suppl 1):S125–S136
80.
go back to reference Wakefield JC, Pottick KJ, Kirk SA (2002) Should the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder consider social context? Am J Psychiatry 159(3):380–386CrossRefPubMed Wakefield JC, Pottick KJ, Kirk SA (2002) Should the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder consider social context? Am J Psychiatry 159(3):380–386CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Weisz JR, Weiss B, Suwanlert S, Chaiyasit W (2006) Culture and youth psychopathology: testing the syndromal sensitivity model in Thai and American adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychology 74(6):1098–1107CrossRef Weisz JR, Weiss B, Suwanlert S, Chaiyasit W (2006) Culture and youth psychopathology: testing the syndromal sensitivity model in Thai and American adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychology 74(6):1098–1107CrossRef
82.
go back to reference West P, Sweeting H, Der G, Barton J, Lucas C (2003) Voice-DISC identified DSM-IV disorders among 15-year-olds in the west of Scotland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(8):941–949CrossRefPubMed West P, Sweeting H, Der G, Barton J, Lucas C (2003) Voice-DISC identified DSM-IV disorders among 15-year-olds in the west of Scotland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(8):941–949CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference World Health Organization (WHO). (1992) ICD-10. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision. Volumes 1-3. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992-94 World Health Organization (WHO). (1992) ICD-10. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision. Volumes 1-3. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992-94
84.
go back to reference Zwirs BW, Burger H, Schulpen TW, Wiznitzer M, Fedder H, Buitelaar JK (2007) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children of different ethnic origin. J Abnorm Child Psychology 35(4):556–566CrossRef Zwirs BW, Burger H, Schulpen TW, Wiznitzer M, Fedder H, Buitelaar JK (2007) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children of different ethnic origin. J Abnorm Child Psychology 35(4):556–566CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Does the prevalence of CD and ODD vary across cultures?
Authors
Glorisa Canino
Guilherme Polanczyk
Jose J. Bauermeister
Luis A. Rohde
Paul J. Frick
Publication date
01-07-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 7/2010
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0242-y

Other articles of this Issue 7/2010

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 7/2010 Go to the issue