Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 7/2010

Open Access 01-07-2010 | Original Paper

Anxiety and depressive symptoms related to parenthood in a large Norwegian community sample: the HUNT2 study

Authors: Tormod Rimehaug, Jan Wallander

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 7/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

The study compared anxiety and depression prevalence between parents and non-parents in a society with family- and parenthood-friendly social politics, controlling for family status and family history, age, gender, education and social class.

Methods

All participants aged 30–49 (N = 24,040) in the large, non-sampled Norwegian HUNT2 community health study completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales.

Results

The slightly elevated anxiety and depression among non-parents compared to parents in the complete sample was not confirmed as statistically significant within any subgroups. Married parents and (previously unmarried) cohabiting parents did not differ in portraying low anxiety and depression prevalence. Anxiety was associated with single parenthood, living alone or being divorced, while elevated depression was found only among those living alone.

Discussion

Burdening selection and cultural/political context are suggested as interpretative perspectives on the contextual and personal influences on the complex relationship between parenthood and mental health.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Afifi TO, Cox BJ, Enns MW (2006) Mental health profiles among married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(2):122–129CrossRefPubMed Afifi TO, Cox BJ, Enns MW (2006) Mental health profiles among married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(2):122–129CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Avison WR, Davies L (2005) Family structure, gender, and health in the context of the life course. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Social Sci 60:113–116 Avison WR, Davies L (2005) Family structure, gender, and health in the context of the life course. J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Social Sci 60:113–116
4.
go back to reference Bierman A, Fazio EM, Milkie MA (2006) A multifaceted approach to the mental health advantage of the married—assessing how explanations vary by outcome measure and unmarried group. J Family Issues 27(4):554–582CrossRef Bierman A, Fazio EM, Milkie MA (2006) A multifaceted approach to the mental health advantage of the married—assessing how explanations vary by outcome measure and unmarried group. J Family Issues 27(4):554–582CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Bird CE (1997) Gender differences in the social and economic burdens of parenting and psychological distress. J Marriage Family 59(4):809–823CrossRef Bird CE (1997) Gender differences in the social and economic burdens of parenting and psychological distress. J Marriage Family 59(4):809–823CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D (2002) The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 52(2):69–77CrossRefPubMed Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D (2002) The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 52(2):69–77CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
go back to reference Bruce SE, Yonkers KA, Otto MW, Eisen JL, Weisberg RB, Pagano M et al (2005) Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 162(6):1179–1187CrossRefPubMed Bruce SE, Yonkers KA, Otto MW, Eisen JL, Weisberg RB, Pagano M et al (2005) Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 162(6):1179–1187CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Cunningham AM, Knoester C (2007) Marital status, gender, and parents’ psychological well-being. Sociol Inquiry 77(2):264–287CrossRef Cunningham AM, Knoester C (2007) Marital status, gender, and parents’ psychological well-being. Sociol Inquiry 77(2):264–287CrossRef
10.
go back to reference DeKlyen M, Brooks-Gunn J, McLanahan S, Knab J (2006) The mental health of married, cohabiting, and non-coresident parents with infants. Am J Public Health 96(10):1836–1841CrossRefPubMed DeKlyen M, Brooks-Gunn J, McLanahan S, Knab J (2006) The mental health of married, cohabiting, and non-coresident parents with infants. Am J Public Health 96(10):1836–1841CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Dzamarija MT, Kalve T (2004) Barn og unge med innvandrerbakgrunn. Statistics Norway, Oslo Dzamarija MT, Kalve T (2004) Barn og unge med innvandrerbakgrunn. Statistics Norway, Oslo
12.
go back to reference Evenson RJ, Simon RW (2005) Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. J Health Social Behav 46(4):341–358CrossRef Evenson RJ, Simon RW (2005) Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. J Health Social Behav 46(4):341–358CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Flowers AF, Schneider HG, Ludtke HA (1996) Social support and adjustment in mothers with young children. J Divorce Remarriage 25(3–4):69–83CrossRef Flowers AF, Schneider HG, Ludtke HA (1996) Social support and adjustment in mothers with young children. J Divorce Remarriage 25(3–4):69–83CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Fougner EB (1999) Samboerne og samfunnet. Norwegian Department of Child and Family Affaires, Oslo, p 25 Fougner EB (1999) Samboerne og samfunnet. Norwegian Department of Child and Family Affaires, Oslo, p 25
15.
go back to reference Gabel SG, Kamerman SB (2006) Investing in children: public commitment in twenty-one industrialized countries. Social Serv Rev 80(2):239–263CrossRef Gabel SG, Kamerman SB (2006) Investing in children: public commitment in twenty-one industrialized countries. Social Serv Rev 80(2):239–263CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Gotlieb IH, Hammen CL (2002) Part I. Descriptive aspects of depression. Handbook of depression. The Guilford Press, NY, pp 1–60 Gotlieb IH, Hammen CL (2002) Part I. Descriptive aspects of depression. Handbook of depression. The Guilford Press, NY, pp 1–60
17.
go back to reference Harrison J, Barrow S, Gask L, Creed F (1999) Social determinants of GHQ score by postal survey. J Public Health Med 21(3):283–288CrossRefPubMed Harrison J, Barrow S, Gask L, Creed F (1999) Social determinants of GHQ score by postal survey. J Public Health Med 21(3):283–288CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Herrmann C (1997) International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 42(1):17–41CrossRefPubMed Herrmann C (1997) International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 42(1):17–41CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Holmen J, Midthjell K, Krüger Ø, Langhammer A, Holmen TL, Bratberg GH et al (2003) The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995–1997 (HUNT 2): objectives, contents, methods and participation. Norsk Epidemiol 13(1):19–32 Holmen J, Midthjell K, Krüger Ø, Langhammer A, Holmen TL, Bratberg GH et al (2003) The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995–1997 (HUNT 2): objectives, contents, methods and participation. Norsk Epidemiol 13(1):19–32
21.
22.
go back to reference Knoester C, Eggebeen DJ (2006) The effects of the transition to parenthood and subsequent children on men’s well-being and social participation. J Family Issues 27(11):1532–1560CrossRef Knoester C, Eggebeen DJ (2006) The effects of the transition to parenthood and subsequent children on men’s well-being and social participation. J Family Issues 27(11):1532–1560CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Kohler HP, Behrman JR, Skytthe A (2005) Partner plus children = happiness? The effects of partnerships and fertility on well-being. Popul Dev Rev 31(3):407–445CrossRef Kohler HP, Behrman JR, Skytthe A (2005) Partner plus children = happiness? The effects of partnerships and fertility on well-being. Popul Dev Rev 31(3):407–445CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer V (2006) Mental illness in a rural area—a Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study. Social Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(9):713–719CrossRef Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Cramer V (2006) Mental illness in a rural area—a Norwegian psychiatric epidemiological study. Social Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41(9):713–719CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Krokstad S, Westin S (2002) Health inequalities by socioeconomic status among men in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study, Norway. Scand J Public Health 30(2):113–124PubMed Krokstad S, Westin S (2002) Health inequalities by socioeconomic status among men in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study, Norway. Scand J Public Health 30(2):113–124PubMed
26.
go back to reference Lamb KA, Lee GR, DeMaris A (2003) Union formation and depression: selection and relationship effects. J Marriage Family 65(4):953–962CrossRef Lamb KA, Lee GR, DeMaris A (2003) Union formation and depression: selection and relationship effects. J Marriage Family 65(4):953–962CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lorensen M, Wilson ME, White MA (2004) Norwegian families: transition to parenthood. Health Care Women Int 25(4):334–348CrossRefPubMed Lorensen M, Wilson ME, White MA (2004) Norwegian families: transition to parenthood. Health Care Women Int 25(4):334–348CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Martin CR (2005) What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) really measure in liason psychiatry settings? Curr Psychiatry Rev 1(1):69–73CrossRef Martin CR (2005) What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) really measure in liason psychiatry settings? Curr Psychiatry Rev 1(1):69–73CrossRef
29.
go back to reference McLanahan S, Adams J (1987) Parenthood and psychological well-being. Annu Rev Sociol 13:237–257CrossRef McLanahan S, Adams J (1987) Parenthood and psychological well-being. Annu Rev Sociol 13:237–257CrossRef
30.
31.
go back to reference Mykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA (2001) Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. Br J Psychiatry 179:540–544CrossRefPubMed Mykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA (2001) Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. Br J Psychiatry 179:540–544CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Nomaguchi KM, Milkie MA (2003) Costs and rewards of children: the effects of becoming a parent on adults’ lives. J Marriage Family 65(2):356–374CrossRef Nomaguchi KM, Milkie MA (2003) Costs and rewards of children: the effects of becoming a parent on adults’ lives. J Marriage Family 65(2):356–374CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Ross CE, Mirowsky J, Goldsteen K (1990) The impact of the family on health—the decade in review. J Marriage Family 52(4):1059–1078CrossRef Ross CE, Mirowsky J, Goldsteen K (1990) The impact of the family on health—the decade in review. J Marriage Family 52(4):1059–1078CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Snaith RP, Zigmond AS (1994) The hospital and anxiety and depression scale manual. NFER-Nelson, Windsor Snaith RP, Zigmond AS (1994) The hospital and anxiety and depression scale manual. NFER-Nelson, Windsor
39.
go back to reference Tennant C (2002) Life events, stress and depression: a review of recent findings. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36(2):173–182CrossRefPubMed Tennant C (2002) Life events, stress and depression: a review of recent findings. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36(2):173–182CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Turnbull JE, George LK, Landerman R, Swartz MS et al (1990) Social outcomes related to age of onset among psychiatric disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 58(6):832–839CrossRefPubMed Turnbull JE, George LK, Landerman R, Swartz MS et al (1990) Social outcomes related to age of onset among psychiatric disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 58(6):832–839CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Wade TJ, Cairney J (2000) Major depressive disorder and marital transition among mothers: results from a national panel study. J Nerv Ment Dis 188(11):741–750CrossRefPubMed Wade TJ, Cairney J (2000) Major depressive disorder and marital transition among mothers: results from a national panel study. J Nerv Ment Dis 188(11):741–750CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Willen H (2002) Changing families: public health perspective on divorce. Nordisk Psykol 54(4):271–285 Willen H (2002) Changing families: public health perspective on divorce. Nordisk Psykol 54(4):271–285
43.
go back to reference Willitts M, Benzeval M, Stansfeld S (2004) Partnership history and mental health over time. J Epidemiol Community Health 58(1):53–58CrossRefPubMed Willitts M, Benzeval M, Stansfeld S (2004) Partnership history and mental health over time. J Epidemiol Community Health 58(1):53–58CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Wu Z, Hart R (2002) The effects of marital and nonmarital union transition on health. J Marriage Family 64(2):420–432CrossRef Wu Z, Hart R (2002) The effects of marital and nonmarital union transition on health. J Marriage Family 64(2):420–432CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Anxiety and depressive symptoms related to parenthood in a large Norwegian community sample: the HUNT2 study
Authors
Tormod Rimehaug
Jan Wallander
Publication date
01-07-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 7/2010
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0110-9

Other articles of this Issue 7/2010

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 7/2010 Go to the issue