Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Position statement

Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease

Authors: Sohrab Fratz, Taylor Chung, Gerald F Greil, Margaret M Samyn, Andrew M Taylor, Emanuela R Valsangiacomo Buechel, Shi-Joon Yoo, Andrew J Powell

Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has taken on an increasingly important role in the diagnostic evaluation and pre-procedural planning for patients with congenital heart disease. This article provides guidelines for the performance of CMR in children and adults with congenital heart disease. The first portion addresses preparation for the examination and safety issues, the second describes the primary techniques used in an examination, and the third provides disease-specific protocols. Variations in practice are highlighted and expert consensus recommendations are provided. Indications and appropriate use criteria for CMR examination are not specifically addressed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Weber OM, Higgins CB: MR Evaluation of Cardiovascular Physiology in Congenital Heart Disease: Flow and Function. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 607-617. 10.1080/10976640600740254.PubMed
2.
3.
Fratz S, Hess J, Schuhbaeck A, Buchner C, Hendrich E, Martinoff S, Stern H: Routine clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance in paediatric and adult congenital heart disease: patients, protocols, questions asked and contributions made. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 46-10.1186/1532-429X-10-46.PubMedCentralPubMed
4.
Bailliard F, Hughes ML, Taylor AM: Introduction to cardiac imaging in infants and children: techniques, potential, and role in the imaging work-up of various cardiac malformations and other pediatric heart conditions. Eur J Radiol. 2008, 68: 191-198. 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.05.016.PubMed
5.
Marcotte F, Poirier N, Pressacco J, Paquet E, Mercier LA, Dore A, Ibrahim R, Khairy P: Evaluation of adult congenital heart disease by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Congenit Heart Dis. 2009, 4: 216-230. 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2009.00313.x.PubMed
6.
Prakash A, Powell AJ, Geva T: Multimodality noninvasive imaging for assessment of congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010, 3: 112-125. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.875021.PubMed
7.
Kilner PJ, Geva T, Kaemmerer H, Trindade PT, Schwitter J, Webb GD: Recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease from the respective working groups of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2010, 31: 794-805. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp586.PubMedCentralPubMed
8.
Zikria JF, Machnicki S, Rhim E, Bhatti T, Graham RE: MRI of patients with cardiac pacemakers: a review of the medical literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011, 196: 390-401. 10.2214/AJR.10.4239.PubMed
9.
Levine GN, Gomes AS, Arai AE, Bluemke DA, Flamm SD, Kanal E, Manning WJ, Martin ET, Smith JM, Wilke N, Shellock FS: Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiovascular devices: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation. 2007, 116: 2878-2891. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187256.PubMed
10.
Shellock FG, Spinazzi A: MRI Safety Update 2008: Part 2, Screening Patients for MRI. Am J Roentgenol. 2008, 191: 1140-1149. 10.2214/AJR.08.1038.2.
11.
Fogel MA, Pawlowski TW, Harris MA, Whitehead KK, Keller MS, Wilson J, Tipton D, Harris C: Comparison and usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance versus computed tomography in infants six months of age or younger with aortic arch anomalies without deep sedation or anesthesia. Am J Cardiol. 2011, 108: 120-125. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.008.PubMed
12.
Windram J, Grosse-Wortmann L, Shariat M, Greer ML, Crawford MW, Yoo SJ: Cardiovascular MRI without sedation or general anesthesia using a feed-and-sleep technique in neonates and infants. Pediatr Radiol. 2011, 42: 183-187.PubMed
13.
Odegard KC, DiNardo JA, Tsai-Goodman B, Powell AJ, Geva T, Laussen PC: Anaesthesia considerations for cardiac MRI in infants and small children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004, 14: 471-476. 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01221.x.PubMed
14.
Dorfman AL, Odegard KC, Powell AJ, Laussen PC, Geva T: Risk factors for adverse events during cardiovascular magnetic resonance in congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007, 9: 793-798. 10.1080/10976640701545305.PubMed
15.
Osborn I: Magnetic resonance imaging anesthesia: new challenges and techniques. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2002, 15: 443-448. 10.1097/00001503-200208000-00006.PubMed
16.
Fogel MA, Weinberg PM, Parave E, Harris C, Montenegro L, Harris MA, Concepcion M: Deep sedation for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison with cardiac anesthesia. J Pediatr. 2008, 152: 534-539. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.08.045. 539 e531PubMed
17.
Didier D, Ratib O, Beghetti M, Oberhaensli I, Friedli B: Morphologic and functional evaluation of congenital heart disease by magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999, 10: 639-655. 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2586(199911)10:5<639::AID-JMRI7>3.0.CO;2-L.PubMed
18.
Sarikouch S, Schaeffler R, Korperich H, Dongas A, Haas NA, Beerbaum P: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for intensive care infants: safe and effective?. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009, 30: 146-152. 10.1007/s00246-008-9295-z.PubMed
19.
Runge VM: Safety of approved MR contrast media for intravenous injection. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000, 12: 205-213. 10.1002/1522-2586(200008)12:2<205::AID-JMRI1>3.0.CO;2-P.PubMed
20.
Prince MR, Zhang H, Zou Z, Staron RB, Brill PW: Incidence of immediate gadolinium contrast media reactions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011, 196: W138-143. 10.2214/AJR.10.4885.PubMed
21.
Dillman JR, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Strouse PJ, Jan SC: Frequency and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to gadolinium-containing i.v. contrast media in children and adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 189: 1533-1538. 10.2214/AJR.07.2554.PubMed
22.
23.
Leiner T, Kucharczyk W: NSF prevention in clinical practice: summary of recommendations and guidelines in the United States, Canada, and Europe. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 30: 1357-1363. 10.1002/jmri.22021.PubMed
24.
Penfield JG: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008, 23: 2121-2129. 10.1007/s00467-008-0862-6.PubMed
25.
Zou Z, Zhang HL, Roditi GH, Leiner T, Kucharczyk W, Prince MR: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: review of 370 biopsy-confirmed cases. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011, 4: 1206-1216. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.08.013.PubMed
26.
Bernstein MA, Huston J, Ward HA: Imaging artifacts at 3.0T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006, 24: 735-746. 10.1002/jmri.20698.PubMed
27.
Mueller A, Kouwenhoven M, Naehle CP, Gieseke J, Strach K, Willinek WA, Schild HH, Thomas D: Dual-source radiofrequency transmission with patient-adaptive local radiofrequency shimming for 3.0-T cardiac MR imaging: initial experience. Radiology. 2012, 263: 77-85. 10.1148/radiol.11110347.PubMed
28.
Garg R, Powell AJ, Sena L, Marshall AC, Geva T: Effects of metallic implants on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of Fontan palliation. Am J Cardiol. 2005, 95: 688-691. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.10.053.PubMed
29.
Masui T, Katayama M, Kobayashi S, Ito T, Seguchi M, Koide M, Nozaki A, Sakahara H: Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography in the evaluation of congenital cardiovascular disease pre- and postoperative states in infants and children. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000, 12: 1034-1042. 10.1002/1522-2586(200012)12:6<1034::AID-JMRI32>3.0.CO;2-A.PubMed
30.
Prasad SK, Soukias N, Hornung T, Khan M, Pennell DJ, Gatzoulis MA, Mohiaddin RH: Role of magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Circulation. 2004, 109: 207-214. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000107842.29467.C5.PubMed
31.
Ferrari VA, Scott CH, Holland GA, Axel L, Sutton MS: Ultrafast three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and imaging in the diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001, 37: 1120-1128. 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01148-2.PubMed
32.
Valsangiacomo Buchel ER, DiBernardo S, Bauersfeld U, Berger F: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the great arteries in patients with congenital heart disease: an accurate tool for planning catheter-guided interventions. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2005, 21: 313-322. 10.1007/s10554-004-4017-y.PubMed
33.
Geva T, Greil GF, Marshall AC, Landzberg M, Powell AJ: Gadolinium-enhanced 3-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of pulmonary blood supply in patients with complex pulmonary stenosis or atresia: comparison with x-ray angiography. Circulation. 2002, 106: 473-478. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000023624.33478.18.PubMed
34.
Greil GF, Powell AJ, Gildein HP, Geva T: Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of pulmonary and systemic venous anomalies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 39: 335-341.PubMed
35.
Saleh RS, Patel S, Lee MH, Boechat MI, Ratib O, Saraiva CR, Finn JP: Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the chest and abdomen with use of controlled apnea in children. Radiology. 2007, 243: 837-846. 10.1148/radiol.2433060155.PubMed
36.
Mohrs OK, Petersen SE, Voigtlaender T, Peters J, Nowak B, Heinemann MK, Kauczor HU: Time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the thorax in adults with congenital heart disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006, 187: 1107-1114. 10.2214/AJR.05.0403.PubMed
37.
Fenchel M, Saleh R, Dinh H, Lee MH, Nael K, Krishnam M, Ruehm SG, Miller S, Child J, Finn JP: Juvenile and adult congenital heart disease: time-resolved 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology. 2007, 244: 399-410. 10.1148/radiol.2442061045.PubMed
38.
Goo HW, Yang DH, Park IS, Ko JK, Kim YH, Seo DM, Yun TJ, Park JJ: Time-resolved three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in patients who have undergone a Fontan operation or bidirectional cavopulmonary connection: initial experience. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007, 25: 727-736.PubMed
39.
Muthupillai R, Vick GW, Flamm SD, Chung T: Time-resolved contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in pediatric patients using sensitivity encoding. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003, 17: 559-564. 10.1002/jmri.10292.PubMed
40.
Sorensen TS, Korperich H, Greil GF, Eichhorn J, Barth P, Meyer H, Pedersen EM, Beerbaum P: Operator-independent isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for morphology in congenital heart disease: a validation study. Circulation. 2004, 110: 163-169. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134282.35183.AD.PubMed
41.
Razavi RS, Hill DL, Muthurangu V, Miquel ME, Taylor AM, Kozerke S, Baker EJ: Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of congenital cardiac anomalies. Cardiol Young. 2003, 13: 461-465.PubMed
42.
Fenchel M, Greil GF, Martirosian P, Kramer U, Schick F, Claussen CD, Sieverding L, Miller S: Three-dimensional morphological magnetic resonance imaging in infants and children with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Radiol. 2006, 36: 1265-1272. 10.1007/s00247-006-0314-z.PubMed
43.
Beerbaum P, Sarikouch S, Laser KT, Greil G, Burchert W, Korperich H: Coronary anomalies assessed by whole-heart isotropic 3D magnetic resonance imaging for cardiac morphology in congenital heart disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 29: 320-327. 10.1002/jmri.21655.PubMed
44.
Rajiah P, Setser RM, Desai MY, Flamm SD, Arruda JL: Utility of free-breathing, whole-heart, three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of coronary anatomy for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2011, 32: 418-425. 10.1007/s00246-010-9871-x.PubMed
45.
Su JT, Chung T, Muthupillai R, Pignatelli RH, Kung GC, Diaz LK, Vick GW, Kovalchin JP: Usefulness of real-time navigator magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating coronary artery origins in pediatric patients. Am J Cardiol. 2005, 95: 679-682. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.10.051.PubMed
46.
Tangcharoen T, Bell A, Hegde S, Hussain T, Beerbaum P, Schaeffter T, Razavi R, Botnar RM, Greil GF: Detection of coronary artery anomalies in infants and young children with congenital heart disease by using MR imaging. Radiology. 2011, 259: 240-247. 10.1148/radiol.10100828.PubMed
47.
Plathow C, Ley S, Zaporozhan J, Schobinger M, Gruenig E, Puderbach M, Eichinger M, Meinzer HP, Zuna I, Kauczor HU: Assessment of reproducibility and stability of different breath-hold maneuvers by dynamic MRI: comparison between healthy adults and patients with pulmonary hypertension. Eur Radiol. 2006, 16: 173-179. 10.1007/s00330-005-2795-9.PubMed
48.
Holland AE, Goldfarb JW, Edelman RR: Diaphragmatic and cardiac motion during suspended breathing: preliminary experience and implications for breath-hold MR imaging. Radiology. 1998, 209: 483-489.PubMed
49.
Foo TK, Bernstein MA, Aisen AM, Hernandez RJ, Collick BD, Bernstein T: Improved ejection fraction and flow velocity estimates with use of view sharing and uniform repetition time excitation with fast cardiac techniques. Radiology. 1995, 195: 471-478.PubMed
50.
Robbers-Visser D, Boersma E, Helbing WA: Normal biventricular function, volumes, and mass in children aged 8 to 17 years. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 29: 552-559. 10.1002/jmri.21662.PubMed
51.
Fratz S, Schuhbaeck A, Buchner C, Busch R, Meierhofer C, Martinoff S, Hess J, Stern H: Comparison of accuracy of axial slices versus short-axis slices for measuring ventricular volumes by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with corrected tetralogy of fallot. Am J Cardiol. 2009, 103: 1764-1769. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.030.PubMed
52.
Sarikouch S, Peters B, Gutberlet M, Leismann B, Kelter-Kloepping A, Koerperich H, Kuehne T, Beerbaum P: Sex-specific pediatric percentiles for ventricular size and mass as reference values for cardiac MRI: assessment by steady-state free-precession and phase-contrast MRI flow. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010, 3: 65-76. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.859074.PubMed
53.
Buechel EV, Kaiser T, Jackson C, Schmitz A, Kellenberger CJ: Normal right- and left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass in children measured by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009, 11: 19-10.1186/1532-429X-11-19.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Alfakih K, Plein S, Bloomer T, Jones T, Ridgway J, Sivananthan M: Comparison of right ventricular volume measurements between axial and short axis orientation using steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003, 18: 25-32. 10.1002/jmri.10329.PubMed
55.
Fratz S, Janello C, Muller D, Seligmann M, Meierhofer C, Schuster T, Schreiber C, Martinoff S, Hess J, Kuhn A, et al: The functional right ventricle and tricuspid regurgitation in Ebstein’s anomaly. Int J Cardiol. 2013, 167: 258-61. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.081.PubMed
56.
Mooij CF, de Wit CJ, Graham DA, Powell AJ, Geva T: Reproducibility of MRI measurements of right ventricular size and function in patients with normal and dilated ventricles. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008, 28: 67-73. 10.1002/jmri.21407.PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
Kirschbaum SW, Baks T, Gronenschild EH, Aben JP, Weustink AC, Wielopolski PA, Krestin GP, de Feyter PJ, van Geuns RJ: Addition of the long-axis information to short-axis contours reduces interstudy variability of left-ventricular analysis in cardiac magnetic resonance studies. Invest Radiol. 2008, 43: 1-6. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e318154b1dc.PubMed
58.
Winter MM, Bernink FJ, Groenink M, Bouma BJ, van Dijk AP, Helbing WA, Tijssen JG, Mulder BJ: Evaluating the systemic right ventricle by CMR: the importance of consistent and reproducible delineation of the cavity. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 40-10.1186/1532-429X-10-40.PubMedCentralPubMed
59.
Sievers B, Kirchberg S, Bakan A, Franken U, Trappe HJ: Impact of papillary muscles in ventricular volume and ejection fraction assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2004, 6: 9-16.PubMed
60.
Papavassiliu T, Kuhl HP, Schroder M, Suselbeck T, Bondarenko O, Bohm CK, Beek A, Hofman MM, van Rossum AC: Effect of endocardial trabeculae on left ventricular measurements and measurement reproducibility at cardiovascular MR imaging. Radiology. 2005, 236: 57-64. 10.1148/radiol.2353040601.PubMed
61.
Janik M, Cham MD, Ross MI, Wang Y, Codella N, Min JK, Prince MR, Manoushagian S, Okin PM, Devereux RB, Weinsaft JW: Effects of papillary muscles and trabeculae on left ventricular quantification: increased impact of methodological variability in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens. 2008, 26: 1677-1685. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328302ca14.PubMed
62.
Alfakih K, Plein S, Thiele H, Jones T, Ridgway JP, Sivananthan MU: Normal human left and right ventricular dimensions for MRI as assessed by turbo gradient echo and steady-state free precession imaging sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003, 17: 323-329. 10.1002/jmri.10262.PubMed
63.
Hudsmith LE, Petersen SE, Francis JM, Robson MD, Neubauer S: Normal human left and right ventricular and left atrial dimensions using steady state free precession magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 775-782. 10.1080/10976640500295516.PubMed
64.
Sluysmans T, Colan SD: Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children. J Appl Physiol. 2005, 99: 445-457. 10.1152/japplphysiol.01144.2004.PubMed
65.
Dewey FE, Rosenthal D, Murphy DJ, Froelicher VF, Ashley EA: Does size matter? Clinical applications of scaling cardiac size and function for body size. Circulation. 2008, 117: 2279-2287. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.736785.PubMed
66.
Luijnenburg SE, Robbers-Visser D, Moelker A, Vliegen HW, Mulder BJ, Helbing WA: Intra-observer and interobserver variability of biventricular function, volumes and mass in patients with congenital heart disease measured by CMR imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010, 26: 57-64. 10.1007/s10554-009-9501-y.PubMedCentralPubMed
67.
Beerbaum P, Barth P, Kropf S, Sarikouch S, Kelter-Kloepping A, Franke D, Gutberlet M, Kuehne T: Cardiac function by MRI in congenital heart disease: impact of consensus training on interinstitutional variance. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 30: 956-966. 10.1002/jmri.21948.PubMed
68.
Blalock SE, Banka P, Geva T, Powell AJ, Zhou J, Prakash A: Interstudy variability in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measurements of ventricular volume, mass, and ejection fraction in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: A prospective observational study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013, 10.1002/jmri.24050.
69.
Buechel ER, Dave HH, Kellenberger CJ, Dodge-Khatami A, Pretre R, Berger F, Bauersfeld U: Remodelling of the right ventricle after early pulmonary valve replacement in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26: 2721-2727. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi581.PubMed
70.
Powell AJ, Geva T: Blood Flow Measurement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000, 21: 47-58. 10.1007/s002469910007.PubMed
71.
Lotz J, Meier C, Leppert A, Galanski M: Cardiovascular flow measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging: basic facts and implementation. RadioGraphics. 2002, 22: 651-671.PubMed
72.
Gatehouse PD, Keegan J, Crowe LA, Masood S, Mohiaddin RH, Kreitner KF, Firmin DN: Applications of phase-contrast flow and velocity imaging in cardiovascular MRI. Eur Radiol. 2005, 15: 2172-2184. 10.1007/s00330-005-2829-3.PubMed
73.
Chai P, Mohiaddin R: How we perform cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow assessment using phase-contrast velocity mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 705-716.PubMed
74.
Hundley WG, Li HF, Hillis LD, Meshack BM, Lange RA, Willard JE, Landau C, Peshock RM: Quantitation of cardiac output with velocity-encoded, phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1995, 75: 1250-1255. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80772-3.PubMed
75.
Fratz S, Hager A, Busch R, Kaemmerer H, Schwaiger M, Lange R, Hess J, Stern HC: Patients after atrial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries can not increase stroke volume under dobutamine stress as opposed to patients with congenitally corrected transposition. Circ J. 2008, 72: 1130-1135. 10.1253/circj.72.1130.PubMed
76.
Hundley WG, Li HF, Lange RA, Pfeifer DP, Meshack BM, Willard JE, Landau C, Willett D, Hillis LD, Peshock RM: Assessment of left-to-right intracardiac shunting by velocity-encoded, phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison with oximetric and indicator dilution techniques. Circulation. 1995, 91: 2955-2960. 10.1161/01.CIR.91.12.2955.PubMed
77.
Brenner LD, Caputo GR, Mostbeck G, Steiman D, Dulce M, Cheitlin MD, O’Sullivan M, Higgins CB: Quantification of left to right atrial shunts with velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992, 20: 1246-1250. 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90384-Y.PubMed
78.
Beerbaum P, Korperich H, Barth P, Esdorn H, Gieseke J, Meyer H: Noninvasive quantification of left-to-right shunt in pediatric patients: phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging compared with invasive oximetry. Circulation. 2001, 103: 2476-2482. 10.1161/01.CIR.103.20.2476.PubMed
79.
Powell AJ, Maier SE, Chung T, Geva T: Phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging measurement of pulsatile blood flow in children and young adults: in vitro and in vivo validation. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000, 21: 104-110. 10.1007/s002469910014.PubMed
80.
Beerbaum P, Korperich H, Gieseke J, Barth P, Peuster M, Meyer H: Rapid left-to-right shunt quantification in children by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging combined with sensitivity encoding (SENSE). Circulation. 2003, 108: 1355-1361. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087603.97036.C2.PubMed
81.
Powell AJ, Tsai-Goodman B, Prakash A, Greil GF, Geva T: Comparison between phase-velocity cine magnetic resonance imaging and invasive oximetry for quantification of atrial shunts. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 91: 1523-1525. 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00417-X.PubMed
82.
Fratz S, Hess J, Schwaiger M, Martinoff S, Stern HC: More accurate quantification of pulmonary blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging than by lung perfusion scintigraphy in patients with fontan circulation. Circulation. 2002, 106: 1510-1513. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000029103.26029.1E.PubMed
83.
Roman KS, Kellenberger CJ, Farooq S, MacGowan CK, Gilday DL, Yoo SJ: Comparative imaging of differential pulmonary blood flow in patients with congenital heart disease: magnetic resonance imaging versus lung perfusion scintigraphy. Pediatr Radiol. 2005, 35: 295-301. 10.1007/s00247-004-1344-z.PubMed
84.
Caputo GR, Kondo C, Masui T, Geraci SJ, Foster E, O’Sullivan MM, Higgins CB: Right and left lung perfusion: in vitro and in vivo validation with oblique-angle, velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1991, 180: 693-698.PubMed
85.
Sridharan S, Derrick G, Deanfield J, Taylor AM: Assessment of differential branch pulmonary blood flow: a comparative study of phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide lung perfusion imaging. Heart. 2006, 92: 963-968. 10.1136/hrt.2005.071746.PubMedCentralPubMed
86.
Holmqvist C, Oskarsson G, Stahlberg F, Thilen U, Bjorkhem G, Laurin S: Functional evaluation of extracardiac ventriculopulmonary conduits and of the right ventricle with magnetic resonance imaging and velocity mapping. Am J Cardiol. 1999, 83: 926-932. 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)01060-1.PubMed
87.
Rebergen SA, van der Wall EE, Doornbos J, de Roos A: Magnetic resonance measurement of velocity and flow: technique, validation, and cardiovascular applications. Am Heart J. 1993, 126: 1439-1456. 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90544-J.PubMed
88.
Kon MW, Myerson SG, Moat NE, Pennell DJ: Quantification of regurgitant fraction in mitral regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: comparison of techniques. J Heart Valve Dis. 2004, 13: 600-607.PubMed
89.
Kutty S, Whitehead KK, Natarajan S, Harris MA, Wernovsky G, Fogel MA: Qualitative echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve regurgitation with quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance: a comparative study. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009, 30: 971-977. 10.1007/s00246-009-9490-6.PubMed
90.
Ley S, Eichhorn J, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Ulmer H, Schenk JP, Kauczor HU, Arnold R: Evaluation of aortic regurgitation in congenital heart disease: value of MR imaging in comparison to echocardiography. Pediatr Radiol. 2007, 37: 426-436. 10.1007/s00247-007-0414-4.PubMed
91.
Sondergaard L, Lindvig K, Hildebrandt P, Thomsen C, Stahlberg F, Joen T, Henriksen O: Quantification of aortic regurgitation by magnetic resonance velocity mapping. Am Heart J. 1993, 125: 1081-1090. 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90117-R.PubMed
92.
Niezen RA, Helbing WA, van der Wall EE, van der Geest RJ, Rebergen SA, de Roos A: Biventricular systolic function and mass studied with MR imaging in children with pulmonary regurgitation after repair for tetralogy of Fallot. Radiology. 1996, 201: 135-140.PubMed
93.
Dulce MC, Mostbeck GH, O’Sullivan M, Cheitlin M, Caputo GR, Higgins CB: Severity of aortic regurgitation: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1992, 185: 235-240.PubMed
94.
Mahle WT, Parks WJ, Fyfe DA, Sallee D: Tricuspid regurgitation in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot and its relation to right ventricular dilatation. Am J Cardiol. 2003, 92: 643-645. 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00746-X.PubMed
95.
Whitehead KK, Gillespie MJ, Harris MA, Fogel MA, Rome JJ: Noninvasive quantification of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow: a major source of inefficiency in patients with superior cavopulmonary connections. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009, 2: 405-411. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.832113.PubMedCentralPubMed
96.
Grosse-Wortmann L, Al-Otay A, Yoo SJ: Aortopulmonary collaterals after bidirectional cavopulmonary connection or Fontan completion: quantification with MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009, 2: 219-225. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.834192.PubMed
97.
Prakash A, Rathod RH, Powell AJ, McElhinney DB, Banka P, Geva T: Relation of systemic-to-pulmonary artery collateral flow in single ventricle physiology to palliative stage and clinical status. Am J Cardiol. 2012, 109: 1038-1045. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.040.PubMed
98.
Rupprecht T, Nitz W, Wagner M, Kreissler P, Rascher W, Hofbeck M: Determination of the pressure gradient in children with coarctation of the aorta by low-field magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002, 23: 127-131. 10.1007/s00246-001-0035-X.PubMed
99.
Ebbers T, Wigstrom L, Bolger AF, Engvall J, Karlsson M: Estimation of relative cardiovascular pressures using time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001, 45: 872-879. 10.1002/mrm.1116.PubMed
100.
Oshinski JN, Parks WJ, Markou CP, Bergman HL, Larson BE, Ku DN, Mukundan S, Pettigrew RI: Improved measurement of pressure gradients in aortic coarctation by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996, 28: 1818-1826. 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00395-6.PubMed
101.
Mohiaddin RH, Kilner PJ, Rees S, Longmore DB: Magnetic resonance volume flow and jet velocity mapping in aortic coarctation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993, 22: 1515-1521. 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90565-I.PubMed
102.
Sakuma H, Kawada N, Kubo H, Nishide Y, Takano K, Kato N, Takeda K: Effect of breath holding on blood flow measurement using fast velocity encoded cine MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001, 45: 346-348. 10.1002/1522-2594(200102)45:2<346::AID-MRM1044>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed
103.
Johansson B, Babu-Narayan SV, Kilner PJ: The effects of breath-holding on pulmonary regurgitation measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance velocity mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009, 11: 1-10.1186/1532-429X-11-1.PubMedCentralPubMed
104.
Ley S, Fink C, Puderbach M, Zaporozhan J, Plathow C, Eichinger M, Hosch W, Kreitner KF, Kauczor HU: MRI Measurement of the hemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic arterial circulation: influence of breathing maneuvers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006, 187: 439-444. 10.2214/AJR.04.1738.PubMed
105.
Prakash A, Garg R, Marcus EN, Reynolds G, Geva T, Powell AJ: Faster flow quantification using sensitivity encoding for velocity-encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging: in vitro and in vivo validation. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006, 24: 676-682. 10.1002/jmri.20654.PubMed
106.
Thunberg P, Karlsson M, Wigstrom L: Accuracy and reproducibility in phase contrast imaging using SENSE. Magn Reson Med. 2003, 50: 1061-1068. 10.1002/mrm.10634.PubMed
107.
Tang C, Blatter DD, Parker DL: Accuracy of phase-contrast flow measurements in the presence of partial-volume effects. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1993, 3: 377-385. 10.1002/jmri.1880030213.PubMed
108.
Hofman MB, Visser FC, van Rossum AC, Vink QM, Sprenger M, Westerhof N: In vivo validation of magnetic resonance blood volume flow measurements with limited spatial resolution in small vessels. Magn Reson Med. 1995, 33: 778-784. 10.1002/mrm.1910330606.PubMed
109.
Chatzimavroudis GP, Oshinski JN, Franch RH, Pettigrew RI, Walker PG, Yoganathan AP: Quantification of the aortic regurgitant volume with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping: a clinical investigation of the importance of imaging slice location. J Heart Valve Dis. 1998, 7: 94-101.PubMed
110.
Kilner PJ, Gatehouse PD, Firmin DN: Flow measurement by magnetic resonance: a unique asset worth optimising. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007, 9: 723-728. 10.1080/10976640701465090.PubMed
111.
Kozerke S, Schwitter J, Pedersen EM, Boesiger P: Aortic and mitral regurgitation: quantification using moving slice velocity mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001, 14: 106-112. 10.1002/jmri.1159.PubMed
112.
Myerson SG: Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012, 14: 7-10.1186/1532-429X-14-7.PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
Cawley PJ, Maki JH, Otto CM: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease: technique and validation. Circulation. 2009, 119: 468-478. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742486.PubMed
114.
Gelfand EV, Hughes S, Hauser TH, Yeon SB, Goepfert L, Kissinger KV, Rofsky NM, Manning WJ: Severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: optimizing correlation with Doppler echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 503-507. 10.1080/10976640600604856.PubMed
115.
Hundley WG, Li HF, Willard JE, Landau C, Lange RA, Meshack BM, Hillis LD, Peshock RM: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Comparison with invasive techniques. Circulation. 1995, 92: 1151-1158. 10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1151.PubMed
116.
Rebergen SA, Helbing WA, van der Wall EE, Maliepaard C, Chin JG, de, Roos A: MR velocity mapping of tricuspid flow in healthy children and in patients who have undergone Mustard or Senning repair. Radiology. 1995, 194: 505-512.PubMed
117.
Fujita N, Chazouilleres AF, Hartiala JJ, O’Sullivan M, Heidenreich P, Kaplan JD, Sakuma H, Foster E, Caputo GR, Higgins CB: Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994, 23: 951-958. 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90642-4.PubMed
118.
Kayser HW, Stoel BC, van der Wall EE, van der Geest RJ, de Roos A: MR velocity mapping of tricuspid flow: correction for through-plane motion. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1997, 7: 669-673. 10.1002/jmri.1880070410.PubMed
119.
Westenberg JJ, Roes SD, Ajmone Marsan N, Binnendijk NM, Doornbos J, Bax JJ, Reiber JH, de Roos A, van der Geest RJ: Mitral valve and tricuspid valve blood flow: accurate quantification with 3D velocity-encoded MR imaging with retrospective valve tracking. Radiology. 2008, 249: 792-800. 10.1148/radiol.2492080146.PubMed
120.
Gatehouse PD, Rolf MP, Graves MJ, Hofman MB, Totman J, Werner B, Quest RA, Liu Y, von Spiczak J, Dieringer M, et al: Flow measurement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a multi-centre multi-vendor study of background phase offset errors that can compromise the accuracy of derived regurgitant or shunt flow measurements. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010, 12: 5-10.1186/1532-429X-12-5.PubMedCentralPubMed
121.
Pelc NJ: Flow quantification and analysis methods. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1995, 3: 413-424.PubMed
122.
Chernobelsky A, Shubayev O, Comeau CR, Wolff SD: Baseline correction of phase contrast images improves quantification of blood flow in the great vessels. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007, 9: 681-685. 10.1080/10976640601187588.PubMed
123.
Miller TA, Landes AB, Moran AM: Improved accuracy in flow mapping of congenital heart disease using stationary phantom technique. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009, 11: 52-10.1186/1532-429X-11-52.PubMedCentralPubMed
124.
Holland BJ, Printz BF, Lai WW: Baseline correction of phase-contrast images in congenital cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010, 12: 11-10.1186/1532-429X-12-11.PubMedCentralPubMed
125.
van der Hulst AE, Westenberg JJ, Kroft LJ, Bax JJ, Blom NA, de Roos A, Roest AA: Tetralogy of fallot: 3D velocity-encoded MR imaging for evaluation of right ventricular valve flow and diastolic function in patients after correction. Radiology. 2010, 256: 724-734. 10.1148/radiol.10092269.PubMed
126.
Hsiao A, Lustig M, Alley MT, Murphy M, Chan FP, Herfkens RJ, Vasanawala SS: Rapid pediatric cardiac assessment of flow and ventricular volume with compressed sensing parallel imaging volumetric cine phase-contrast MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012, 198: W250-259. 10.2214/AJR.11.6969.PubMedCentralPubMed
127.
Hsiao A, Lustig M, Alley MT, Murphy MJ, Vasanawala SS: Evaluation of valvular insufficiency and shunts with parallel-imaging compressed-sensing 4D phase-contrast MR imaging with stereoscopic 3D velocity-fusion volume-rendered visualization. Radiology. 2012, 265: 87-95. 10.1148/radiol.12120055.PubMedCentralPubMed
128.
Roes SD, Hammer S, van der Geest RJ, Marsan NA, Bax JJ, Lamb HJ, Reiber JH, de Roos A, Westenberg JJ: Flow assessment through four heart valves simultaneously using 3-dimensional 3-directional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging with retrospective valve tracking in healthy volunteers and patients with valvular regurgitation. Invest Radiol. 2009, 44: 669-675. 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181ae99b5.PubMed
129.
Brandts A, Bertini M, van Dijk EJ, Delgado V, Marsan NA, van der Geest RJ, Siebelink HM, de Roos A, Bax JJ, Westenberg JJ: Left ventricular diastolic function assessment from three-dimensional three-directional velocity-encoded MRI with retrospective valve tracking. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011, 33: 312-319. 10.1002/jmri.22424.PubMed
130.
Schwitter J, Wacker CM, van Rossum AC, Lombardi M, Al-Saadi N, Ahlstrom H, Dill T, Larsson HB, Flamm SD, Marquardt M, Johansson L: MR-IMPACT: comparison of perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance with single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease in a multicentre, multivendor, randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2008, 29: 480-489. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm617.PubMed
131.
Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, Nandalur MR, Carlos RC: Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 50: 1343-1353. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.030.PubMed
132.
Paetsch I, Jahnke C, Wahl A, Gebker R, Neuss M, Fleck E, Nagel E: Comparison of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance, adenosine stress magnetic resonance, and adenosine stress magnetic resonance perfusion. Circulation. 2004, 110: 835-842. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000138927.00357.FB.PubMed
133.
Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, Brown JM, Nixon J, Everett CC, Bijsterveld P, Ridgway JP, Radjenovic A, Dickinson CJ, et al: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet. 2012, 379: 453-460. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61335-4.PubMedCentralPubMed
134.
Jahnke C, Nagel E, Gebker R, Kokocinski T, Kelle S, Manka R, Fleck E, Paetsch I: Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation. 2007, 115: 1769-1776. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652016.PubMed
135.
Ingkanisorn WP, Kwong RY, Bohme NS, Geller NL, Rhoads KL, Dyke CK, Paterson DI, Syed MA, Aletras AH, Arai AE: Prognosis of negative adenosine stress magnetic resonance in patients presenting to an emergency department with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1427-1432. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.059.PubMed
136.
Buechel ER, Balmer C, Bauersfeld U, Kellenberger CJ, Schwitter J: Feasibility of perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance in paediatric patients. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009, 11: 51-10.1186/1532-429X-11-51.PubMedCentralPubMed
137.
Taylor AM, Dymarkowski S, De Meerleer K, Hamaekers P, Gewillig M, Mertens L, Bogaert J: Validation and application of single breath-hold cine cardiac MR for ventricular function assessment in children with congenital heart disease at rest and during adenosine stress. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 743-751. 10.1080/10976640500283421.PubMed
138.
Manso B, Castellote A, Dos L, Casaldaliga J: Myocardial perfusion magnetic resonance imaging for detecting coronary function anomalies in asymptomatic paediatric patients with a previous arterial switch operation for the transposition of great arteries. Cardiol Young. 2010, 20: 410-417. 10.1017/S1047951109990503.PubMed
139.
Prakash A, Powell AJ, Krishnamurthy R, Geva T: Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of myocardial perfusion and viability in congenital and acquired pediatric heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004, 93: 657-661. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.11.045.PubMed
140.
Cook SC, Ferketich AK, Raman SV: Myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic adults with repaired aortic coarctation. Int J Cardiol. 2009, 133: 95-101. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.015.PubMed
141.
Strigl S, Beroukhim R, Valente AM, Annese D, Harrington JS, Geva T, Powell AJ: Feasibility of dobutamine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in children. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 29: 313-319. 10.1002/jmri.21639.PubMed
142.
Kellman P, Arai AE: Imaging sequences for first pass perfusion –a review. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007, 9: 525-537. 10.1080/10976640601187604.PubMed
143.
Kramer CM, Barkhausen J, Flamm SD, Kim RJ, Nagel E: Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 35-10.1186/1532-429X-10-35.PubMedCentralPubMed
144.
Gebker R, Schwitter J, Fleck E, Nagel E: How we perform myocardial perfusion with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007, 9: 539-547. 10.1080/10976640600897286.PubMed
145.
Gerber BL, Raman SV, Nayak K, Epstein FH, Ferreira P, Axel L, Kraitchman DL: Myocardial first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance: history, theory, and current state of the art. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 18-10.1186/1532-429X-10-18.PubMedCentralPubMed
146.
Jerosch-Herold M: Quantification of myocardial perfusion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010, 12: 57-10.1186/1532-429X-12-57.PubMedCentralPubMed
147.
Klem I, Heitner JF, Shah DJ, Sketch MH, Behar V, Weinsaft J, Cawley P, Parker M, Elliott M, Judd RM, Kim RJ: Improved detection of coronary artery disease by stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance with the use of delayed enhancement infarction imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1630-1638. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.074.PubMed
148.
Cerqueira MD: Standardized Myocardial Segmentation and Nomenclature for Tomographic Imaging of the Heart: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002, 105: 539-542. 10.1161/hc0402.102975.PubMed
149.
Arai AE: Magnetic resonance first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2000, 11: 383-398. 10.1097/00002142-200012000-00007.PubMed
150.
Amado LC, Gerber BL, Gupta SN, Rettmann DW, Szarf G, Schock R, Nasir K, Kraitchman DL, Lima JA: Accurate and objective infarct sizing by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a canine myocardial infarction model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 44: 2383-2389. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.020.PubMed
151.
Kehr E, Sono M, Chugh SS, Jerosch-Herold M: Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for detection and quantification of fibrosis in human myocardium in vitro. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008, 24: 61-68.PubMed
152.
Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Regenfus M, Parker M, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Judd RM: Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet. 2003, 361: 374-379. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12389-6.PubMed
153.
Babu-Narayan SV, Kilner PJ, Li W, Moon JC, Goktekin O, Davlouros PA, Khan M, Ho SY, Pennell DJ, Gatzoulis MA: Ventricular fibrosis suggested by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with repaired tetralogy of fallot and its relationship to adverse markers of clinical outcome. Circulation. 2006, 113: 405-413. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548727.PubMed
154.
Oosterhof T, Mulder BJ, Vliegen HW, De RA: Corrected tetralogy of Fallot: delayed enhancement in right ventricular outflow tract. Radiology. 2005, 237: 868-871. 10.1148/radiol.2373041324.PubMed
155.
Wald RM, Haber I, Wald R, Valente AM, Powell AJ, Geva T: Effects of regional dysfunction and late gadolinium enhancement on global right ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2009, 119: 1370-1377. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.816546.PubMedCentralPubMed
156.
Babu-Narayan SV, Goktekin O, Moon JC, Broberg CS, Pantely GA, Pennell DJ, Gatzoulis MA, Kilner PJ: Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the systemic right ventricle in adults with previous atrial redirection surgery for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 2005, 111: 2091-2098. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000162463.61626.3B.PubMed
157.
Rathod RH, Prakash A, Powell AJ, Geva T: Myocardial fibrosis identified by cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement is associated with adverse ventricular mechanics and ventricular tachycardia late after Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 55: 1721-1728. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.036.PubMedCentralPubMed
158.
Giardini A, Lovato L, Donti A, Formigari R, Oppido G, Gargiulo G, Picchio FM, Fattori R: Relation between right ventricular structural alterations and markers of adverse clinical outcome in adults with systemic right ventricle and either congenital complete (after Senning operation) or congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 2006, 98: 1277-1282. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.05.062.PubMed
159.
La Salvia EA, Gilkeson RC, Dahms BB, Siwik E: Delayed contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in congenital aortic stenosis. Pediatr Cardiol. 2006, 27: 388-390. 10.1007/s00246-005-5891-3.PubMed
160.
Robinson JD, Del Nido PJ, Geggel RL, Perez-Atayde AR, Lock JE, Powell AJ: Left ventricular diastolic heart failure in teenagers who underwent balloon aortic valvuloplasty in early infancy. Am J Cardiol. 2010, 106: 426-429. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.045.PubMed
161.
Liang XC, Lam WW, Cheung EW, Wu AK, Wong SJ, Cheung YF: Restrictive right ventricular physiology and right ventricular fibrosis as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance and exercise capacity after biventricular repair of pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. Clin Cardiol. 2010, 33: 104-110. 10.1002/clc.20711.PubMed
162.
Fratz S, Hager A, Schreiber C, Schwaiger M, Hess J, Stern HC: Long-term myocardial scarring after operation for anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011, 92: 1761-1765. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.06.021.PubMed
163.
Tworetzky W, del Nido PJ, Powell AJ, Marshall AC, Lock JE, Geva T: Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging of left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis in infants after fetal intervention for aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 2005, 96: 1568-1570. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.066.PubMed
164.
Stranzinger E, Ensing GJ, Hernandez RJ: MR findings of endocardial fibroelastosis in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2008, 38: 292-296. 10.1007/s00247-007-0707-7.PubMed
165.
Harris MA, Johnson TR, Weinberg PM, Fogel MA: Delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance identifies fibrous tissue in children after surgery for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007, 133: 676-681. 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.10.057.PubMed
166.
Fratz S, Hauser M, Bengel FM, Hager A, Kaemmerer H, Schwaiger M, Hess J, Stern HC: Myocardial scars determined by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are not common in right ventricles with systemic function in long-term follow up. Heart. 2006, 92: 1673-1677. 10.1136/hrt.2005.086579.PubMedCentralPubMed
167.
Kuhl HP, Papavasiliu TS, Beek AM, Hofman MB, Heusen NS, van Rossum AC: Myocardial viability: rapid assessment with delayed contrast-enhanced MR imaging with three-dimensional inversion-recovery prepared pulse sequence. Radiology. 2004, 230: 576-582. 10.1148/radiol.2302021120.PubMed
168.
Foo TK, Stanley DW, Castillo E, Rochitte CE, Wang Y, Lima JA, Bluemke DA, Wu KC: Myocardial viability: breath-hold 3D MR imaging of delayed hyperenhancement with variable sampling in time. Radiology. 2004, 230: 845-851. 10.1148/radiol.2303021411.PubMed
169.
Kellman P, Arai AE, McVeigh ER, Aletras AH: Phase-sensitive inversion recovery for detecting myocardial infarction using gadolinium-delayed hyperenhancement. Magn Reson Med. 2002, 47: 372-383. 10.1002/mrm.10051.PubMedCentralPubMed
170.
Desai MY, Gupta S, Bomma C, Tandri H, Foo TK, Lima JA, Bluemke DA: The apparent inversion time for optimal delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging differs between the right and left ventricles. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 475-479. 10.1081/JCMR-200053534.PubMed
171.
Amano Y, Kumazaki T: Differences in null points between the left and right ventricles in contrast-enhanced inversion recovery MR imaging in patients with cardiac diseases. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2006, 30: 147-151. 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2006.03.001.PubMed
172.
Grosse-Wortmann L, Macgowan CK, Vidarsson L, Yoo SJ: Late gadolinium enhancement of the right ventricular myocardium: is it really different from the left?. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008, 10: 20-10.1186/1532-429X-10-20.PubMedCentralPubMed
173.
Hsu LY, Natanzon A, Kellman P, Hirsch GA, Aletras AH, Arai AE: Quantitative myocardial infarction on delayed enhancement MRI. Part I: Animal validation of an automated feature analysis and combined thresholding infarct sizing algorithm. J Magn ResonImaging. 2006, 23: 298-308.
174.
Kim RJ, Shah DJ, Judd RM: How we perform delayed enhancement imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2003, 5: 505-514. 10.1081/JCMR-120022267.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease
Authors
Sohrab Fratz
Taylor Chung
Gerald F Greil
Margaret M Samyn
Andrew M Taylor
Emanuela R Valsangiacomo Buechel
Shi-Joon Yoo
Andrew J Powell
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1532-429X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-15-51

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2013 Go to the issue

Research

Quantification of left ventricular trabeculae using fractal analysis

Research

Multi-contrast late enhancement CMR determined gray zone and papillary muscle involvement predict appropriate ICD therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease

Research

Evaluation of current algorithms for segmentation of scar tissue from late Gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the left atrium: an open-access grand challenge

Research

Reproducibility of cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance for measuring left ventricular strains, torsion, and synchrony in mice

Research

Discrepancies between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and Doppler echocardiography in the measurement of transvalvular gradient in aortic stenosis: the effect of flow vorticity

Research

Feature tracking measurement of dyssynchrony from cardiovascular magnetic resonance cine acquisitions: comparison with echocardiographic speckle tracking