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Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1/2017

Open Access 01-08-2017

Next-Generation Autoantibody Testing by Combination of Screening and Confirmation—the CytoBead® Technology

Authors: Mandy Sowa, Rico Hiemann, Peter Schierack, Dirk Reinhold, Karsten Conrad, Dirk Roggenbuck

Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | Issue 1/2017

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Abstract

Occurrence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, and the analysis thereof is an essential part in the diagnosis of organ-specific autoimmune and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD), especially connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Due to the appearance of autoAb profiles in SARD patients and the complexity of the corresponding serological diagnosis, different diagnostic strategies have been suggested for appropriate autoAb testing. Thus, evolving assay techniques and the continuous discovery of novel autoantigens have greatly influenced the development of these strategies. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) analysis by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on tissue and later cellular substrates was one of the first tests introduced into clinical routine and is still an indispensable tool for CTD serology. Thus, screening for ANA by IIF is recommended to be followed by confirmatory testing of positive findings employing different assay techniques. Given the continuous growth in the demand for autoAb testing, IIF has been challenged as the standard method for ANA and other autoAb analyses due to lacking automation, standardization, modern data management, and human bias in IIF pattern interpretation. To address these limitations of autoAb testing, the CytoBead® technique has been introduced recently which enables automated interpretation of cell-based IIF and quantitative autoAb multiplexing by addressable microbead immunoassays in one reaction environment. Thus, autoAb screening and confirmatory testing can be combined for the first time. The present review discusses the history of autoAb assay techniques in this context and gives an overview and outlook of the recent progress in emerging technologies.
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Metadata
Title
Next-Generation Autoantibody Testing by Combination of Screening and Confirmation—the CytoBead® Technology
Authors
Mandy Sowa
Rico Hiemann
Peter Schierack
Dirk Reinhold
Karsten Conrad
Dirk Roggenbuck
Publication date
01-08-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1080-0549
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0267
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-016-8574-3

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