Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
Published in: Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 1/2017

01-01-2017 | Imaging (Q Truong, Section Editor)

Update on the Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease

Authors: Prabhakar Rajiah, MBBS, MD, FRCR, Animesh Tandon, MD, MS, Gerald F. Greil, MD, PhD, Suhny Abbara, MD

Published in: Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Opinion statement

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is an important imaging modality in the evaluation of congenital heart diseases (CHD). CMR has several strengths including good spatial and temporal resolutions, wide field-of-view, and multi-planar imaging capabilities. CMR provides significant advantages for imaging in CHD through its ability to measure function, flow and vessel sizes, create three-dimensional reconstructions, and perform tissue characterization, all in a single imaging study. Thus, CMR is the most comprehensive imaging modality available today for the evaluation of CHD. Newer MRI sequences and post-processing tools will allow further development of quantitative methods of analysis, and opens the door for risk stratification in CHD. CMR also can interface with computer modeling, 3D printing, and other methods of understanding the complex anatomic and physiologic relationships in CHD.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Babu-Narayan SV et al. Imaging of congenital heart disease in adults. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(15):1182–95.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Prakash A, Powell AJ, Geva T. Multimodality noninvasive imaging for assessment of congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(1):112–25.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Cohen MS et al. Multimodality imaging guidelines of patients with transposition of the great arteries: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(7):571–621.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Valente AM et al. Multimodality imaging guidelines for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography: developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the Society for Pediatric Radiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(2):111–41.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Lopez L et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the pediatric measurements writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(5):465–95. quiz 576–467.CrossRefPubMed
6.
7.
Harbron RW et al. Radiation doses from fluoroscopically guided cardiac catheterization procedures in children and young adults in the United Kingdom: a multicentre study. Br J Radiol. 2015;88(1048):20140852.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Cevallos PC et al. Implementation of methodology for quality improvement in pediatric cardiac catheterization: a multi-center initiative by the Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes-Quality Improvement (C3PO-QI). Pediatr Cardiol. 2016.
9.
Kulkarni A et al. Computed tomography in congenital heart disease: clinical applications and technical considerations. Echocardiography. 2016;33(4):629–40.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Vyas HV, Greenberg SB, Krishnamurthy R. MR imaging and CT evaluation of congenital pulmonary vein abnormalities in neonates and infants. Radiographics. 2012;32(1):87–98.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Raimondi F, Warin-Fresse K. Computed tomography imaging in children with congenital heart disease: indications and radiation dose optimization. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;109(2):150–7.CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Ghoshhajra BB et al. Radiation dose reduction in pediatric cardiac computed tomography: experience from a tertiary medical center. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35(1):171–9.CrossRefPubMed
14.
15.
•• Fratz S et al. Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:51. This SCMR consensus document provides guidelines and protocols for CMR in patients with congenital heart disease.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.•
Valsangiacomo Buechel ER et al. Indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children with congenital and acquired heart disease: an expert consensus paper of the Imaging Working Group of the AEPC and the cardiovascular magnetic resonance section of the EACVI. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):281–97. This is the expert consensus paper of the EACVI and AEPC, which also provides guidelines on using CMR in children.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Shariat M et al. Utility of feed-and-sleep cardiovascular magnetic resonance in young infants with complex cardiovascular disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015;36(4):809–12.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Cross R et al. Improved workflow for quantification of left ventricular volumes and mass using free-breathing motion corrected cine imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18:10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Seo H et al. Self-gated cardiac cine imaging using phase information. Magn Reson Med. 2016.
20.
Reiter T et al. Minimizing risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(31).
21.
Gold MR et al. Full-body MRI in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: primary results of a randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(24):2581–8.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Olivieri LJ et al. Optimized protocols for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with thoracic metallic implants. Pediatr Radiol. 2015;45(10):1455–64.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Rajiah P, Bolen MA. Cardiovascular MR imaging at 3 T: opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Radiographics. 2014;34(6):1612–35.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Nguyen KL et al. High-field MR imaging in pediatric congenital heart disease: initial results. Pediatr Radiol. 2015;45(1):42–54.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Tsao J, Kozerke S. MRI temporal acceleration techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;36(3):543–60.CrossRefPubMed
26.
27.
28.
Kozerke S, Plein S. Accelerated CMR using zonal, parallel and prior knowledge driven imaging methods. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008;10(1):1–18.CrossRef
29.
Luijnenburg SE et al. Intra-observer and interobserver variability of biventricular function, volumes and mass in patients with congenital heart disease measured by CMR imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;26(1):57–64.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Atweh LA et al. Comparison of two single-breath-held 3-D acquisitions with multi-breath-held 2-D cine steady-state free precession MRI acquisition in children with single ventricles. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(5):637–45.CrossRefPubMed
31.
32.
Kido T et al. Compressed sensing real-time cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance: accurate assessment of left ventricular function in a single-breath-hold. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18(1):1–11.CrossRef
33.
Vincenti G et al. Compressed sensing single-breath-hold CMR for fast quantification of LV function, volumes, and mass. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2014;7(9):882–92.CrossRef
34.
Kido T et al. Compressed sensing real-time cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance: accurate assessment of left ventricular function in a single-breath-hold. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016;18(1):50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Krishnamurthy R et al. Unsupervised free-breathing 3D imaging of morphology, function and flow in congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16 Suppl 1:P134.CrossRefPubMedCentral
36.
Barkauskas KJ et al. Quantification of left ventricular functional parameter values using 3D spiral bSSFP and through-time non-Cartesian GRAPPA. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Makowski MR et al. Single breath-hold assessment of cardiac function using an accelerated 3D single breath-hold acquisition technique—comparison of an intravascular and extravascular contrast agent. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Dallaire F et al. Pediatric reference values and Z score equations for left ventricular systolic strain measured by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(8):786–793.e788.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Levy PT et al. Reference ranges of left ventricular strain measures by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(3):209–225.e206.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Ordovas KG et al. Impaired regional left ventricular strain after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;35(1):79–85.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Muzzarelli S et al. Tetralogy of Fallot: impact of the excursion of the interventricular septum on left ventricular systolic function and fibrosis after surgical repair. Radiology. 2011;259(2):375–83.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Orwat S et al. Myocardial deformation parameters predict outcome in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Heart. 2016;102(3):209–15.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Latus H et al. Impact of residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction on biventricular strain and synchrony in patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking study. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg: Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2015;48(1):83–90.CrossRef
44.
Lipczynska M et al. Global longitudinal strain may identify preserved systolic function of the systemic right ventricle. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(6):760–6.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Tutarel O et al. Assessment of myocardial function using MRI-based feature tracking in adults after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries: reference values and clinical utility. Int J Cardiol. 2016;220:246–50.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Schmidt R et al. Value of speckle-tracking echocardiography and MRI-based feature tracking analysis in adult patients after Fontan-type palliation. Congenit Heart Dis. 2014;9(5):397–406.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Fogel MA et al. A study in ventricular-ventricular interaction. Single right ventricles compared with systemic right ventricles in a dual-chamber circulation. Circulation. 1995;92(2):219–30.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Shang Q et al.. Assessment of ventriculo-vascular properties in repaired coarctation using cardiac magnetic resonance-derived aortic, left atrial and left ventricular strain. Eur Radiol. 2016.
49.
Young AA et al. Temporal evolution of left ventricular strain late after repair of coarctation of the aorta using 3D MR tissue tagging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2002;4(2):233–43.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Ntsinjana HN, Hughes ML, Taylor AM. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pediatric congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13:51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Srichai MB et al. Cardiovascular applications of phase-contrast MRI. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(3):662–75.CrossRef
52.
Valverde I et al. 4D phase-contrast flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance: comprehensive quantification and visualization of flow dynamics in atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31(8):1244–8.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Hope MD et al. Clinical evaluation of aortic coarctation with 4D flow MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31(3):711–8.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Hope MD et al. 4D flow CMR in assessment of valve-related ascending aortic disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(7):781–7.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Geiger J et al. 4D-MR flow analysis in patients after repair for tetralogy of Fallot. Eur Radiol. 2011;21(8):1651–7.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Francois CJ et al. 4D cardiovascular magnetic resonance velocity mapping of alterations of right heart flow patterns and main pulmonary artery hemodynamics in tetralogy of Fallot. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(16).
57.
Whitehead KK et al. Blood flow distribution in a large series of patients having the Fontan operation: a cardiac magnetic resonance velocity mapping study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138(1):96–102.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Markl M et al. Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance velocity mapping of cardiovascular flow paths in volunteers and patients with Fontan circulation. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg: Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2011;39(2):206–12.CrossRef
59.
60.
Greenwood JP et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet (London, England). 2012;379(9814):453–60.CrossRef
61.
62.
Cnota JF et al. Cardiovascular physiology during supine cycle ergometry and dobutamine stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(9):1503–10.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Manka R et al. Multicenter evaluation of dynamic three-dimensional magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease defined by fractional flow reserve. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(5).
64.
Valverde I et al. Cardiovascular MR dobutamine stress in adult tetralogy of Fallot: disparity between CMR volumetry and flow for cardiovascular function. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(6):1341–50.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Robbers-Visser D et al. Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging combined with low-dose dobutamine stress to detect an abnormal ventricular stress response in children and young adults after Fontan operation at young age. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(11):1657–62.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Ordovas KG, Higgins CB. Delayed contrast enhancement on MR images of myocardium: past, present, future. Radiology. 2011;261(2):358–74.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Etesami M, Gilkeson RC, Rajiah P. Utility of late gadolinium enhancement in pediatric cardiac MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(8):1096–113.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Taylor AM et al. MR coronary angiography and late-enhancement myocardial MR in children who underwent arterial switch surgery for transposition of great arteries. Radiology. 2005;234(2):542–7.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Rathod RH et al. Myocardial fibrosis identified by cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement is associated with adverse ventricular mechanics and ventricular tachycardia late after Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(16):1721–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Rathod RH et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance parameters predict transplantation-free survival in patients with fontan circulation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(3):502–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Babu-Narayan SV et al. Ventricular fibrosis suggested by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and its relationship to adverse markers of clinical outcome. Circulation. 2006;113(3):405–13.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Babu-Narayan SV et al. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the systemic right ventricle in adults with previous atrial redirection surgery for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 2005;111(16):2091–8.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Broberg CS et al. Myocardial fibrosis in Eisenmenger syndrome: a descriptive cohort study exploring associations of late gadolinium enhancement with clinical status and survival. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16(32).
74.
Olivieri L et al. Free-breathing motion-corrected late-gadolinium-enhancement imaging improves image quality in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2016;46(7):983–90.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Menon RG et al. Free breathing three-dimensional late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance using outer volume suppressed projection navigators. Magn Reson Med. 2016.
76.
Moon JC et al. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR working group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15(1):1–12.CrossRef
77.
Broberg CS et al. Quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and its association with myocardial dysfunction in congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(6):727–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Kozak MF et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis following tetralogy of Fallot repair: a T1 mapping cardiac magnetic resonance study. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44(4):403–9.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Broberg CS et al. Diffuse LV myocardial fibrosis and its clinical associations in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(1):86–7.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Chen CA et al. Myocardial ECV fraction assessed by CMR is associated with type of hemodynamic load and arrhythmia in repaired tetralogy of Fallot. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(1):1–10.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Plymen CM et al. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in the systemic right ventricle of patients late after Mustard or Senning surgery: an equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14(10):963–8.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Dusenbery SM et al. Myocardial extracellular remodeling is associated with ventricular diastolic dysfunction in children and young adults with congenital aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(17):1778–85.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Riesenkampff E et al. Myocardial T1 mapping in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(2):e002504.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Macgowan CK et al. Optimization of 3D contrast-enhanced pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Magn Reson Med. 2005;54(1):207–12.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Naehle CP et al. First-pass and steady-state MR angiography of thoracic vasculature in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2010;3(5):504–13.CrossRef
86.
Krishnamurthy R, Bahouth SM, Muthupillai R. 4D contrast-enhanced MR angiography with the keyhole technique in children: technique and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2016;36(2):523–37.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Makowski MR et al. Congenital heart disease: cardiovascular MR imaging by using an intravascular blood pool contrast agent. Radiology. 2011;260(3):680–8.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Rajiah P et al. Utility of free-breathing, whole-heart, three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of coronary anatomy for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;32(4):418–25.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Dedieu LDN, Makowski MR, Vieira MSN, Hussain T, Wong J, Razavi R, et al. Coronary artery imaging in patients with congenital heart disease: improved image quality using an intravascular contrast agent and specific magnetic resonance sequence design. Clin Med Rev Case Rep. 2016;3(2):092.CrossRef
90.
Henningsson M et al. Whole-heart coronary MR angiography using image-based navigation for the detection of coronary anomalies in adult patients with congenital heart disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43(4):947–55.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Monney P et al. Single centre experience of the application of self navigated 3D whole heart cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the assessment of cardiac anatomy in congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Henningsson M et al. Whole-heart coronary MR angiography with 2D self-navigated image reconstruction. Magn Reson Med. 2012;67(2):437–45.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Henningsson M et al. Whole-heart coronary MRA with 3D affine motion correction using 3D image-based navigation. Magn Reson Med. 2014;71(1):173–81.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Aitken AP et al. 100% Efficient three-dimensional coronary MR angiography with two-dimensional beat-to-beat translational and bin-to-bin affine motion correction. Magn Reson Med. 2015;74(3):756–64.CrossRefPubMed
95.
He Y et al. Diagnostic performance of self-navigated whole-heart contrast-enhanced coronary 3-T MR angiography. Radiology. 2016;152514.
96.
Piccini D et al. Four-dimensional respiratory motion-resolved whole heart coronary MR angiography. Magn Reson Med. 2016.
97.
Cruz G et al. Highly efficient nonrigid motion-corrected 3D whole-heart coronary vessel wall imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2016.
98.
Andia ME et al. Flow-independent 3D whole-heart vessel wall imaging using an interleaved T2-preparation acquisition. Magn Reson Med. 2013;69(1):150–7.CrossRefPubMed
99.
Sorensen TS et al. Operator-independent isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for morphology in congenital heart disease: a validation study. Circulation. 2004;110(2):163–9.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Giannopoulos AA et al. Cardiothoracic applications of 3-dimensional printing. J Thorac Imaging. 2016;31(5):253–72.CrossRefPubMed
101.
Greil GF et al. Stereolithographic reproduction of complex cardiac morphology based on high spatial resolution imaging. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007;96(3):176–85.CrossRefPubMed
102.
103.
Thabit O, Yoo S-J. Rapid prototyping of cardiac models: current utilization and future directions. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14 Suppl 1:T13.CrossRefPubMedCentral
104.
Costello JP et al. Utilizing three-dimensional printing technology to assess the feasibility of high-fidelity synthetic ventricular septal defect models for simulation in medical education. World J Pediat Cong Heart Surg. 2014;5(3):421–6.CrossRef
105.
Biglino G et al. 3D-manufactured patient-specific models of congenital heart defects for communication in clinical practice: feasibility and acceptability. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e007165.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Olivieri LJ et al. Three-dimensional printing of intracardiac defects from three-dimensional echocardiographic images: feasibility and relative accuracy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(4):392–7.CrossRefPubMed
107.
Schmauss D et al. Three-dimensional printing in cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology: a single-centre experience. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg: Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 2015;47(6):1044–52.CrossRef
108.
Schievano S et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation based on rapid prototyping of right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary trunk from MR data. Radiology. 2007;242(2):490–7.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Byrne N et al. A systematic review of image segmentation methodology, used in the additive manufacture of patient-specific 3D printed models of the cardiovascular system. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;5(2048004016645467).
110.
Tandon A et al. Use of a semi-automated cardiac segmentation tool improves reproducibility and speed of segmentation of contaminated right heart magnetic resonance angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016.
111.
Pace DF et al. Interactive whole-heart segmentation in congenital heart disease. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2015;9351(80).
112.
Glockler M et al. Multimodality 3D-roadmap for cardiovascular interventions in congenital heart disease—a single-center, retrospective analysis of 78 cases. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;82(3):436–42.CrossRefPubMed
113.
Abu Hazeem AA et al. X-ray magnetic resonance fusion modality may reduce radiation exposure and contrast dose in diagnostic cardiac catheterization of congenital heart disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;84(5):795–800.CrossRefPubMed
114.
Pushparajah K et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance catheterization derived pulmonary vascular resistance and medium-term outcomes in congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17(28).
Metadata
Title
Update on the Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors
Prabhakar Rajiah, MBBS, MD, FRCR
Animesh Tandon, MD, MS
Gerald F. Greil, MD, PhD
Suhny Abbara, MD
Publication date
01-01-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1092-8464
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3189
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-017-0504-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine 1/2017 Go to the issue

Imaging (Q Truong, Section Editor)

Role of Imaging in Evaluating Infiltrative Heart Disease

Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease (G Singh, Section Editor)

Treatment of Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia

Imaging (Q Truong, Section Editor)

Role of CT in Congenital Heart Disease

Coronary Artery Disease (D Feldman and V Voudris, Section Editors)

Approach to CTO Intervention: Overview of Techniques

Adult Congenital Heart Disease (A Bhatt and K Niwa, Section Editors)

Update on the Management of Adults With Arterial Switch Procedure for Transposition of the Great Arteries

Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease (G Singh, Section Editor)

Prenatal Counseling of Fetal Congenital Heart Disease

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits