Pediatric ependymoma: an overview of a complex disease

go back to reference Elsamadicy AA, Koo AB, David WB, Lee V, Zogg CK, Kundishora AJ, Hong CS, DeSpenza T, Reeves BC, Kahle KT, DiLuna M (2020) Comparison of epidemiology, treatments, and outcomes in pediatric versus adult ependymoma. Neurooncol Adv 2(vdaa019). https://doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdaa019 Elsamadicy AA, Koo AB, David WB, Lee V, Zogg CK, Kundishora AJ, Hong CS, DeSpenza T, Reeves BC, Kahle KT, DiLuna M (2020) Comparison of epidemiology, treatments, and outcomes in pediatric versus adult ependymoma. Neurooncol Adv 2(vdaa019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​noajnl/​vdaa019

go back to reference McGuire CS, Sainani KL, Fisher PG (2009) Incidence patterns for ependymoma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results study. J Neurosurg 110:725–729. https://doi.org/10.3171/2008.9.JNS08117CrossRefPubMed McGuire CS, Sainani KL, Fisher PG (2009) Incidence patterns for ependymoma: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results study. J Neurosurg 110:725–729. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3171/​2008.​9.​JNS08117CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Vecchione-Koval T, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2017) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010–2014. Neuro-Oncology 19:v1–v88. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox158CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Vecchione-Koval T, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (2017) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010–2014. Neuro-Oncology 19:v1–v88. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​nox158CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Ellison DW, Kocak M, Figarella-Branger D, Felice G, Catherine G, Pietsch T, Frappaz D, Massimino M, Grill J, Boyett JM, Grundy RG (2011) Histopathological grading of pediatric ependymoma: reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts. Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-5751-10-7 Ellison DW, Kocak M, Figarella-Branger D, Felice G, Catherine G, Pietsch T, Frappaz D, Massimino M, Grill J, Boyett JM, Grundy RG (2011) Histopathological grading of pediatric ependymoma: reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts. Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine 10. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​1477-5751-10-7

go back to reference Tihan T, Zhou T, Holmes E, Burger PC, Ozuysal S, Rushing EJ (2008) The prognostic value of histological grading of posterior fossa ependymomas in children: a Children’s Oncology Group study and a review of prognostic factors. Modern Pathology 21:165–177. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800999CrossRefPubMed Tihan T, Zhou T, Holmes E, Burger PC, Ozuysal S, Rushing EJ (2008) The prognostic value of histological grading of posterior fossa ependymomas in children: a Children’s Oncology Group study and a review of prognostic factors. Modern Pathology 21:165–177. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​modpathol.​3800999CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Andreiuolo F, Varlet P, Tauziède-Espariat A, Jünger ST, Dörner E, Dreschmann V, Kuchelmeister K, Waha A, Haberler C, Slavc I, Corbacioglu S, Riemenschneider MJ, Leipold A, Rüdiger T, Körholz D, Acker T, Russo A, Faber J, Sommer C, Armbrust S, Rose M, Erdlenbruch B, Hans VH, Bernbeck B, Schneider D, Lorenzen J, Ebinger M, Handgretinger R, Neumann M, van Buiren M, Prinz M, Roganovic J, Jakovcevic A, Park SH, Grill J, Puget S, Messing-Jünger M, Reinhard H, Bergmann M, Hattingen E, Pietsch T (2019) Childhood supratentorial ependymomas with YAP1-MAMLD1 fusion: an entity with characteristic clinical, radiological, cytogenetic and histopathological features. Brain Pathol 29:205–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12659CrossRefPubMed Andreiuolo F, Varlet P, Tauziède-Espariat A, Jünger ST, Dörner E, Dreschmann V, Kuchelmeister K, Waha A, Haberler C, Slavc I, Corbacioglu S, Riemenschneider MJ, Leipold A, Rüdiger T, Körholz D, Acker T, Russo A, Faber J, Sommer C, Armbrust S, Rose M, Erdlenbruch B, Hans VH, Bernbeck B, Schneider D, Lorenzen J, Ebinger M, Handgretinger R, Neumann M, van Buiren M, Prinz M, Roganovic J, Jakovcevic A, Park SH, Grill J, Puget S, Messing-Jünger M, Reinhard H, Bergmann M, Hattingen E, Pietsch T (2019) Childhood supratentorial ependymomas with YAP1-MAMLD1 fusion: an entity with characteristic clinical, radiological, cytogenetic and histopathological features. Brain Pathol 29:205–216. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​bpa.​12659CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Dyer S, Prebble E, Davison V, Davies P, Ramani P, Ellison D, Grundy R (2002) Genomic imbalances in pediatric intracranial ependymomas define clinically relevant groups. The American Journal of Pathology 161:2133–2141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64491-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dyer S, Prebble E, Davison V, Davies P, Ramani P, Ellison D, Grundy R (2002) Genomic imbalances in pediatric intracranial ependymomas define clinically relevant groups. The American Journal of Pathology 161:2133–2141. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0002-9440(10)64491-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Kilday J-P, Mitra B, Domerg C, Ward J, Andreiuolo F, Osteso-Ibanez T, Mauguen A, Varlet P, le Deley MC, Lowe J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ, Coyle B, Grill J, Grundy RG (2012) Copy number gain of 1q25 predicts poor progression-free survival for pediatric intracranial ependymomas and enables patient risk stratification: a prospective European clinical trial cohort analysis on behalf of the Children’s Cancer Leukaemia Group (CCLG), Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique (SFOP), and International Society for Pediatric Oncology (SIOP). Clin Cancer Res 18:2001–2011. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2489CrossRefPubMed Kilday J-P, Mitra B, Domerg C, Ward J, Andreiuolo F, Osteso-Ibanez T, Mauguen A, Varlet P, le Deley MC, Lowe J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ, Coyle B, Grill J, Grundy RG (2012) Copy number gain of 1q25 predicts poor progression-free survival for pediatric intracranial ependymomas and enables patient risk stratification: a prospective European clinical trial cohort analysis on behalf of the Children’s Cancer Leukaemia Group (CCLG), Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique (SFOP), and International Society for Pediatric Oncology (SIOP). Clin Cancer Res 18:2001–2011. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-11-2489CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Korshunov A, Witt H, Hielscher T, Benner A, Remke M, Ryzhova M, Milde T, Bender S, Wittmann A, Schöttler A, Kulozik AE, Witt O, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Pfister S (2010) Molecular staging of intracranial ependymoma in children and adults. Journal of Clinical Oncology 28:3182–3190. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.3359CrossRefPubMed Korshunov A, Witt H, Hielscher T, Benner A, Remke M, Ryzhova M, Milde T, Bender S, Wittmann A, Schöttler A, Kulozik AE, Witt O, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Pfister S (2010) Molecular staging of intracranial ependymoma in children and adults. Journal of Clinical Oncology 28:3182–3190. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​2009.​27.​3359CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DTW, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJH, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker-Cin H, Hutter S, Johann P, Bender S, Hovestadt V, Tzaridis T, Dubuc AM, Northcott PA, Peacock J, Bertrand KC, Agnihotri S, Cavalli FMG, Clarke I, Nethery-Brokx K, Creasy CL, Verma SK, Koster J, Wu X, Yao Y, Milde T, Sin-Chan P, Zuccaro J, Lau L, Pereira S, Castelo-Branco P, Hirst M, Marra MA, Roberts SS, Fults D, Massimi L, Cho YJ, van Meter T, Grajkowska W, Lach B, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Witt O, Scherer SW, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Kool M, Pomeroy SL, Gupta N, Phillips J, Huang A, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Malkin D, Kongkham PN, Weiss WA, Jabado N, Rutka JT, Bouffet E, Korbel JO, Lupien M, Aldape KD, Bader GD, Eils R, Lichter P, Dirks PB, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Taylor MD (2014) Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy. Nature 506:445–450. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DTW, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJH, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker-Cin H, Hutter S, Johann P, Bender S, Hovestadt V, Tzaridis T, Dubuc AM, Northcott PA, Peacock J, Bertrand KC, Agnihotri S, Cavalli FMG, Clarke I, Nethery-Brokx K, Creasy CL, Verma SK, Koster J, Wu X, Yao Y, Milde T, Sin-Chan P, Zuccaro J, Lau L, Pereira S, Castelo-Branco P, Hirst M, Marra MA, Roberts SS, Fults D, Massimi L, Cho YJ, van Meter T, Grajkowska W, Lach B, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Witt O, Scherer SW, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Kool M, Pomeroy SL, Gupta N, Phillips J, Huang A, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Malkin D, Kongkham PN, Weiss WA, Jabado N, Rutka JT, Bouffet E, Korbel JO, Lupien M, Aldape KD, Bader GD, Eils R, Lichter P, Dirks PB, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Taylor MD (2014) Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy. Nature 506:445–450. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature13108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Pajtler KW, Witt H, Sill M, Jones DTW, Hovestadt V, Kratochwil F, Wani K, Tatevossian R, Punchihewa C, Johann P, Reimand J, Warnatz HJ, Ryzhova M, Mack S, Ramaswamy V, Capper D, Schweizer L, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Huang Z, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Fults D, Toledano H, Avigad S, Hoffman LM, Donson AM, Foreman N, Hewer E, Zitterbart K, Gilbert M, Armstrong TS, Gupta N, Allen JC, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Hasselblatt M, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Collins VP, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Bader G, Yaspo ML, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Gilbertson R, Ellison DW, Aldape K, Korshunov A, Kool M, Pfister SM (2015) Molecular classification of ependymal tumors across all CNS compartments, histopathological grades, and age groups. Cancer Cell 27:728–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pajtler KW, Witt H, Sill M, Jones DTW, Hovestadt V, Kratochwil F, Wani K, Tatevossian R, Punchihewa C, Johann P, Reimand J, Warnatz HJ, Ryzhova M, Mack S, Ramaswamy V, Capper D, Schweizer L, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Huang Z, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Fults D, Toledano H, Avigad S, Hoffman LM, Donson AM, Foreman N, Hewer E, Zitterbart K, Gilbert M, Armstrong TS, Gupta N, Allen JC, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Hasselblatt M, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Collins VP, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Bader G, Yaspo ML, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Taylor MD, Gilbertson R, Ellison DW, Aldape K, Korshunov A, Kool M, Pfister SM (2015) Molecular classification of ependymal tumors across all CNS compartments, histopathological grades, and age groups. Cancer Cell 27:728–743. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ccell.​2015.​04.​002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Parker M, Mohankumar KM, Punchihewa C, Weinlich R, Dalton JD, Li Y, Lee R, Tatevossian RG, Phoenix TN, Thiruvenkatam R, White E, Tang B, Orisme W, Gupta K, Rusch M, Chen X, Li Y, Nagahawhatte P, Hedlund E, Finkelstein D, Wu G, Shurtleff S, Easton J, Boggs K, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Mulder HL, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Huether R, Ma J, Song G, Gajjar A, Merchant T, Boop F, Smith AA, Ding L, Lu C, Ochoa K, Zhao D, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Green DR, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ (2014) C11orf95–RELA fusions drive oncogenic NF-κB signalling in ependymoma. Nature 506:451–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13109CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Parker M, Mohankumar KM, Punchihewa C, Weinlich R, Dalton JD, Li Y, Lee R, Tatevossian RG, Phoenix TN, Thiruvenkatam R, White E, Tang B, Orisme W, Gupta K, Rusch M, Chen X, Li Y, Nagahawhatte P, Hedlund E, Finkelstein D, Wu G, Shurtleff S, Easton J, Boggs K, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Mulder HL, Becksfort J, Gupta P, Huether R, Ma J, Song G, Gajjar A, Merchant T, Boop F, Smith AA, Ding L, Lu C, Ochoa K, Zhao D, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Green DR, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ (2014) C11orf95–RELA fusions drive oncogenic NF-κB signalling in ependymoma. Nature 506:451–455. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature13109CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Taylor MD, Poppleton H, Fuller C, Su X, Liu Y, Jensen P, Magdaleno S, Dalton J, Calabrese C, Board J, MacDonald T, Rutka J, Guha A, Gajjar A, Curran T, Gilbertson RJ (2005) Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell 8:323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.09.001CrossRefPubMed Taylor MD, Poppleton H, Fuller C, Su X, Liu Y, Jensen P, Magdaleno S, Dalton J, Calabrese C, Board J, MacDonald T, Rutka J, Guha A, Gajjar A, Curran T, Gilbertson RJ (2005) Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell 8:323–335. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ccr.​2005.​09.​001CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Witt H, Mack SC, Ryzhova M, Bender S, Sill M, Isserlin R, Benner A, Hielscher T, Milde T, Remke M, Jones DT, Northcott PA, Garzia L, Bertrand KC, Wittmann A, Yao Y, Roberts SS, Massimi L, van Meter T, Weiss WA, Gupta N, Grajkowska W, Lach B, Cho YJ, von Deimling A, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Bader GD, Hawkins CE, Tabori U, Guha A, Rutka JT, Lichter P, Korshunov A, Taylor MD, Pfister SM (2011) Delineation of two clinically and molecularly distinct subgroups of posterior fossa ependymoma. Cancer Cell 20:143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Witt H, Mack SC, Ryzhova M, Bender S, Sill M, Isserlin R, Benner A, Hielscher T, Milde T, Remke M, Jones DT, Northcott PA, Garzia L, Bertrand KC, Wittmann A, Yao Y, Roberts SS, Massimi L, van Meter T, Weiss WA, Gupta N, Grajkowska W, Lach B, Cho YJ, von Deimling A, Kulozik AE, Witt O, Bader GD, Hawkins CE, Tabori U, Guha A, Rutka JT, Lichter P, Korshunov A, Taylor MD, Pfister SM (2011) Delineation of two clinically and molecularly distinct subgroups of posterior fossa ependymoma. Cancer Cell 20:143–157. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ccr.​2011.​07.​007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Jünger ST, Andreiuolo F, Mynarek M, Dörner E, zur Mühlen A, Rutkowski S, von Bueren AO, Pietsch T (2020) Ependymomas in infancy: underlying genetic alterations, histological features, and clinical outcome. Childs Nerv Syst 36:2693–2700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04655-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jünger ST, Andreiuolo F, Mynarek M, Dörner E, zur Mühlen A, Rutkowski S, von Bueren AO, Pietsch T (2020) Ependymomas in infancy: underlying genetic alterations, histological features, and clinical outcome. Childs Nerv Syst 36:2693–2700. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00381-020-04655-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Kilday J-P, Rahman R, Dyer S, Ridley L, Lowe J, Coyle B, Grundy R (2009) Pediatric ependymoma: biological perspectives. Mol Cancer Res 7:765–786. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0584CrossRefPubMed Kilday J-P, Rahman R, Dyer S, Ridley L, Lowe J, Coyle B, Grundy R (2009) Pediatric ependymoma: biological perspectives. Mol Cancer Res 7:765–786. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1158/​1541-7786.​MCR-08-0584CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Witt H, Gramatzki D, Hentschel B, Pajtler KW, Felsberg J, Schackert G, Löffler M, Capper D, Sahm F, Sill M, von Deimling A, Kool M, Herrlinger U, Westphal M, Pietsch T, Reifenberger G, Pfister SM, Tonn JC, Weller M, German Glioma Network (2018) DNA methylation-based classification of ependymomas in adulthood: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Neuro-oncology 20:1616–1624. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noy118CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Witt H, Gramatzki D, Hentschel B, Pajtler KW, Felsberg J, Schackert G, Löffler M, Capper D, Sahm F, Sill M, von Deimling A, Kool M, Herrlinger U, Westphal M, Pietsch T, Reifenberger G, Pfister SM, Tonn JC, Weller M, German Glioma Network (2018) DNA methylation-based classification of ependymomas in adulthood: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Neuro-oncology 20:1616–1624. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noy118CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Godfraind C, Kaczmarska JM, Kocak M, Dalton J, Wright KD, Sanford RA, Boop FA, Gajjar A, Merchant TE, Ellison DW (2012) Distinct disease-risk groups in pediatric supratentorial and posterior fossa ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 124:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-012-0981-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Godfraind C, Kaczmarska JM, Kocak M, Dalton J, Wright KD, Sanford RA, Boop FA, Gajjar A, Merchant TE, Ellison DW (2012) Distinct disease-risk groups in pediatric supratentorial and posterior fossa ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 124:247–257. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-012-0981-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Jünger ST, Andreiuolo F, Mynarek M, Wohlers I, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L, Dörner E, zur Mühlen A, Velez-Char N, von Hoff K, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, von Bueren A, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T (2020) CDKN2A deletion in supratentorial ependymoma with RELA alteration indicates a dismal prognosis: a retrospective analysis of the HIT ependymoma trial cohort. Acta Neuropathol 140:405–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02169-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jünger ST, Andreiuolo F, Mynarek M, Wohlers I, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L, Dörner E, zur Mühlen A, Velez-Char N, von Hoff K, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, von Bueren A, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T (2020) CDKN2A deletion in supratentorial ependymoma with RELA alteration indicates a dismal prognosis: a retrospective analysis of the HIT ependymoma trial cohort. Acta Neuropathol 140:405–407. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-020-02169-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Pietsch T, Wohlers I, Goschzik T, Dreschmann V, Denkhaus D, Dörner E, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L (2014) Supratentorial ependymomas of childhood carry C11orf95-RELA fusions leading to pathological activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Neuropathol 127:609–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1264-4CrossRefPubMed Pietsch T, Wohlers I, Goschzik T, Dreschmann V, Denkhaus D, Dörner E, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L (2014) Supratentorial ependymomas of childhood carry C11orf95-RELA fusions leading to pathological activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Neuropathol 127:609–611. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-014-1264-4CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Nowak J, Jünger ST, Huflage H, Seidel C, Hohm A, Vandergrift LA, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Warmuth-Metz M (2019) MRI phenotype of RELA-fused pediatric supratentorial ependymoma. Clin Neuroradiol 29:595–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-018-0704-2CrossRefPubMed Nowak J, Jünger ST, Huflage H, Seidel C, Hohm A, Vandergrift LA, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T, Warmuth-Metz M (2019) MRI phenotype of RELA-fused pediatric supratentorial ependymoma. Clin Neuroradiol 29:595–604. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00062-018-0704-2CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Fukuoka K, Kanemura Y, Shofuda T et al (2018) Significance of molecular classification of ependymomas: C11orf95-RELA fusion-negative supratentorial ependymomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors. Acta Neuropathol Commun 6:134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-018-0630-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fukuoka K, Kanemura Y, Shofuda T et al (2018) Significance of molecular classification of ependymomas: C11orf95-RELA fusion-negative supratentorial ependymomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors. Acta Neuropathol Commun 6:134. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s40478-018-0630-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Pagès M, Pajtler KW, Puget S, Castel D, Boddaert N, Tauziède-Espariat A, Picot S, Debily MA, Kool M, Capper D, Sainte-Rose C, Chrétien F, Pfister SM, Pietsch T, Grill J, Varlet P, Andreiuolo F (2019) Diagnostics of pediatric supratentorial RELA ependymomas: integration of information from histopathology, genetics, DNA methylation and imaging. Brain Pathol 29:325–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12664CrossRefPubMed Pagès M, Pajtler KW, Puget S, Castel D, Boddaert N, Tauziède-Espariat A, Picot S, Debily MA, Kool M, Capper D, Sainte-Rose C, Chrétien F, Pfister SM, Pietsch T, Grill J, Varlet P, Andreiuolo F (2019) Diagnostics of pediatric supratentorial RELA ependymomas: integration of information from histopathology, genetics, DNA methylation and imaging. Brain Pathol 29:325–335. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​bpa.​12664CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zschernack V, Jünger ST, Mynarek M, Rutkowski S, Garre ML, Ebinger M, Neu M, Faber J, Erdlenbruch B, Claviez A, Bielack S, Brozou T, Frühwald MC, Dörner E, Dreschmann V, Stock A, Solymosi L, Hench J, Frank S, Vokuhl C, Waha A, Andreiuolo F, Pietsch T (2021) Supratentorial ependymoma in childhood: more than just RELA or YAP. Acta Neuropathol 141:455–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02260-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zschernack V, Jünger ST, Mynarek M, Rutkowski S, Garre ML, Ebinger M, Neu M, Faber J, Erdlenbruch B, Claviez A, Bielack S, Brozou T, Frühwald MC, Dörner E, Dreschmann V, Stock A, Solymosi L, Hench J, Frank S, Vokuhl C, Waha A, Andreiuolo F, Pietsch T (2021) Supratentorial ependymoma in childhood: more than just RELA or YAP. Acta Neuropathol 141:455–466. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-020-02260-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Figarella-Branger D, Lechapt-Zalcman E, Tabouret E, Jünger S, de Paula AM, Bouvier C, Colin C, Jouvet A, Forest F, Andreiuolo F, Quintin-Roue I, Machet MC, Heitzmann A, Milin S, Sevestre H, Godfraind C, Labrousse F, Metellus P, Scavarda D, Pietsch T (2016) Supratentorial clear cell ependymomas with branching capillaries demonstrate characteristic clinicopathological features and pathological activation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. Neuro-Oncology 18:919–927. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/now025CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Figarella-Branger D, Lechapt-Zalcman E, Tabouret E, Jünger S, de Paula AM, Bouvier C, Colin C, Jouvet A, Forest F, Andreiuolo F, Quintin-Roue I, Machet MC, Heitzmann A, Milin S, Sevestre H, Godfraind C, Labrousse F, Metellus P, Scavarda D, Pietsch T (2016) Supratentorial clear cell ependymomas with branching capillaries demonstrate characteristic clinicopathological features and pathological activation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. Neuro-Oncology 18:919–927. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​now025CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Neumann JE, Spohn M, Obrecht D, Mynarek M, Thomas C, Hasselblatt M, Dorostkar MM, Wefers AK, Frank S, Monoranu CM, Koch A, Witt H, Kool M, Pajtler KW, Rutkowski S, Glatzel M, Schüller U (2020) Molecular characterization of histopathological ependymoma variants. Acta Neuropathol 139:305–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02090-0CrossRefPubMed Neumann JE, Spohn M, Obrecht D, Mynarek M, Thomas C, Hasselblatt M, Dorostkar MM, Wefers AK, Frank S, Monoranu CM, Koch A, Witt H, Kool M, Pajtler KW, Rutkowski S, Glatzel M, Schüller U (2020) Molecular characterization of histopathological ependymoma variants. Acta Neuropathol 139:305–318. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-019-02090-0CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Gessi M, Giagnacovo M, Modena P, Elefante G, Gianno F, Buttarelli FR, Arcella A, Donofrio V, Diomedi Camassei F, Nozza P, Morra I, Massimino M, Pollo B, Giangaspero F, Antonelli M (2019) Role of immunohistochemistry in the identification of supratentorial C11ORF95-RELA fused ependymoma in routine neuropathology. Am J Surg Pathol 43:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000979CrossRefPubMed Gessi M, Giagnacovo M, Modena P, Elefante G, Gianno F, Buttarelli FR, Arcella A, Donofrio V, Diomedi Camassei F, Nozza P, Morra I, Massimino M, Pollo B, Giangaspero F, Antonelli M (2019) Role of immunohistochemistry in the identification of supratentorial C11ORF95-RELA fused ependymoma in routine neuropathology. Am J Surg Pathol 43:56–63. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1097/​PAS.​0000000000000979​CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Massimino M, Barretta F, Modena P, Witt H, Minasi S, Pfister SM, Pajtler KW, Antonelli M, Gandola L, Luisa Garrè M, Bertin D, Mastronuzzi A, Mascarin M, Quaglietta L, Viscardi E, Sardi I, Ruggiero A, Pollo B, Buccoliero A, Boschetti L, Schiavello E, Chiapparini L, Erbetta A, Morra I, Gessi M, Donofrio V, Patriarca C, Giangaspero F, Johann P, Buttarelli FR (2020) The AIEOP 2nd series of children and adolescents intracranial ependymoma. An integrated molecular and clinical characterization with a long-term follow-up. Neuro Oncol 23:848–857. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa257CrossRef Massimino M, Barretta F, Modena P, Witt H, Minasi S, Pfister SM, Pajtler KW, Antonelli M, Gandola L, Luisa Garrè M, Bertin D, Mastronuzzi A, Mascarin M, Quaglietta L, Viscardi E, Sardi I, Ruggiero A, Pollo B, Buccoliero A, Boschetti L, Schiavello E, Chiapparini L, Erbetta A, Morra I, Gessi M, Donofrio V, Patriarca C, Giangaspero F, Johann P, Buttarelli FR (2020) The AIEOP 2nd series of children and adolescents intracranial ependymoma. An integrated molecular and clinical characterization with a long-term follow-up. Neuro Oncol 23:848–857. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noaa257CrossRef

go back to reference Merchant TE, Bendel AE, Sabin ND, Burger PC, Shaw DW, Chang E, Wu S, Zhou T, Eisenstat DD, Foreman NK, Fuller CE, Anderson ET, Hukin J, Lau CC, Pollack IF, Laningham FH, Lustig RH, Armstrong FD, Handler MH, Williams-Hughes C, Kessel S, Kocak M, Ellison DW, Ramaswamy V (2019) Conformal radiation therapy for pediatric ependymoma, chemotherapy for incompletely resected ependymoma, and observation for completely resected, supratentorial ependymoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 37:974–983. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.18.01765CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Merchant TE, Bendel AE, Sabin ND, Burger PC, Shaw DW, Chang E, Wu S, Zhou T, Eisenstat DD, Foreman NK, Fuller CE, Anderson ET, Hukin J, Lau CC, Pollack IF, Laningham FH, Lustig RH, Armstrong FD, Handler MH, Williams-Hughes C, Kessel S, Kocak M, Ellison DW, Ramaswamy V (2019) Conformal radiation therapy for pediatric ependymoma, chemotherapy for incompletely resected ependymoma, and observation for completely resected, supratentorial ependymoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 37:974–983. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​18.​01765CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Upadhyaya SA, Robinson GW, Onar-Thomas A, Orr BA, Billups CA, Bowers DC, Bendel AE, Hassall T, Crawford JR, Partap S, Fisher PG, Tatevossian RG, Seah T, Qaddoumi IA, Vinitsky A, Armstrong GT, Sabin ND, Tinkle CL, Klimo P, Indelicato DJ, Boop FA, Merchant TE, Ellison DW, Gajjar A (2019) Molecular grouping and outcomes of young children with newly diagnosed ependymoma treated on the multi-institutional SJYC07 trial. Neuro-oncology. 21:1319–1330. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz069CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Upadhyaya SA, Robinson GW, Onar-Thomas A, Orr BA, Billups CA, Bowers DC, Bendel AE, Hassall T, Crawford JR, Partap S, Fisher PG, Tatevossian RG, Seah T, Qaddoumi IA, Vinitsky A, Armstrong GT, Sabin ND, Tinkle CL, Klimo P, Indelicato DJ, Boop FA, Merchant TE, Ellison DW, Gajjar A (2019) Molecular grouping and outcomes of young children with newly diagnosed ependymoma treated on the multi-institutional SJYC07 trial. Neuro-oncology. 21:1319–1330. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noz069CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Louis et al (2016) WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system, Revised, 4th edn. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Louis et al (2016) WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system, Revised, 4th edn. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

go back to reference Shirahata M, Ono T, Stichel D, Schrimpf D, Reuss DE, Sahm F, Koelsche C, Wefers A, Reinhardt A, Huang K, Sievers P, Shimizu H, Nanjo H, Kobayashi Y, Miyake Y, Suzuki T, Adachi JI, Mishima K, Sasaki A, Nishikawa R, Bewerunge-Hudler M, Ryzhova M, Absalyamova O, Golanov A, Sinn P, Platten M, Jungk C, Winkler F, Wick A, Hänggi D, Unterberg A, Pfister SM, Jones DTW, van den Bent M, Hegi M, French P, Baumert BG, Stupp R, Gorlia T, Weller M, Capper D, Korshunov A, Herold-Mende C, Wick W, Louis DN, von Deimling A (2018) Novel, improved grading system(s) for IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas. Acta Neuropathologica 136:153–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1849-4CrossRefPubMed Shirahata M, Ono T, Stichel D, Schrimpf D, Reuss DE, Sahm F, Koelsche C, Wefers A, Reinhardt A, Huang K, Sievers P, Shimizu H, Nanjo H, Kobayashi Y, Miyake Y, Suzuki T, Adachi JI, Mishima K, Sasaki A, Nishikawa R, Bewerunge-Hudler M, Ryzhova M, Absalyamova O, Golanov A, Sinn P, Platten M, Jungk C, Winkler F, Wick A, Hänggi D, Unterberg A, Pfister SM, Jones DTW, van den Bent M, Hegi M, French P, Baumert BG, Stupp R, Gorlia T, Weller M, Capper D, Korshunov A, Herold-Mende C, Wick W, Louis DN, von Deimling A (2018) Novel, improved grading system(s) for IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas. Acta Neuropathologica 136:153–166. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-018-1849-4CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Jünger ST, Mynarek M, Wohlers I, Dörner E, Mühlen A, Velez-Char N, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L, von Bueren AO, Pietsch T (2019) Improved risk-stratification for posterior fossa ependymoma of childhood considering clinical, histological and genetic features - a retrospective analysis of the HIT ependymoma trial cohort. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-019-0820-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jünger ST, Mynarek M, Wohlers I, Dörner E, Mühlen A, Velez-Char N, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Rahmann S, Klein-Hitpass L, von Bueren AO, Pietsch T (2019) Improved risk-stratification for posterior fossa ependymoma of childhood considering clinical, histological and genetic features - a retrospective analysis of the HIT ependymoma trial cohort. Acta Neuropathol Commun 7:181. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s40478-019-0820-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Massimino M, Miceli R, Giangaspero F, Boschetti L, Modena P, Antonelli M, Ferroli P, Bertin D, Pecori E, Valentini L, Biassoni V, Garrè ML, Schiavello E, Sardi I, Cama A, Viscardi E, Scarzello G, Scoccianti S, Mascarin M, Quaglietta L, Cinalli G, Diletto B, Genitori L, Peretta P, Mussano A, Buccoliero A, Calareso G, Barra S, Mastronuzzi A, Giussani C, Marras CE, Balter R, Bertolini P, Giombelli E, la Spina M, Buttarelli FR, Pollo B, Gandola L (2016) Final results of the second prospective AIEOP protocol for pediatric intracranial ependymoma. Neuro-oncology 18:1451–1460. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/now108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Massimino M, Miceli R, Giangaspero F, Boschetti L, Modena P, Antonelli M, Ferroli P, Bertin D, Pecori E, Valentini L, Biassoni V, Garrè ML, Schiavello E, Sardi I, Cama A, Viscardi E, Scarzello G, Scoccianti S, Mascarin M, Quaglietta L, Cinalli G, Diletto B, Genitori L, Peretta P, Mussano A, Buccoliero A, Calareso G, Barra S, Mastronuzzi A, Giussani C, Marras CE, Balter R, Bertolini P, Giombelli E, la Spina M, Buttarelli FR, Pollo B, Gandola L (2016) Final results of the second prospective AIEOP protocol for pediatric intracranial ependymoma. Neuro-oncology 18:1451–1460. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​now108CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Merchant TE, Li C, Xiong X, Kun LE, Boop FA, Sanford RA (2009) Conformal radiotherapy after surgery for paediatric ependymoma: a prospective study. The Lancet Oncology 10:258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70342-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Merchant TE, Li C, Xiong X, Kun LE, Boop FA, Sanford RA (2009) Conformal radiotherapy after surgery for paediatric ependymoma: a prospective study. The Lancet Oncology 10:258–266. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S1470-2045(08)70342-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Merchant TE (2002) Current management of childhood ependymoma. Oncology (Williston Park, NY) 16:629–642, 644; discussion 645-646, 648 Merchant TE (2002) Current management of childhood ependymoma. Oncology (Williston Park, NY) 16:629–642, 644; discussion 645-646, 648

go back to reference Pajtler KW, Wen J, Sill M, Lin T, Orisme W, Tang B, Hübner JM, Ramaswamy V, Jia S, Dalton JD, Haupfear K, Rogers HA, Punchihewa C, Lee R, Easton J, Wu G, Ritzmann TA, Chapman R, Chavez L, Boop FA, Klimo P, Sabin ND, Ogg R, Mack SC, Freibaum BD, Kim HJ, Witt H, Jones DTW, Vo B, Gajjar A, Pounds S, Onar-Thomas A, Roussel MF, Zhang J, Taylor JP, Merchant TE, Grundy R, Tatevossian RG, Taylor MD, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Kool M, Ellison DW (2018) Molecular heterogeneity and CXorf67 alterations in posterior fossa group A (PFA) ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 136:211–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1877-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pajtler KW, Wen J, Sill M, Lin T, Orisme W, Tang B, Hübner JM, Ramaswamy V, Jia S, Dalton JD, Haupfear K, Rogers HA, Punchihewa C, Lee R, Easton J, Wu G, Ritzmann TA, Chapman R, Chavez L, Boop FA, Klimo P, Sabin ND, Ogg R, Mack SC, Freibaum BD, Kim HJ, Witt H, Jones DTW, Vo B, Gajjar A, Pounds S, Onar-Thomas A, Roussel MF, Zhang J, Taylor JP, Merchant TE, Grundy R, Tatevossian RG, Taylor MD, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Kool M, Ellison DW (2018) Molecular heterogeneity and CXorf67 alterations in posterior fossa group A (PFA) ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 136:211–226. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-018-1877-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Ramaswamy V, Hielscher T, Mack SC, Lassaletta A, Lin T, Pajtler KW, Jones DTW, Luu B, Cavalli FMG, Aldape K, Remke M, Mynarek M, Rutkowski S, Gururangan S, McLendon RE, Lipp ES, Dunham C, Hukin J, Eisenstat DD, Fulton D, van Landeghem FKH, Santi M, van Veelen MLC, van Meir EG, Osuka S, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Tirapelli DPC, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN, Carlotti CG, Lee JY, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Faria CC, Nunes S, Mora J, Hamilton RL, Hauser P, Jabado N, Petrecca K, Jung S, Massimi L, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Bognár L, Klekner A, Hortobágyi T, Leary S, Ermoian RP, Olson JM, Leonard JR, Gardner C, Grajkowska WA, Chambless LB, Cain J, Eberhart CG, Ahsan S, Massimino M, Giangaspero F, Buttarelli FR, Packer RJ, Emery L, Yong WH, Soto H, Liau LM, Everson R, Grossbach A, Shalaby T, Grotzer M, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Wheeler H, von Hoff K, Alonso MM, Tuñon T, Schüller U, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Chan JA, Guzman M, Elbabaa SK, Colman H, Dhall G, Fisher PG, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Goldman S, Hwang E, Kool M, Ladha H, Vera-Bolanos E, Wani K, Lieberman F, Mikkelsen T, Omuro AM, Pollack IF, Prados M, Robins HI, Soffietti R, Wu J, Metellus P, Tabori U, Bartels U, Bouffet E, Hawkins CE, Rutka JT, Dirks P, Pfister SM, Merchant TE, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Korshunov A, Ellison DW, Taylor MD (2016) Therapeutic impact of cytoreductive surgery and irradiation of posterior fossa ependymoma in the molecular era: a retrospective multicohort analysis. J Clin Oncol 34:2468–2477. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.65.7825CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ramaswamy V, Hielscher T, Mack SC, Lassaletta A, Lin T, Pajtler KW, Jones DTW, Luu B, Cavalli FMG, Aldape K, Remke M, Mynarek M, Rutkowski S, Gururangan S, McLendon RE, Lipp ES, Dunham C, Hukin J, Eisenstat DD, Fulton D, van Landeghem FKH, Santi M, van Veelen MLC, van Meir EG, Osuka S, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Tirapelli DPC, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN, Carlotti CG, Lee JY, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Faria CC, Nunes S, Mora J, Hamilton RL, Hauser P, Jabado N, Petrecca K, Jung S, Massimi L, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Bognár L, Klekner A, Hortobágyi T, Leary S, Ermoian RP, Olson JM, Leonard JR, Gardner C, Grajkowska WA, Chambless LB, Cain J, Eberhart CG, Ahsan S, Massimino M, Giangaspero F, Buttarelli FR, Packer RJ, Emery L, Yong WH, Soto H, Liau LM, Everson R, Grossbach A, Shalaby T, Grotzer M, Karajannis MA, Zagzag D, Wheeler H, von Hoff K, Alonso MM, Tuñon T, Schüller U, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Chan JA, Guzman M, Elbabaa SK, Colman H, Dhall G, Fisher PG, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Goldman S, Hwang E, Kool M, Ladha H, Vera-Bolanos E, Wani K, Lieberman F, Mikkelsen T, Omuro AM, Pollack IF, Prados M, Robins HI, Soffietti R, Wu J, Metellus P, Tabori U, Bartels U, Bouffet E, Hawkins CE, Rutka JT, Dirks P, Pfister SM, Merchant TE, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Korshunov A, Ellison DW, Taylor MD (2016) Therapeutic impact of cytoreductive surgery and irradiation of posterior fossa ependymoma in the molecular era: a retrospective multicohort analysis. J Clin Oncol 34:2468–2477. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​2015.​65.​7825CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Bayliss J, Mukherjee P, Lu C, Jain SU, Chung C, Martinez D, Sabari B, Margol AS, Panwalkar P, Parolia A, Pekmezci M, McEachin RC, Cieslik M, Tamrazi B, Garcia BA, la Rocca G, Santi M, Lewis PW, Hawkins C, Melnick A, David Allis C, Thompson CB, Chinnaiyan AM, Judkins AR, Venneti S (2016) Lowered H3K27me3 and DNA hypomethylation define poorly prognostic pediatric posterior fossa ependymomas. Sci Transl Med 8:366ra161–366ra161. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6904CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bayliss J, Mukherjee P, Lu C, Jain SU, Chung C, Martinez D, Sabari B, Margol AS, Panwalkar P, Parolia A, Pekmezci M, McEachin RC, Cieslik M, Tamrazi B, Garcia BA, la Rocca G, Santi M, Lewis PW, Hawkins C, Melnick A, David Allis C, Thompson CB, Chinnaiyan AM, Judkins AR, Venneti S (2016) Lowered H3K27me3 and DNA hypomethylation define poorly prognostic pediatric posterior fossa ependymomas. Sci Transl Med 8:366ra161–366ra161. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​scitranslmed.​aah6904CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Panwalkar P, Clark J, Ramaswamy V, Hawes D, Yang F, Dunham C, Yip S, Hukin J, Sun Y, Schipper MJ, Chavez L, Margol A, Pekmezci M, Chung C, Banda A, Bayliss JM, Curry SJ, Santi M, Rodriguez FJ, Snuderl M, Karajannis MA, Saratsis AM, Horbinski CM, Carret AS, Wilson B, Johnston D, Lafay-Cousin L, Zelcer S, Eisenstat D, Silva M, Scheinemann K, Jabado N, McNeely PD, Kool M, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Hawkins C, Korshunov A, Judkins AR, Venneti S (2017) Immunohistochemical analysis of H3K27me3 demonstrates global reduction in group-A childhood posterior fossa ependymoma and is a powerful predictor of outcome. Acta Neuropathol 134:705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-017-1752-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Panwalkar P, Clark J, Ramaswamy V, Hawes D, Yang F, Dunham C, Yip S, Hukin J, Sun Y, Schipper MJ, Chavez L, Margol A, Pekmezci M, Chung C, Banda A, Bayliss JM, Curry SJ, Santi M, Rodriguez FJ, Snuderl M, Karajannis MA, Saratsis AM, Horbinski CM, Carret AS, Wilson B, Johnston D, Lafay-Cousin L, Zelcer S, Eisenstat D, Silva M, Scheinemann K, Jabado N, McNeely PD, Kool M, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Hawkins C, Korshunov A, Judkins AR, Venneti S (2017) Immunohistochemical analysis of H3K27me3 demonstrates global reduction in group-A childhood posterior fossa ependymoma and is a powerful predictor of outcome. Acta Neuropathol 134:705–714. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-017-1752-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Cavalli FMG, Hübner J-M, Sharma T, Luu B, Sill M, Zapotocky M, Mack SC, Witt H, Lin T, Shih DJH, Ho B, Santi M, Emery L, Hukin J, Dunham C, McLendon RE, Lipp ES, Gururangan S, Grossbach A, French P, Kros JM, van Veelen MLC, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Leary S, Jung S, Faria CC, Mora J, Schüller U, Alonso MM, Chan JA, Klekner A, Chambless LB, Hwang EI, Massimino M, Eberhart CG, Karajannis MA, Lu B, Liau LM, Zollo M, Ferrucci V, Carlotti C, Tirapelli DPC, Tabori U, Bouffet E, Ryzhova M, Ellison DW, Merchant TE, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Aldape K, Pajtler KW, Kool M, Ramaswamy V (2018) Heterogeneity within the PF-EPN-B ependymoma subgroup. Acta Neuropathol 136:227–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1888-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cavalli FMG, Hübner J-M, Sharma T, Luu B, Sill M, Zapotocky M, Mack SC, Witt H, Lin T, Shih DJH, Ho B, Santi M, Emery L, Hukin J, Dunham C, McLendon RE, Lipp ES, Gururangan S, Grossbach A, French P, Kros JM, van Veelen MLC, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Leary S, Jung S, Faria CC, Mora J, Schüller U, Alonso MM, Chan JA, Klekner A, Chambless LB, Hwang EI, Massimino M, Eberhart CG, Karajannis MA, Lu B, Liau LM, Zollo M, Ferrucci V, Carlotti C, Tirapelli DPC, Tabori U, Bouffet E, Ryzhova M, Ellison DW, Merchant TE, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Aldape K, Pajtler KW, Kool M, Ramaswamy V (2018) Heterogeneity within the PF-EPN-B ependymoma subgroup. Acta Neuropathol 136:227–237. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-018-1888-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Celano E, Salehani A, Malcolm JG, Reinertsen E, Hadjipanayis CG (2016) Spinal cord ependymoma: a review of the literature and case series of ten patients. J Neurooncol 128:377–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-016-2135-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Celano E, Salehani A, Malcolm JG, Reinertsen E, Hadjipanayis CG (2016) Spinal cord ependymoma: a review of the literature and case series of ten patients. J Neurooncol 128:377–386. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-016-2135-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Engelhard HH, Villano JL, Porter KR, Stewart AK, Barua M, Barker FG, Newton HB (2010) Clinical presentation, histology, and treatment in 430 patients with primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina. J Neurosurg Spine 13:67–77. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.3.SPINE09430CrossRefPubMed Engelhard HH, Villano JL, Porter KR, Stewart AK, Barua M, Barker FG, Newton HB (2010) Clinical presentation, histology, and treatment in 430 patients with primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina. J Neurosurg Spine 13:67–77. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3171/​2010.​3.​SPINE09430CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ghasemi DR, Sill M, Okonechnikov K, Korshunov A, Yip S, Schutz PW, Scheie D, Kruse A, Harter PN, Kastelan M, Wagner M, Hartmann C, Benzel J, Maass KK, Khasraw M, Sträter R, Thomas C, Paulus W, Kratz CP, Witt H, Kawauchi D, Herold-Mende C, Sahm F, Brandner S, Kool M, Jones DTW, von Deimling A, Pfister SM, Reuss DE, Pajtler KW (2019) MYCN amplification drives an aggressive form of spinal ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol 138:1075–1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02056-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ghasemi DR, Sill M, Okonechnikov K, Korshunov A, Yip S, Schutz PW, Scheie D, Kruse A, Harter PN, Kastelan M, Wagner M, Hartmann C, Benzel J, Maass KK, Khasraw M, Sträter R, Thomas C, Paulus W, Kratz CP, Witt H, Kawauchi D, Herold-Mende C, Sahm F, Brandner S, Kool M, Jones DTW, von Deimling A, Pfister SM, Reuss DE, Pajtler KW (2019) MYCN amplification drives an aggressive form of spinal ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol 138:1075–1089. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-019-02056-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Scheil S, Brüderlein S, Eicker M, Herms J, Herold-Mende C, Steiner HH, Barth TFE, Möller P (2001) Low frequency of chromosomal imbalances in anaplastic ependymomas as detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Brain Pathol 11:133–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00386.xCrossRefPubMed Scheil S, Brüderlein S, Eicker M, Herms J, Herold-Mende C, Steiner HH, Barth TFE, Möller P (2001) Low frequency of chromosomal imbalances in anaplastic ependymomas as detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Brain Pathol 11:133–143. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​j.​1750-3639.​2001.​tb00386.​xCrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Swanson AA, Raghunathan A, Jenkins RB, Messing-Jünger M, Pietsch T, Clarke MJ, Kaufmann TJ, Giannini C (2019) Spinal cord ependymomas with MYCN amplification show aggressive clinical behavior. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 78:791–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlz064CrossRefPubMed Swanson AA, Raghunathan A, Jenkins RB, Messing-Jünger M, Pietsch T, Clarke MJ, Kaufmann TJ, Giannini C (2019) Spinal cord ependymomas with MYCN amplification show aggressive clinical behavior. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 78:791–797. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​jnen/​nlz064CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Koeller KK, Rosenblum RS, Morrison AL (2000) Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 20:1721–1749. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.20.6.g00nv151721CrossRefPubMed Koeller KK, Rosenblum RS, Morrison AL (2000) Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 20:1721–1749. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1148/​radiographics.​20.​6.​g00nv151721CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ebert C, von Haken M, Meyer-Puttlitz B, Wiestler OD, Reifenberger G, Pietsch T, von Deimling A (1999) Molecular genetic analysis of ependymal tumors. NF2 mutations and chromosome 22q loss occur preferentially in intramedullary spinal ependymomas. Am J Pathol 155:627–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65158-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ebert C, von Haken M, Meyer-Puttlitz B, Wiestler OD, Reifenberger G, Pietsch T, von Deimling A (1999) Molecular genetic analysis of ependymal tumors. NF2 mutations and chromosome 22q loss occur preferentially in intramedullary spinal ependymomas. Am J Pathol 155:627–632. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0002-9440(10)65158-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Benesch M, Weber-Mzell D, Gerber NU, von Hoff K, Deinlein F, Krauss J, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, Driever PH, Quehenberger F, Urban C, Rutkowski S (2010) Ependymoma of the spinal cord in children and adolescents: a retrospective series from the HIT database. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6:137–144. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.5.PEDS09553CrossRefPubMed Benesch M, Weber-Mzell D, Gerber NU, von Hoff K, Deinlein F, Krauss J, Warmuth-Metz M, Kortmann RD, Pietsch T, Driever PH, Quehenberger F, Urban C, Rutkowski S (2010) Ependymoma of the spinal cord in children and adolescents: a retrospective series from the HIT database. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6:137–144. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3171/​2010.​5.​PEDS09553CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Cervoni L, Celli P, Caruso R, Gagliardi FM, Cantore GP (1997) Neurinomas and ependymomas of the cauda equina. A review of the clinical characteristics. Minerva Chir 52:629–633PubMed Cervoni L, Celli P, Caruso R, Gagliardi FM, Cantore GP (1997) Neurinomas and ependymomas of the cauda equina. A review of the clinical characteristics. Minerva Chir 52:629–633PubMed

go back to reference Bates JE, Choi G, Milano MT (2016) Myxopapillary ependymoma: a SEER analysis of epidemiology and outcomes. J Neurooncol 129:251–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-016-2167-0CrossRefPubMed Bates JE, Choi G, Milano MT (2016) Myxopapillary ependymoma: a SEER analysis of epidemiology and outcomes. J Neurooncol 129:251–258. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-016-2167-0CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Sonneland PR, Scheithauer BW, Onofrio BM (1985) Myxopapillary ependymoma. A clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical study of 77 cases. Cancer 56:883–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142CrossRefPubMed Sonneland PR, Scheithauer BW, Onofrio BM (1985) Myxopapillary ependymoma. A clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical study of 77 cases. Cancer 56:883–893. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​1097-0142CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Yust Katz S, Cachia D, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Olar A, Theeler B, Penas Prado M, Gilbert MR, Armstrong T (2018) Ependymomas arising outside of the central nervous system: a case series and literature review. J Clin Neurosci 47:202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.026CrossRefPubMed Yust Katz S, Cachia D, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Olar A, Theeler B, Penas Prado M, Gilbert MR, Armstrong T (2018) Ependymomas arising outside of the central nervous system: a case series and literature review. J Clin Neurosci 47:202–207. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jocn.​2017.​10.​026CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lee JC, Sharifai N, Dahiya S, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Rosenblum MK, Reis GF, Samuel D, Siongco AM, Santi M, Storm PB, Ferris SP, Bollen AW, Pekmezci M, Solomon DA, Tihan T, Perry A (2019) Clinicopathologic features of anaplastic myxopapillary ependymomas. Brain Pathol 29:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12673CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee JC, Sharifai N, Dahiya S, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Rosenblum MK, Reis GF, Samuel D, Siongco AM, Santi M, Storm PB, Ferris SP, Bollen AW, Pekmezci M, Solomon DA, Tihan T, Perry A (2019) Clinicopathologic features of anaplastic myxopapillary ependymomas. Brain Pathol 29:75–84. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​bpa.​12673CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Rudà R, Reifenberger G, Frappaz D, Pfister SM, Laprie A, Santarius T, Roth P, Tonn JC, Soffietti R, Weller M, Moyal ECJ (2018) EANO guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ependymal tumors. Neuro-oncology 20:445–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox166CrossRefPubMed Rudà R, Reifenberger G, Frappaz D, Pfister SM, Laprie A, Santarius T, Roth P, Tonn JC, Soffietti R, Weller M, Moyal ECJ (2018) EANO guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ependymal tumors. Neuro-oncology 20:445–456. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​nox166CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Abdallah A, Emel E, Gündüz HB, Sofuoğlu ÖE, Asiltürk M, Abdallah BG (2020) Long-term surgical resection outcomes of pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma: experience of two centers and brief literature review. World Neurosurg 136:e245–e261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.128CrossRefPubMed Abdallah A, Emel E, Gündüz HB, Sofuoğlu ÖE, Asiltürk M, Abdallah BG (2020) Long-term surgical resection outcomes of pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma: experience of two centers and brief literature review. World Neurosurg 136:e245–e261. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​wneu.​2019.​12.​128CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Bandopadhayay P, Silvera VM, Ciarlini PDSC, Malkin H, Bi WL, Bergthold G, Faisal AM, Ullrich NJ, Marcus K, Scott RM, Beroukhim R, Manley PE, Chi SN, Ligon KL, Goumnerova LC, Kieran MW (2016) Myxopapillary ependymomas in children: imaging, treatment and outcomes. J Neurooncol 126:165–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-015-1955-2CrossRefPubMed Bandopadhayay P, Silvera VM, Ciarlini PDSC, Malkin H, Bi WL, Bergthold G, Faisal AM, Ullrich NJ, Marcus K, Scott RM, Beroukhim R, Manley PE, Chi SN, Ligon KL, Goumnerova LC, Kieran MW (2016) Myxopapillary ependymomas in children: imaging, treatment and outcomes. J Neurooncol 126:165–174. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-015-1955-2CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Weber DC, Wang Y, Miller R, Villa S, Zaucha R, Pica A, Poortmans P, Anacak Y, Ozygit G, Baumert B, Haller G, Preusser M, Li J (2015) Long-term outcome of patients with spinal myxopapillary ependymoma: treatment results from the MD Anderson Cancer Center and institutions from the Rare Cancer Network. Neuro-oncology 17:588–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou293CrossRefPubMed Weber DC, Wang Y, Miller R, Villa S, Zaucha R, Pica A, Poortmans P, Anacak Y, Ozygit G, Baumert B, Haller G, Preusser M, Li J (2015) Long-term outcome of patients with spinal myxopapillary ependymoma: treatment results from the MD Anderson Cancer Center and institutions from the Rare Cancer Network. Neuro-oncology 17:588–595. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​nou293CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Raffeld M, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, Xi L, Nagaraj S, Briceno N, Vera E, Pittaluga S, Lopes Abath Neto O, Quezado M, Aldape K, Armstrong TS, Gilbert MR (2020) High level MYCN amplification and distinct methylation signature define an aggressive subtype of spinal cord ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 8:101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-020-00973-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Raffeld M, Abdullaev Z, Pack SD, Xi L, Nagaraj S, Briceno N, Vera E, Pittaluga S, Lopes Abath Neto O, Quezado M, Aldape K, Armstrong TS, Gilbert MR (2020) High level MYCN amplification and distinct methylation signature define an aggressive subtype of spinal cord ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 8:101. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s40478-020-00973-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Grill J, Le Deley M-C, Gambarelli D et al (2001) Postoperative chemotherapy without irradiation for ependymoma in children under 5 years of age: a multicenter trial of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19:1288–1296. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.5.1288CrossRefPubMed Grill J, Le Deley M-C, Gambarelli D et al (2001) Postoperative chemotherapy without irradiation for ependymoma in children under 5 years of age: a multicenter trial of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19:1288–1296. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​2001.​19.​5.​1288CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Timmermann B, Kortmann R-D, Kühl J, Rutkowski S, Dieckmann K, Meisner C, Bamberg M (2005) Role of radiotherapy in anaplastic ependymoma in children under age of 3 years: results of the prospective German brain tumor trials HIT-SKK 87 and 92. Radiother Oncol 77:278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2005.10.016CrossRefPubMed Timmermann B, Kortmann R-D, Kühl J, Rutkowski S, Dieckmann K, Meisner C, Bamberg M (2005) Role of radiotherapy in anaplastic ependymoma in children under age of 3 years: results of the prospective German brain tumor trials HIT-SKK 87 and 92. Radiother Oncol 77:278–285. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​radonc.​2005.​10.​016CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference MacDonald SM, Safai S, Trofimov A et al (2008) Proton radiotherapy for childhood ependymoma: initial clinical outcomes and dose comparisons. Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys 71:979–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.11.065CrossRef MacDonald SM, Safai S, Trofimov A et al (2008) Proton radiotherapy for childhood ependymoma: initial clinical outcomes and dose comparisons. Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys 71:979–986. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2007.​11.​065CrossRef

go back to reference Sato M, Gunther JR, Mahajan A, Jo E, Paulino AC, Adesina AM, Jones JY, Ketonen LM, Su JM, Okcu MF, Khatua S, Dauser RC, Whitehead WE, Weinberg J, Chintagumpala MM (2017) Progression-free survival of children with localized ependymoma treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy or proton-beam radiation therapy. Cancer 123:2570–2578. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30623CrossRefPubMed Sato M, Gunther JR, Mahajan A, Jo E, Paulino AC, Adesina AM, Jones JY, Ketonen LM, Su JM, Okcu MF, Khatua S, Dauser RC, Whitehead WE, Weinberg J, Chintagumpala MM (2017) Progression-free survival of children with localized ependymoma treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy or proton-beam radiation therapy. Cancer 123:2570–2578. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​cncr.​30623CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pfaff E, Kessler T, Balasubramanian GP, Berberich A, Schrimpf D, Wick A, Debus J, Unterberg A, Bendszus M, Herold-Mende C, Capper D, Schenkel I, Eisenmenger A, Dettmer S, Brors B, Platten M, Pfister SM, von Deimling A, Jones DTW, Wick W, Sahm F (2018) Feasibility of real-time molecular profiling for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation-the NCT Neuro Master Match (N2M2) pilot study. Neuro-oncology 20:826–837. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox216CrossRefPubMed Pfaff E, Kessler T, Balasubramanian GP, Berberich A, Schrimpf D, Wick A, Debus J, Unterberg A, Bendszus M, Herold-Mende C, Capper D, Schenkel I, Eisenmenger A, Dettmer S, Brors B, Platten M, Pfister SM, von Deimling A, Jones DTW, Wick W, Sahm F (2018) Feasibility of real-time molecular profiling for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation-the NCT Neuro Master Match (N2M2) pilot study. Neuro-oncology 20:826–837. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​nox216CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Mack SC, Pajtler KW, Chavez L, Okonechnikov K, Bertrand KC, Wang X, Erkek S, Federation A, Song A, Lee C, Wang X, McDonald L, Morrow JJ, Saiakhova A, Sin-Chan P, Wu Q, Michaelraj KA, Miller TE, Hubert CG, Ryzhova M, Garzia L, Donovan L, Dombrowski S, Factor DC, Luu B, Valentim CLL, Gimple RC, Morton A, Kim L, Prager BC, Lee JJY, Wu X, Zuccaro J, Thompson Y, Holgado BL, Reimand J, Ke SQ, Tropper A, Lai S, Vijayarajah S, Doan S, Mahadev V, Miñan AF, Gröbner SN, Lienhard M, Zapatka M, Huang Z, Aldape KD, Carcaboso AM, Houghton PJ, Keir ST, Milde T, Witt H, Li Y, Li CJ, Bian XW, Jones DTW, Scott I, Singh SK, Huang A, Dirks PB, Bouffet E, Bradner JE, Ramaswamy V, Jabado N, Rutka JT, Northcott PA, Lupien M, Lichter P, Korshunov A, Scacheri PC, Pfister SM, Kool M, Taylor MD, Rich JN (2018) Therapeutic targeting of ependymoma as informed by oncogenic enhancer profiling. Nature 553:101–105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25169CrossRefPubMed Mack SC, Pajtler KW, Chavez L, Okonechnikov K, Bertrand KC, Wang X, Erkek S, Federation A, Song A, Lee C, Wang X, McDonald L, Morrow JJ, Saiakhova A, Sin-Chan P, Wu Q, Michaelraj KA, Miller TE, Hubert CG, Ryzhova M, Garzia L, Donovan L, Dombrowski S, Factor DC, Luu B, Valentim CLL, Gimple RC, Morton A, Kim L, Prager BC, Lee JJY, Wu X, Zuccaro J, Thompson Y, Holgado BL, Reimand J, Ke SQ, Tropper A, Lai S, Vijayarajah S, Doan S, Mahadev V, Miñan AF, Gröbner SN, Lienhard M, Zapatka M, Huang Z, Aldape KD, Carcaboso AM, Houghton PJ, Keir ST, Milde T, Witt H, Li Y, Li CJ, Bian XW, Jones DTW, Scott I, Singh SK, Huang A, Dirks PB, Bouffet E, Bradner JE, Ramaswamy V, Jabado N, Rutka JT, Northcott PA, Lupien M, Lichter P, Korshunov A, Scacheri PC, Pfister SM, Kool M, Taylor MD, Rich JN (2018) Therapeutic targeting of ependymoma as informed by oncogenic enhancer profiling. Nature 553:101–105. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature25169CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Feldman WB, Clark AJ, Safaee M, Ames CP, Parsa AT (2013) Tumor control after surgery for spinal myxopapillary ependymomas: distinct outcomes in adults versus children: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine 19:471–476. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.6.SPINE12927CrossRefPubMed Feldman WB, Clark AJ, Safaee M, Ames CP, Parsa AT (2013) Tumor control after surgery for spinal myxopapillary ependymomas: distinct outcomes in adults versus children: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine 19:471–476. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3171/​2013.​6.​SPINE12927CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Benesch M, Mynarek M, Witt H, Warmuth-Metz M, Pietsch T, Bison B, Pfister SM, Pajtler KW, Kool M, Schüller U, Pietschmann K, Juhnke BO, Tippelt S, Fleischhack G, Schmid I, Kramm CM, Vorwerk P, Beilken A, Classen CF, Hernáiz Driever P, Kropshofer G, Imschweiler T, Lemmer A, Kortmann RD, Rutkowski S, Hoff K (2019) Newly diagnosed metastatic intracranial ependymoma in children: frequency, molecular characteristics, treatment, and outcome in the prospective HIT series. Oncologist 24:e921–e929. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0489CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Benesch M, Mynarek M, Witt H, Warmuth-Metz M, Pietsch T, Bison B, Pfister SM, Pajtler KW, Kool M, Schüller U, Pietschmann K, Juhnke BO, Tippelt S, Fleischhack G, Schmid I, Kramm CM, Vorwerk P, Beilken A, Classen CF, Hernáiz Driever P, Kropshofer G, Imschweiler T, Lemmer A, Kortmann RD, Rutkowski S, Hoff K (2019) Newly diagnosed metastatic intracranial ependymoma in children: frequency, molecular characteristics, treatment, and outcome in the prospective HIT series. Oncologist 24:e921–e929. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1634/​theoncologist.​2018-0489CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Byer L, Kline CN, Coleman C, Allen IE, Whitaker E, Mueller S (2019) A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes in pediatric, recurrent ependymoma. J Neurooncol 144:445–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-019-03255-3CrossRefPubMed Byer L, Kline CN, Coleman C, Allen IE, Whitaker E, Mueller S (2019) A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes in pediatric, recurrent ependymoma. J Neurooncol 144:445–452. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-019-03255-3CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ritzmann TA, Rogers HA, Paine SML, Storer LCD, Jacques TS, Chapman RJ, Ellison D, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Grundy RG (2020) A retrospective analysis of recurrent pediatric ependymoma reveals extremely poor survival and ineffectiveness of current treatments across central nervous system locations and molecular subgroups. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28426. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28426CrossRefPubMed Ritzmann TA, Rogers HA, Paine SML, Storer LCD, Jacques TS, Chapman RJ, Ellison D, Donson AM, Foreman NK, Grundy RG (2020) A retrospective analysis of recurrent pediatric ependymoma reveals extremely poor survival and ineffectiveness of current treatments across central nervous system locations and molecular subgroups. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67:e28426. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​pbc.​28426CrossRefPubMed