Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Diabetologia
Published in: Diabetologia 7/2010

Open Access 01-07-2010 | For Debate

Is the ADA/EASD algorithm for the management of type 2 diabetes (January 2009) based on evidence or opinion? A critical analysis

Authors: G. Schernthaner, A. H. Barnett, D. J. Betteridge, R. Carmena, A. Ceriello, B. Charbonnel, M. Hanefeld, R. Lehmann, M. T. Malecki, R. Nesto, V. Pirags, A. Scheen, J. Seufert, A. Sjohölm, A. Tsatsoulis, R. DeFronzo

Published in: Diabetologia | Issue 7/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

The ADA and the EASD recently published a consensus statement for the medical management of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. The authors advocate initial treatment with metformin monotherapy and lifestyle modification, followed by addition of basal insulin or a sulfonylurea if glycaemic goals are not met (tier 1 recommendations). All other glucose-lowering therapies are relegated to a secondary (tier 2) status and only recommended for selected clinical settings. In our view, this algorithm does not offer physicians and patients the appropriate selection of options to individualise and optimise care with a view to sustained control of blood glucose and reduction both of diabetes complications and cardiovascular risk. This paper critically assesses the basis of the ADA/EASD algorithm and the resulting tiers of treatment options.
Literature
1.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB et al (2006) Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 49:1711–1721CrossRefPubMed
2.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB et al (2009) Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 52:17–30CrossRefPubMed
3.
American Diabetes Association (2008) Clinical practice recommendations 2008. Diabetes Care 31:S1–S2CrossRef
4.
Schünemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD, WHO Advisory Committee on Health Research (2006) Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 1. Guidelines for guidelines. Health Res Policy Syst 4:13CrossRefPubMed
5.
Turner T, Misso M, Harris C, Green S (2008) Development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs): comparing approaches. Implement Sci 3:45CrossRefPubMed
6.
Rosenbrand K, Van Croonenborg J, Wittenberg J (2008) Guideline development. Stud Health Technol Inform 139:3–21PubMed
7.
Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA et al (2004) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 328:1490CrossRefPubMed
8.
American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2009) Standards of medicalcare in diabetes—2009. Diabetes Care 32(Suppl 1):S13–S61CrossRef
9.
DeFronzo RA (2009) From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 58:773–795CrossRefPubMed
10.
Schernthaner G, Matthews DR, Charbonnel B, Hanefeld M, Brunetti P, behalf of the Quartet Study Group (2004) Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone versus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6068–6076CrossRefPubMed
11.
Charbonnel BH, Matthews DR, Schernthaner G, Hanefeld M, Brunetti P, behalf of the QUARTET Study Group (2005) A long-term comparison of pioglitazone and gliclazide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison trial. Diabet Med 22:399–405CrossRefPubMed
12.
Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA et al (2006) Glycemic durabilityof rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 355:2427–2443CrossRefPubMed
13.
Bolen S, Wilson L, Vassy J et al (2007) Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 147:386–399PubMed
14.
Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG (2007) Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 298:194–206CrossRefPubMed
15.
Madsbad S (2009) Exenatide and liraglutide: different approachesto develop GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics)—preclinical and clinical results. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 23:463–477CrossRefPubMed
16.
Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch C (2008) Emerging role of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4:753–768PubMed
17.
Nauck MA, Meininger G, Sheng D, Terranella L, Stein PP, Sitagliptin Study 024 Group (2007) Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 9:194–205CrossRefPubMed
18.
Ferrannini E, Fonseca V, Zinman B et al (2009) Fifty-two-week efficacy and safety of vildagliptin vs. glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 11:157–166CrossRefPubMed
19.
Horton ES (2009) Defining the role of basal and prandial insulin for optimal glycemic control. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(5 Suppl):S21–S27CrossRefPubMed
20.
Lasserson DS, Glasziou P, Perera R, Holman RR, Farmer AJ (2009) Optimal insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses. Diabetologia 52:1990–2000CrossRefPubMed
21.
Holman RR, Farmer AJ, Davies MJ, 4-T Study Group et al (2009) Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 361:1736–1747CrossRefPubMed
22.
Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E (2008) Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH human insulin in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 81:184–189CrossRefPubMed
23.
Bretzel RG, Nuber U, Landgraf W, Owens DR, Bradley C, Linn T (2008) Once-daily basal insulin glargine versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro in people with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents (APOLLO): an open randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:1073–1084CrossRefPubMed
24.
Kann PH, Wascher T, Zackova V et al (2006) Starting insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: twice-daily biphasic insulin Aspart 30 plus metformin versus once-daily insulin glargine plus glimepiride. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 114:527–532CrossRefPubMed
25.
Raskin P, Allen E, Hollander P et al (2005) Initiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of biphasic and basal insulin analogs. Diabetes Care 28:260–265CrossRefPubMed
26.
Robbins DC, Beisswenger PJ, Ceriello A et al (2007) Mealtime 50/50 basal + prandial insulin analogue mixture with a basal insulin analogue, both plus metformin, in the achievement of target HbA1c and pre- and postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multinational, 24-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison. Clin Ther 29:2349–2364CrossRefPubMed
27.
Ilag LL, Kerr L, Malone JK, Tan MH (2007) Prandial premixed insulin analogue regimens versus basal insulin analogue regimens in the management of type 2 diabetes: an evidence-based comparison. Clin Ther 29 (Spec No):1254–1270
28.
Hollander P, Cooper J, Bregnhøj J, Pedersen CB (2008) A 52-week, multinational, open-label, parallel-group, noninferiority, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine in a basal-bolus regimen with mealtime insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther 30:1976–1987CrossRefPubMed
29.
Rosenstock J, Davies M, Home PD, Larsen J, Koenen C, Schernthaner G (2008) A randomised, 52-week, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with insulin glargine when administered as add-on to glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 51:408–416CrossRefPubMed
30.
Woo V, Shestakova MV, Ørskov C, Ceriello A (2008) Targets andtactics: the relative importance of HbA1c, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels to glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 62:1935–1942CrossRefPubMed
31.
Matthaei S, Bierwirth R, Fritsche A et al (2009) Medical antihyperglycaemic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: update of the evidence-based guideline of the German Diabetes Association. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117:522–557CrossRefPubMed
32.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Effect ofintensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352:854–865CrossRef
33.
Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA (2008)10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 359:1577–1589CrossRefPubMed
34.
Johnson JA, Majundar SR, Simpson SH, Toth EL (2002) Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:2244–2248CrossRefPubMed
35.
Evans JM, Ogston SA, Emslie-Smith A, Morris AD (2006) Risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a comparison of patients treated with sulfonylureas and metformin. Diabetologia 49:930–936CrossRefPubMed
36.
Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V et al (2009) Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cuase mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ 339:b4731CrossRefPubMed
37.
Meinert CL, Knatterud GL, Prout TE, Klimt CR (1970) A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetesm. II. Mortality results. Diabetes 19(Suppl):789–830PubMed
38.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352:837–853CrossRef
39.
The ADVANCE Collaborative Group (2008) Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2560–2572CrossRef
40.
Garratt KN, Brady PA, Hassinger NL, Grill DE, Terzic A, Holmes DR Jr (1999) Sulfonylurea drugs increase early mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus after direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:119–124CrossRefPubMed
41.
The University Group Diabetes Program (1975) A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. V. Evaluation of phenformin therapy. Diabetes 24(Suppl 1):65–184
42.
Rao AD, Kuhadiya N, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA (2008) Is the combination of sulfonylureas and metformin associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality? A meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Care 31:1672–1678CrossRefPubMed
43.
Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY et al (2005) Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 353:2643–2653CrossRefPubMed
44.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:977–986CrossRef
45.
Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al (1995) Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 28:103–117CrossRefPubMed
46.
Muis MJ, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Stolk RP (2005) Insulin treatment and cardiovascular disease; friend or foe? A point of view. Diabet Med 22:118–126CrossRefPubMed
47.
Engel-Nitz NM, Martin S, Sun P, Buesching D, Fonseca V (2008) Cardiovascular events and insulin therapy: a retrospective cohort analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 81:97–104CrossRefPubMed
48.
Kumar R, Lee TT, Jeremias A et al (2007) Comparison of outcomes using sirolimus-eluting stenting in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients with comparison of insulin versus non-insulin therapy in the diabetic patients. Am J Cardiol 100:1187–1191CrossRefPubMed
49.
Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Strom BL (2008) Association between serious ischemic cardiac outcomes and medications used to treat diabetes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:753–759CrossRefPubMed
50.
Anselmino M, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K, Standl E, Rydén L, Euro Heart Survey Investigators (2008) Glucose lowering treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is prognostically important not only in established but also in newly detected diabetes mellitus: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart. Eur Heart J 29:177–184CrossRefPubMed
51.
Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Rydén L (1999) Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. Long-term results from the Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) Study. Circulation 99:2626–2632PubMed
52.
Malmberg K, Rydén L, Wedel H et al (2005) Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 26:650–651CrossRefPubMed
53.
Mellbin LG, Malmberg K, Norhammer A, Wedel H, Ryden L, for the DIGAMI 2 Investigators (2008) The impact of glucose lowering treatment on long-term prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction: a report from the DIGAMI 2 trial. Eur Heart J 29:166–176CrossRefPubMed
54.
Raz I, Wilson PW, Strojek K et al (2009) Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial. Diabetes Care 32:381–386CrossRefPubMed
55.
Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ et al (2005) Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366:1279–1289CrossRefPubMed
56.
Betteridge DJ, DeFronzo RA, Chilton RJ (2008) PROactive: time for a critical appraisal. Eur Heart J 29:969–983CrossRefPubMed
57.
Mannucci E, Monami M, Lamanna C, Gensini GF, Marchionni N (2008) Pioglitazone and cardiovascular risk. A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 10:1221–1238PubMed
58.
Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE (2007) Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 298:1180–1188CrossRefPubMed
59.
Nissen SE, Wolski K (2007) Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 356:2457–2471CrossRefPubMed
60.
Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD (2007) Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA 298:1189–1195CrossRefPubMed
61.
Diamond GA, Bax L, Kaul S (2007) Uncertain effects of rosiglitazone on the risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Ann Intern Med 147:578–581PubMed
62.
Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H et al (2009) Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet 373:2125–2135CrossRefPubMed
63.
Gerrits CM, Bhattacharya M, Manthena S, Baran R, Perez A, Kupfer S (2007) A comparison of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone for hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 16:1065–1071CrossRefPubMed
64.
Walker AM, Koro CE, Landon J (2008) Coronary heart disease outcomes in patients receiving antidiabetic agents in the PharMetrics database 2000–2007. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:760–768CrossRefPubMed
65.
66.
Timmers L, Henriques JP, de Kleijn DP et al (2009) Exenatide reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:501–510CrossRefPubMed
67.
Noyan-Ashraf MH, Momen MA, Ban K et al (2009) The GLP-1R agonist liraglutide activates cytoprotective pathways and improves outcomes following experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Diabetes 58:975–983CrossRefPubMed
68.
Wajchenberg BL (2007) Beta-cell failure in diabetes and preservation by clinical treatment. Endocr Rev 28:187–218CrossRefPubMed
69.
The Dream (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators (2006) Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 368:1096–1105CrossRef
70.
Defronzo RA, Banerji M, Bray GA et al (2009) Actos Now for the prevention of diabetes (ACT NOW) study. BMC Endocr Disord 29:9–17
71.
Chen H-S, Wu T-E, Jap T-S, Hsiao L-C, Lee S-H, Lin H-D (2008) Beneficial effects of insulin on glycemic control and β-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with severe hyperglycemia after short-term intensive insulin therapy. Diabetes Care 31:1927–1932CrossRefPubMed
72.
Weng J, Li Y, Xu W et al (2008) Effect of intensive insulin therapy on β-cell function and glycemic control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a multicentre randomised parallel-group trial. Lancet 371:1753–1760CrossRefPubMed
73.
Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL et al (2008) Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Curr Med Res Opin 24:275–286PubMed
74.
Bunck MC, Diamant M, Corner A et al (2009) One-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared to insulin glargine, in metformin treated type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care 32:762–768CrossRefPubMed
75.
Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M et al (2007) Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 28:88–136CrossRefPubMed
76.
Buse JB, Tan MH, Prince MJ, Erickson PP (2004) The effects of oral anti-hyperglycemic medications on serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 6:133–156CrossRefPubMed
77.
Chiquette E, Ramirez G, DeFronzo R (2004) A meta-analysis comparing the effect of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 164:2097–2104CrossRefPubMed
78.
Betteridge DJ (2007) Effects of pioglitazone on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Diabetes Obes Metab 9:640–647CrossRefPubMed
79.
Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Feinstein SB et al (2006) Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima–media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA 296:2572–2581CrossRefPubMed
80.
Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K et al (2008) Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299:1561–1573CrossRefPubMed
81.
Dandona P, Chaudhuri A, Ghanim H, Mohanty P (2008) Use of insulin to improve glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 22:241–251CrossRefPubMed
82.
Rosenstock J, Sugimoto D, Strange P, Stewart JA, Soltes-Rak E, Dailey G (2006) Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine or rosiglitazone added to combination therapy of sulfonylurea plus metformin in insulin-naive patients. Diabetes Care 29:554–559CrossRefPubMed
83.
Triplitt C, Glass L, Miyazaki Y et al (2006) Comparison of glargine insulin versus rosiglitazone addition in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients on metformin plus sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 29:2371–2377CrossRefPubMed
84.
Matikainen N, Mänttäri S, Schweizer A et al (2006) Vildagliptin therapy reduces postprandial intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 49:2049–2057CrossRefPubMed
85.
Schernthaner G (2009) Pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones on traditional and non-traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. Int J Clin Pract 63:912–929CrossRefPubMed
86.
Bailey CJ (2008) Metformin: effects on micro and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 22:215–224CrossRefPubMed
87.
Lebovitz HE, Dole JF, Patwardhan R, Rappaport EB, Freed MI, The Rosiglitazone Clinical Trials Study Group (2001) Rosiglitazone monotherapy is effective in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:280–288CrossRefPubMed
88.
Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M et al (2002) Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2784–2791CrossRefPubMed
89.
Hermann LS, Schersten B, Bitzen PO, Kjellström T, Lindgärde F, Melander A (1994) Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulfonylurea, alone and in various combinations. A double-blind controlled study. Diabetes Care 17:1100–1109CrossRefPubMed
90.
Erdmann E, Wilcox RG (2008) Weighing up the cardiovascular benefits of thiazolidinedione therapy: the impact of increased risk of heart failure. Eur Heart J 29:12–20CrossRefPubMed
91.
Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF et al (2007) Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review. BMJ 335:497–501CrossRefPubMed
92.
Bodmer M, Meier C, Kraenzlin ME, Meier CR (2009) Risk of fractures with glitazones: a critical review of the evidence to date. Drug Saf 32:539–547CrossRefPubMed
93.
94.
95.
Bain SC, Stephens JW (2008) Exenatide and pancreatitis: an update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 7:643–644CrossRefPubMed
96.
Dore DD, Seeger JD, Arnold Chan K (2009) Use of a claims-based active drug safety surveillance system to assess the risk of acute pancreatitis with exenatide or sitagliptin compared to metformin or glyburide. Curr Med Res Opin 25:1019–1027CrossRefPubMed
97.
Li D, Yeung SC, Hassan MM, Konopleva M, Abbruzzese JL (2009) Antidiabetic therapies affect risk of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 137:482–488CrossRefPubMed
98.
Libby G, Donnelly LA, Donnan PT, Alessi DR, Morris AD, Evans JM (2009) New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32:1620–1625CrossRefPubMed
99.
Currie CJ, Poole CD, Gale EA (2009) The influence of glucose-lowering therapies on cancer risk in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 52:1766–1777CrossRefPubMed
100.
The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group (2008) Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2545–2559CrossRef
101.
Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A et al (2010) Survival as a function of HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 375:481–489CrossRefPubMed
102.
Woo V (2009) Important differences: Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 clinical practice guidelines and the consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 52:552–553CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Is the ADA/EASD algorithm for the management of type 2 diabetes (January 2009) based on evidence or opinion? A critical analysis
Authors
G. Schernthaner
A. H. Barnett
D. J. Betteridge
R. Carmena
A. Ceriello
B. Charbonnel
M. Hanefeld
R. Lehmann
M. T. Malecki
R. Nesto
V. Pirags
A. Scheen
J. Seufert
A. Sjohölm
A. Tsatsoulis
R. DeFronzo
Publication date
01-07-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Diabetologia / Issue 7/2010
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1702-3

Other articles of this Issue 7/2010

Diabetologia 7/2010 Go to the issue

Research Letter

Is there a human model for the ‘metabolic syndrome’ with a defined aetiology?

Article

Association of glucose metabolism with diastolic function along the diabetic continuum

Commentary

Getting beta all the time: discovery of reliable markers of beta cell mass

Article

TRIB3 R84 variant affects glucose homeostasis by altering the interplay between insulin sensitivity and secretion

Article

Increased protein damage in renal glomeruli, retina, nerve, plasma and urine and its prevention by thiamine and benfotiamine therapy in a rat model of diabetes

Article

Palmitate induces a pro-inflammatory response in human pancreatic islets that mimics CCL2 expression by beta cells in type 2 diabetes

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits