Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Osteoporosis International 5/2003

01-09-2003 | Original Article

Regulation of skeletal remodeling by biomechanical input

Author: Janet Rubin

Published in: Osteoporosis International | Special Issue 5/2003

Login to get access

Excerpt

Biophysical input generated during normal physiological loading is a major determinant of bone mass and morphology. Imposing load, such as in the dominant radius of tennis players, increases bone strength and size [1]. In states where skeletal loading is decreased, such as in prolonged bed rest or in paraplegics, bone resorption is initiated. In microgravity, astronauts lose bone mineral in the lower skeleton at a rate approaching 1.6% per month [2], a remarkable loss comparable to the yearly bone loss in postmenopausal women! The mechanisms by which functional loading regulates cellular activity in bone should be of great interest to bone biologists, and might be able to be mimicked by clinical manipulations aimed at maintaining bone health. …
Literature
1.
go back to reference Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievanen H, et al (2000) Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone 27:351–357 Haapasalo H, Kontulainen S, Sievanen H, et al (2000) Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone 27:351–357
2.
go back to reference LeBlanc A, Schneider V, Shackelford L, et al (1996) Bone mineral and lean tissus loss after long duration spaceflight. J Bone Miner Res 11 (S1):567 LeBlanc A, Schneider V, Shackelford L, et al (1996) Bone mineral and lean tissus loss after long duration spaceflight. J Bone Miner Res 11 (S1):567
3.
go back to reference Rubin J, Biskobing DM, Fan X, et al (1997) Pressure regulates osteoclast formation and MCSF expression in marrow culture. J Cell Physiol 170:81–87CrossRefPubMed Rubin J, Biskobing DM, Fan X, et al (1997) Pressure regulates osteoclast formation and MCSF expression in marrow culture. J Cell Physiol 170:81–87CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Smalt R, Mitchell F, Howard R, Chambers TJ (1997) Mechanotransduction in bone cells: induction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis by fluid shear stress, but not by mechanical strain. Adv Exp Med Biol 433:311–314PubMed Smalt R, Mitchell F, Howard R, Chambers TJ (1997) Mechanotransduction in bone cells: induction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin synthesis by fluid shear stress, but not by mechanical strain. Adv Exp Med Biol 433:311–314PubMed
5.
go back to reference Jacobs C, Yellowley C, Davis B, et al (1998) Differential effect of steady versus oscillating flow on bone cells. J Biomech 31:969–976CrossRefPubMed Jacobs C, Yellowley C, Davis B, et al (1998) Differential effect of steady versus oscillating flow on bone cells. J Biomech 31:969–976CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Qin YX, Lin W, Rubin C (2002) The pathway of bone fluid flow as defined by in vivo intramedullary pressure and streaming potential measurements. Ann Biomed Eng 30:693–702CrossRefPubMed Qin YX, Lin W, Rubin C (2002) The pathway of bone fluid flow as defined by in vivo intramedullary pressure and streaming potential measurements. Ann Biomed Eng 30:693–702CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Rubin J, Murphy T, Nanes MS, Fan X (2000) Mechanical strain inhibits expression of osteoclast differentiation factor by murine stromal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278:C1126–C1132PubMed Rubin J, Murphy T, Nanes MS, Fan X (2000) Mechanical strain inhibits expression of osteoclast differentiation factor by murine stromal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278:C1126–C1132PubMed
8.
go back to reference Chen KD, Li YS, Kim M, et al (1999) Mechanotransduction in response to shear stress. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and Shc. J Biol Chem 274:18393–18400CrossRefPubMed Chen KD, Li YS, Kim M, et al (1999) Mechanotransduction in response to shear stress. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and Shc. J Biol Chem 274:18393–18400CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Ingber D (1999) How cells (might) sense microgravity. FASEB J 13:S3–S15PubMed Ingber D (1999) How cells (might) sense microgravity. FASEB J 13:S3–S15PubMed
10.
go back to reference Schwachtgen J, Houston P, Campbell C, Sukhatme V, Braddock M (1998) Fluid shear stress activation of egr-1 transcription in cultured human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated via the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Clin Invest 101:2540–2549PubMed Schwachtgen J, Houston P, Campbell C, Sukhatme V, Braddock M (1998) Fluid shear stress activation of egr-1 transcription in cultured human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated via the extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Clin Invest 101:2540–2549PubMed
11.
go back to reference Yan C, Takahashi M, Okuda M, Lee JD, Berk BC (1999) Fluid shear stress stimulates big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (BMK1) activity in endothelial cells. Dependence on tyrosine kinases and intracellular calcium. J Biol Chem 274:143–150CrossRefPubMed Yan C, Takahashi M, Okuda M, Lee JD, Berk BC (1999) Fluid shear stress stimulates big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (BMK1) activity in endothelial cells. Dependence on tyrosine kinases and intracellular calcium. J Biol Chem 274:143–150CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Li C, Hu Y, Mayr M, Xy Q (1999) Cyclic strain stress-induced MAP kinase phosphatase 1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by Ras/Rac-MAPK pathways. J Biol Chem 274:25273–25380CrossRefPubMed Li C, Hu Y, Mayr M, Xy Q (1999) Cyclic strain stress-induced MAP kinase phosphatase 1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by Ras/Rac-MAPK pathways. J Biol Chem 274:25273–25380CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Smalt R, Mitchell F, Howard R, Chambers T (1997) Induction of NO and prostaglandin E2 in osteoblasts by wall-shear stress but not mechanical strain. Am J Physiol 273:E751–E758PubMed Smalt R, Mitchell F, Howard R, Chambers T (1997) Induction of NO and prostaglandin E2 in osteoblasts by wall-shear stress but not mechanical strain. Am J Physiol 273:E751–E758PubMed
14.
go back to reference Ingram AJ, Ly H, Thai K, Kang MJ, Scholey JW (1999) Mesangial cell signaling cascades in response to mechanical strain and glucose. Kidney Int 56:1721–1728CrossRefPubMed Ingram AJ, Ly H, Thai K, Kang MJ, Scholey JW (1999) Mesangial cell signaling cascades in response to mechanical strain and glucose. Kidney Int 56:1721–1728CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Reusch HP, Chan G, Ives HE, Nemenoff RA (1997) Activation of JNK/SAPK and ERK by mechanical strain in vascular smooth muscle cells depends on extracellular matrix composition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 237:239–244CrossRefPubMed Reusch HP, Chan G, Ives HE, Nemenoff RA (1997) Activation of JNK/SAPK and ERK by mechanical strain in vascular smooth muscle cells depends on extracellular matrix composition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 237:239–244CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Rubin C, Lanyon LE (1985) Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calif Tissue Int 37:411–417 Rubin C, Lanyon LE (1985) Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude. Calif Tissue Int 37:411–417
17.
go back to reference Klein-Nulend J, Helfrich MH, Sterck JG, et al (1998) Nitric oxide response to shear stress by human bone cell cultures is endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250:108–114CrossRefPubMed Klein-Nulend J, Helfrich MH, Sterck JG, et al (1998) Nitric oxide response to shear stress by human bone cell cultures is endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250:108–114CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Pitsillides AA, Rawlinson SC, Suswillo RF, et al (1995) Mechanical strain-induced NO production by bone cells: a possible role in adaptive bone (re)modeling? FASEB J 9:1614–1622PubMed Pitsillides AA, Rawlinson SC, Suswillo RF, et al (1995) Mechanical strain-induced NO production by bone cells: a possible role in adaptive bone (re)modeling? FASEB J 9:1614–1622PubMed
19.
go back to reference Ralston SH (1997) The Michael Mason Prize Essay 1997. Nitric oxide and bone: what a gas! Br J Rheumatol 36:831–838 Ralston SH (1997) The Michael Mason Prize Essay 1997. Nitric oxide and bone: what a gas! Br J Rheumatol 36:831–838
20.
go back to reference Kasten TP, Collin-Osdoby P, Patel N, et al (1994) Potentiation of osteoclast bone-resorption activity by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3569–3573PubMed Kasten TP, Collin-Osdoby P, Patel N, et al (1994) Potentiation of osteoclast bone-resorption activity by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3569–3573PubMed
21.
go back to reference Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC, Cummings SR (1998) Intermittent use of nitrates increases bone mineral density: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 13:1755–1759PubMed Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC, Cummings SR (1998) Intermittent use of nitrates increases bone mineral density: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 13:1755–1759PubMed
22.
go back to reference Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I, Murrell GA (1996) Nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME suppresses mechanically induced bone formation in rats. Am J Physiol 270:E634–E639PubMed Turner CH, Takano Y, Owan I, Murrell GA (1996) Nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME suppresses mechanically induced bone formation in rats. Am J Physiol 270:E634–E639PubMed
23.
go back to reference Collin-Osdoby P, Rothe L, Bekker S, Anderson F, Osdoby P (2000) Decreased nitric oxide levels stimulate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo on the chick chorioallantoic membrane in association with neoangiogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:474–488PubMed Collin-Osdoby P, Rothe L, Bekker S, Anderson F, Osdoby P (2000) Decreased nitric oxide levels stimulate osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo on the chick chorioallantoic membrane in association with neoangiogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:474–488PubMed
24.
go back to reference Papapetropoulos A, Rudic RD, Sessa WC (1999) Molecular control of nitric oxide synthases in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 43:509–520 Papapetropoulos A, Rudic RD, Sessa WC (1999) Molecular control of nitric oxide synthases in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 43:509–520
25.
go back to reference Malek AM, Jiang L, Lee I, et al (1999) Induction of nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shear stress requires intracellular calcium and G-protein signals and is modulated by PI 3 kinase [published erratum appears in Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1999) 256:255]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254:231–242CrossRefPubMed Malek AM, Jiang L, Lee I, et al (1999) Induction of nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shear stress requires intracellular calcium and G-protein signals and is modulated by PI 3 kinase [published erratum appears in Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1999) 256:255]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 254:231–242CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Armour K, Armour KJ, Gallagher ME, et al (2000) Requirement for the eNOS pathway in the regulation of bone density, osteoblast activity and skeletal responses to estrogen. J Bone Miner Res 15:1111 Armour K, Armour KJ, Gallagher ME, et al (2000) Requirement for the eNOS pathway in the regulation of bone density, osteoblast activity and skeletal responses to estrogen. J Bone Miner Res 15:1111
27.
go back to reference Rubin J, McLeod KJ, Titus L, et al (1996) Formation of osteoclast-like cells is suppressed by low frequency, low intensity electric fields. J Orthop Res 14:7–15PubMed Rubin J, McLeod KJ, Titus L, et al (1996) Formation of osteoclast-like cells is suppressed by low frequency, low intensity electric fields. J Orthop Res 14:7–15PubMed
28.
go back to reference Rubin J, Fan X, Biskobing D, Taylor W, Rubin C (1999) Osteoclastogenesis is repressed by mechanical strain in an in vitro model. J Orthop Res 17:639–645PubMed Rubin J, Fan X, Biskobing D, Taylor W, Rubin C (1999) Osteoclastogenesis is repressed by mechanical strain in an in vitro model. J Orthop Res 17:639–645PubMed
29.
go back to reference Rubin J, Murphy T, Fan X, Goldschmidt M, Taylor W (2002) Mechanical strain inhibits RANKL expression through activation of ERK1/2 in bone marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 17:1452–1460PubMed Rubin J, Murphy T, Fan X, Goldschmidt M, Taylor W (2002) Mechanical strain inhibits RANKL expression through activation of ERK1/2 in bone marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 17:1452–1460PubMed
30.
go back to reference Jamal S, Browner W, Bauer D, Cummings S (1998) Intermittent use of nitrates increases bone mineral density: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 13:1755–1759PubMed Jamal S, Browner W, Bauer D, Cummings S (1998) Intermittent use of nitrates increases bone mineral density: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 13:1755–1759PubMed
31.
go back to reference Kousteni S, Chen J, Bellido T, et al (2002) Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenotropic signaling of sex steroids. Science 298:843–846CrossRefPubMed Kousteni S, Chen J, Bellido T, et al (2002) Reversal of bone loss in mice by nongenotropic signaling of sex steroids. Science 298:843–846CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Regulation of skeletal remodeling by biomechanical input
Author
Janet Rubin
Publication date
01-09-2003
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Osteoporosis International / Issue Special Issue 5/2003
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Electronic ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-003-1472-6

Other articles of this Special Issue 5/2003

Osteoporosis International 5/2003 Go to the issue