Top

Published in:

01-07-2014 | Review

The genetics of fat distribution

Authors: Dorit Schleinitz, Yvonne Böttcher, Matthias Blüher, Peter Kovacs

Published in: Diabetologia | Issue 7/2014

Abstract

Fat stored in visceral depots makes obese individuals more prone to complications than subcutaneous fat. There is good evidence that body fat distribution (FD) is controlled by genetic factors. WHR, a surrogate measure of FD, shows significant heritability of up to ∼60%, even after adjusting for BMI. Genetic variants have been linked to various forms of altered FD such as lipodystrophies; however, the polygenic background of visceral obesity has only been sparsely investigated in the past. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for measures of FD revealed numerous loci harbouring genes potentially regulating FD. In addition, genes with fat depot-specific expression patterns (in particular subcutaneous vs visceral adipose tissue) provide plausible candidate genes involved in the regulation of FD. Many of these genes are differentially expressed in various fat compartments and correlate with obesity-related traits, thus further supporting their role as potential mediators of metabolic alterations associated with a distinct FD. Finally, developmental genes may at a very early stage determine specific FD in later life. Indeed, genes such as TBX15 not only manifest differential expression in various fat depots, but also correlate with obesity and related traits. Moreover, recent GWAS identified several polymorphisms in developmental genes (including TBX15, HOXC13, RSPO3 and CPEB4) strongly associated with FD. More accurate methods, including cardiometabolic imaging, for assessment of FD are needed to promote our understanding in this field, where the main focus is now to unravel the yet unknown biological function of these novel ‘fat distribution genes’.

Available only for authorised users

Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE (2006) Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 444:875–880PubMed

Reaven GM (2003) Importance of identifying the overweight patient who will benefit the most by losing weight. Ann Intern Med 138:420–423PubMed

Kloting N, Fasshauer M, Dietrich A et al (2010) Insulin-sensitive obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299:E506–E515PubMed

Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Machann J et al (2008) Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Arch Intern Med 168:1609–1616PubMed

Kissebah AH (1997) Central obesity: measurement and metabolic effects. Diabetes Rev 5:8–20

Bjorntorp P (1991) Metabolic implications of body-fat distribution. Diabetes Care 14:1132–1143PubMed

Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Keno Y, Tokunaga K (1995) Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of visceral fat obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 748:399–406PubMed

Despres JP, Nadeau A, Tremblay A et al (1989) Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 38:304–309PubMed

Klein S, Fontana L, Young VL et al (2004) Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 350:2549–2557PubMed

10.

Thorne A, Lonnqvist F, Apelman J, Hellers G, Arner P (2002) A pilot study of long-term effects of a novel obesity treatment: omentectomy in connection with adjustable gastric banding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:193–199PubMed

11.

Wajchenberg BL (2000) Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 21:697–738PubMed

12.

Bluher M (2009) Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117:241–250PubMed

13.

Speliotes EK, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U et al (2010) Fatty liver is associated with dyslipidemia and dysglycemia independent of visceral fat: the Framingham Heart Study. Hepatology 51:1979–1987PubMedCentralPubMed

14.

Foster MC, Hwang SJ, Porter SA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Fox CS (2011) Fatty kidney, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 58:784–790PubMedCentralPubMed

15.

Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S (1987) Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 36:54–59PubMed

16.

Lemieux S, Prud'homme D, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP (1996) A single threshold value of waist girth identifies normal-weight and overweight subjects with excess visceral adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 64:685–693PubMed

17.

Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C et al (2000) Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation 102:179–184PubMed

18.

Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U (1983) Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 72:1150–1162PubMedCentralPubMed

19.

Goss AM, Darnell BE, Brown MA, Oster RA, Gower BA (2012) Longitudinal associations of the endocrine environment on fat partitioning in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20:939–944

20.

Seidell JC, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Kvist H, Sannerstedt R (1990) Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism 39:897–901PubMed

21.

Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP et al (1990) The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med 322:1477–1482PubMed

22.

Smith SR, Zachwieja JJ (1999) Visceral adipose tissue: a critical review of intervention strategies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:329–335PubMed

23.

Ronn M, Kullberg J, Karlsson H et al (2013) Bisphenol A exposure increases liver fat in juvenile fructose-fed Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 303:125–132PubMed

24.

Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Hu FB (2010) Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 121:1356–1364PubMedCentralPubMed

25.

Bjorntorp P (2001) Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev 2:73–86PubMed

26.

Souren NY, Paulussen AD, Loos RJ et al (2007) Anthropometry, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey: heritabilities. Diabetologia 50:2107–2116PubMedCentralPubMed

27.

Mills GW, Avery PJ, McCarthy MI et al (2004) Heritability estimates for beta cell function and features of the insulin resistance syndrome in UK families with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 47:732–738PubMed

28.

Selby JV, Newman B, Quesenberry CP Jr et al (1990) Genetic and behavioral influences on body fat distribution. Int J Obes 14:593–602PubMed

29.

Rose KM, Newman B, Mayer-Davis EJ, Selby JV (1998) Genetic and behavioral determinants of waist-hip ratio and waist circumference in women twins. Obes Res 6:383–392PubMed

30.

Heid IM, Jackson AU, Randall JC et al (2010) Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nat Genet 42:949–960

31.

Perusse L, Despres JP, Lemieux S, Rice T, Rao DC, Bouchard C (1996) Familial aggregation of abdominal visceral fat level: results from the Quebec Family Study. Metabolism 45:378–382PubMed

32.

Malis C, Rasmussen EL, Poulsen P et al (2005) Total and regional fat distribution is strongly influenced by genetic factors in young and elderly twins. Obes Res 13:2139–2145PubMed

33.

Peeters MW, Beunen GP, Maes HH et al (2007) Genetic and environmental determination of tracking in subcutaneous fat distribution during adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr 86:652–660PubMed

34.

Ersek RA, Bell HN, Salisbury AV (1994) Serial and superficial suction for steatopygia (Hottentot bustle). Aesthet Plast Surg 18:279–282

35.

Garg A (2011) Clinical review#: Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3313–3325PubMed

36.

Yang W, Thein S, Guo X et al (2013) Seipin differentially regulates lipogenesis and adipogenesis through a conserved core sequence and an evolutionarily acquired C-terminus. Biochem J 452:37–44PubMed

37.

Agarwal AK, Arioglu E, De Almeida S et al (2002) AGPAT2 is mutated in congenital generalized lipodystrophy linked to chromosome 9q34. Nat Genet 31:21–23PubMed

38.

Razani B, Combs TP, Wang XB et al (2002) Caveolin-1-deficient mice are lean, resistant to diet-induced obesity, and show hypertriglyceridemia with adipocyte abnormalities. J Biol Chem 277:8635–8647PubMed

39.

Aboulaich N, Chui PC, Asara JM, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E (2011) Polymerase I and transcript release factor regulates lipolysis via a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. Diabetes 60:757–765PubMedCentralPubMed

40.

Garg A, Peshock RM, Fleckenstein JL (1999) Adipose tissue distribution pattern in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:170–174PubMed

41.

Shackleton S, Lloyd DJ, Jackson SNJ et al (2000) LMNA, encoding lamin A/C, is mutated in partial lipodystrophy. Nat Genet 24:153–156PubMed

42.

Cao H, Hegele RA (2000) Nuclear lamin A/C R482Q mutation in Canadian kindreds with Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 9:109–112PubMed

43.

Wojtanik KM, Edgemon K, Viswanadha S et al (2009) The role of LMNA in adipose: a novel mouse model of lipodystrophy based on the Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy mutation. J Lipid Res 50:1068–1079PubMedCentralPubMed

44.

Wegner L, Andersen G, Sparsø T et al (2007) Common variation in LMNA increases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and associates with elevated fasting glycemia and estimates of body fat and height in the general population: studies of 7,495 Danish Whites. Diabetes 56:694–698PubMed

45.

Hegele RA, Cao H, Harris SB, Zinman B, Hanley AJ, Anderson CM (2000) Genetic variation in LMNA modulates plasma leptin and indices of obesity in aboriginal Canadians. Physiol Genomics 3:39–44PubMed

46.

Steinle NI, Kazlauskaite R, Imumorin IG et al (2004) Variation in the lamin A/C gene: associations with metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1708–1713PubMed

47.

Toy BR (2003) Familial multiple lipomatosis. Dermatol Online J 9:9PubMed

48.

Schoenmakers EF, Wanschura S, Mols R, Bullerdiek J, Van den BH, Van de Ven WJ (1995) Recurrent rearrangements in the high mobility group protein gene, HMGI-C, in benign mesenchymal tumours. Nat Genet 10:436–444PubMed

49.

Markowski DN, Thies HW, Gottlieb A, Wenk H, Wischnewsky M, Bullerdiek J (2013) HMGA2 expression in white adipose tissue linking cellular senescence with diabetes. Genes Nutr 8:449–456PubMedCentralPubMed

50.

Fedele M, Battista S, Manfioletti G, Croce CM, Giancotti V, Fusco A (2001) Role of the high mobility group A proteins in human lipomas. Carcinogenesis 22:1583–1591PubMed

51.

Battista S, Fidanza V, Fedele M et al (1999) The expression of a truncated HMGI-C gene induces gigantism associated with lipomatosis. Cancer Res 59:4793–4797PubMed

52.

Zhou X, Benson KF, Ashar HR, Chada K (1995) Mutation responsible for the mouse pygmy phenotype in the developmentally regulated factor HMGI-C. Nature 376:771–774PubMed

53.

Pasquali D, Pierantoni GM, Fusco A et al (2004) Fenofibrate increases the expression of high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) gene and induces adipocyte differentiation of orbital fibroblasts from Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol 33:133–143PubMed

54.

Widen E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR, Groop LC (1995) Association of a polymorphism in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 333:348–351PubMed

55.

Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Dionne FT et al (1994) ApoB-100 gene EcoRI polymorphism. Relations to plasma lipoprotein changes associated with abdominal visceral obesity. Arterioscler Thromb 14:527–533PubMed

56.

Rebuffe-Scrive M, Lundholm K, Bjorntorp P (1985) Glucocorticoid hormone binding to human adipose tissue. Eur J Clin Invest 15:267–271PubMed

57.

Fried SK, Russell CD, Grauso NL, Brolin RE (1993) Lipoprotein lipase regulation by insulin and glucocorticoid in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of obese women and men. J Clin Invest 92:2191–2198PubMedCentralPubMed

58.

Alessi MC, Peiretti F, Morange P, Henry M, Nalbone G, Juhan-Vague I (1997) Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue: possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular disease. Diabetes 46:860–867PubMed

59.

Kloting N, Graham TE, Berndt J et al (2007) Serum retinol-binding protein is more highly expressed in visceral than in subcutaneous adipose tissue and is a marker of intra-abdominal fat mass. Cell Metab 6:79–87PubMed

60.

Montague CT, Prins JB, Sanders L et al (1998) Depot-related gene expression in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Diabetes 47:1384–1391PubMed

61.

Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS (1998) Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:847–850PubMed

62.

Lefebvre AM, Laville M, Vega N et al (1998) Depot-specific differences in adipose tissue gene expression in lean and obese subjects. Diabetes 47:98–103PubMed

63.

Parikh H, Groop L (2004) Candidate genes for type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 5:151–176PubMed

64.

Bottcher Y, Unbehauen H, Kloting N et al (2009) Adipose tissue expression and genetic variants of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A gene (BMPR1A) are associated with human obesity. Diabetes 58:2119–2128PubMedCentralPubMed

65.

Kovacs P, Geyer M, Berndt J et al (2007) Effects of genetic variation in the human retinol binding protein-4 gene (RBP4) on insulin resistance and fat depot-specific mRNA expression. Diabetes 56:3095–3100PubMed

66.

Schleinitz D, Kloting N, Korner A et al (2010) Effect of genetic variation in the human fatty acid synthase gene (FASN) on obesity and fat depot-specific mRNA expression. Obesity 18:1218–1225PubMed

67.

Schleinitz D, Kloting N, Bottcher Y et al (2011) Genetic and evolutionary analyses of the human bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) in the pathophysiology of obesity. PLoS One 6:e16155PubMedCentralPubMed

68.

Yang X, Smith U (2007) Adipose tissue distribution and risk of metabolic disease: does thiazolidinedione-induced adipose tissue redistribution provide a clue to the answer? Diabetologia 50:1127–1139PubMed

69.

Kodama N, Tahara N, Tahara A et al (2013) Effects of pioglitazone on visceral fat metabolic activity in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(11):4438–4445PubMed

70.

Ristow M, Muller-Wieland D, Pfeiffer A, Krone W, Kahn CR (1998) Obesity associated with a mutation in a genetic regulator of adipocyte differentiation. N Engl J Med 339:953–959PubMed

71.

Passaro A, Dalla NE, Marcello C et al (2011) PPARgamma Pro12Ala and ACE ID polymorphisms are associated with BMI and fat distribution, but not metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 10:112PubMedCentralPubMed

72.

Kim KS, Choi SM, Shin SU, Yang HS, Yoon Y (2004) Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 Pro12Ala polymorphism on body fat distribution in female Korean subjects. Metabolism 53:1538–1543PubMed

73.

Peeters AV, Beckers S, Verrijken A et al (2008) Association of SIRT1 gene variation with visceral obesity. Hum Genet 124:431–436PubMed

74.

Chambers JC, Elliott P, Zabaneh D et al (2008) Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with waist circumference and insulin resistance. Nat Genet 40:716–718PubMed

75.

Heard-Costa NL, Zillikens MC, Monda KL et al (2009) NRXN3 is a novel locus for waist circumference: a genome-wide association study from the CHARGE Consortium. PLoS Genet 5:e1000539PubMedCentralPubMed

76.

Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI et al (2010) Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42:937–U53PubMedCentralPubMed

77.

Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC et al (2009) Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet 5:e1000508PubMedCentralPubMed

78.

Berndt SI, Gustafsson S, Magi R et al (2013) Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture. Nat Genet 45:501–512PubMedCentralPubMed

79.

Norris JM, Langefeld CD, Talbert ME et al (2009) Genome-wide association study and follow-up analysis of adiposity traits in Hispanic Americans: the IRAS Family Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:1932–1941

80.

Fox CS, Liu Y, White CC et al (2012) Genome-wide association for abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose reveals a novel locus for visceral fat in women. PLoS Genet 8:e1002695PubMedCentralPubMed

81.

Liu CT, Monda KL, Taylor KC et al (2013) Genome-wide association of body fat distribution in African ancestry populations suggests new loci. PLoS Genet 9:e1003681PubMedCentralPubMed

82.

Hotta K, Kitamoto A, Kitamoto T et al (2013) Replication study of 15 recently published loci for body fat distribution in the Japanese population. J Atheroscler Thromb 20:336–350PubMed

83.

Fox CS, White CC, Lohman K et al (2012) Genome-wide association of pericardial fat identifies a unique locus for ectopic fat. PLoS Genet 8:e1002705PubMedCentralPubMed

84.

Randall JC, Winkler TW, Kutalik Z et al (2013) Sex-stratified genome-wide association studies including 270,000 individuals show sexual dimorphism in genetic loci for anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet 9:e1003500PubMedCentralPubMed

85.

Zillikens MC, Yazdanpanah M, Pardo LM et al (2008) Sex-specific genetic effects influence variation in body composition. Diabetologia 51:2233–2241PubMed

86.

Shmueli O, Horn-Saban S, Chalifa-Caspi V et al (2003) GeneNote: whole genome expression profiles in normal human tissues. C R Biol 326:1067–1072PubMed

87.

Sandholt CH, Hansen T, Pedersen O (2012) Beyond the fourth wave of genome-wide obesity association studies. Nutr Diabetes 2:e37PubMedCentralPubMed

88.

Schleinitz D, Kloting N, Lindgren CM et al (2013) Fat depot-specific mRNA expression of novel loci associated with waist-hip ratio. Int J Obes 38(1):120–125

89.

Cooney GJ, Lyons RJ, Crew AJ et al (2004) Improved glucose homeostasis and enhanced insulin signalling in Grb14-deficient mice. EMBO J 23:582–593PubMedCentralPubMed

90.

Cariou B, Capitaine N, Le MV et al (2004) Increased adipose tissue expression of Grb14 in several models of insulin resistance. FASEB J 18:965–967PubMed

91.

Holt LJ, Lyons RJ, Ryan AS et al (2009) Dual ablation of Grb10 and Grb14 in mice reveals their combined role in regulation of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 23:1406–1414PubMedCentralPubMed

92.

Gesta S, Bluher M, Yamamoto Y et al (2006) Evidence for a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:6676–6681PubMedCentralPubMed

93.

Tchkonia T, Lenburg M, Thomou T et al (2007) Identification of depot-specific human fat cell progenitors through distinct expression profiles and developmental gene patterns. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:E298–E307PubMed

94.

Gesta S, Tseng YH, Kahn CR (2007) Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell 131:242–256PubMed

95.

Karastergiou K, Fried SK, Xie H et al (2013) Distinct developmental signatures of human abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:362–371PubMedCentralPubMed

96.

Yamamoto Y, Gesta S, Lee KY, Tran TT, Saadatirad P, Kahn CR (2010) Adipose depots possess unique developmental gene signatures. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:872–878

97.

Lee KY, Yamamoto Y, Boucher J et al (2013) Shox2 is a molecular determinant of depot-specific adipocyte function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:11409–11414PubMedCentralPubMed

98.

Plagemann A (2005) Perinatal programming and functional teratogenesis: impact on body weight regulation and obesity. Physiol Behav 86:661–668PubMed

99.

Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, MacDonald-Wicks LK et al (2012) Dietary balance during pregnancy is associated with fetal adiposity and fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 96:1032–1041PubMed

100.

Caserta F, Tchkonia T, Civelek VN et al (2001) Fat depot origin affects fatty acid handling in cultured rat and human preadipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E238–E247PubMed

101.

Pinnick KE, Karpe F (2011) DNA methylation of genes in adipose tissue. Proc Nutr Soc 70:57–63PubMed

102.

Seale P, Bjork B, Yang W et al (2008) PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch. Nature 454:961–967PubMedCentralPubMed

103.

Sakamoto H, Suzuki M, Abe T et al (2007) Cell type-specific methylation profiles occurring disproportionately in CpG-less regions that delineate developmental similarity. Genes Cells 12:1123–1132PubMed

104.

Li M, Wu H, Wang T et al (2012) Co-methylated genes in different adipose depots of pig are associated with metabolic, inflammatory and immune processes. Int J Biol Sci 8:831–837PubMedCentralPubMed

105.

Huang RC, Galati JC, Burrows S et al (2012) DNA methylation of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region and adiposity distribution in young adults. Clin Epigenetics 4:21PubMedCentralPubMed

106.

Marchi M, Lisi S, Curcio M et al (2011) Human leptin tissue distribution, but not weight loss-dependent change in expression, is associated with methylation of its promoter. Epigenetics 6:1198–1206PubMedCentralPubMed

107.

Lund E, Oldenburg AR, Delbarre E et al (2013) Lamin A/C-promoter interactions specify chromatin state-dependent transcription outcomes. Genome Res 23:1580–1589PubMedCentralPubMed

Title: The genetics of fat distribution
Authors: Dorit Schleinitz
Yvonne Böttcher
Matthias Blüher
Peter Kovacs
Publication date: 01-07-2014
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Diabetologia / Issue 7/2014
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3214-z

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

The genetics of fat distribution

Abstract

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 7/2014

Low TCR signal strength induces combined expansion of Th2 and regulatory T cell populations that protect mice from the development of type 1 diabetes

Evidence from a single individual that increased plasma GLP-1 and GLP-1-stimulated insulin secretion after gastric bypass are independent of foregut exclusion

Michaela Diamant, 11 April 1962–9 April 2014

CXCL12 secreted from adipose tissue recruits macrophages and induces insulin resistance in mice

Multiple behaviour change intervention and outcomes in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the ADDITION-Plus randomised controlled trial

The regulation of pre- and post-maturational plasticity of mammalian islet cell mass

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page