Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the main cause of chronic end-stage liver disease, is recognised as a metabolic disease characterized by excessive fat …

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from absolute or relative insufficiency in insulin secretion and disorder in insulin utilization. Diabetes has emerged as a global public health issue, with its …

Among South Asians, there is an exceptionally high and growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) [ 1 ]. South Asians with T2D have a higher disease-associated mortality rate and more diabetes-related complications, including cardiovascular …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) globally [ 1 ]. The main initiator of DN is chronic hyperglycemia, while various pathological mechanisms such as hemodynamic disruption, oxidative stress …

By 2030, the global prevalence of diabetes is projected to surpass 578 million individuals [ 1 ], with cardiovascular complications remaining a leading cause of disability and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus. A study confirmed that …

Characterised by relative insulin deficiency caused by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance [ 1 ], type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant public health concern, with a global prevalence 508 million in 2021 [ 2 ]. In …

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of heart failure (HF), with affected individuals facing a two- to four-fold higher risk than non-diabetics [ 1 , 2 ]. HF in diabetes primarily results from ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and hyperglycemia [ 1 ]. DM arises from a combination of pathogenic factors, including genetic predisposition and endocrine dysfunction …

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a global pandemic [ 1 ]. Northern Italy, which accounted for over 70% of …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide public health problem that seriously threatens human health. In recent years, the prevalence rate has been increasing year by year, driven by factors such as population aging and lifestyles [ 1 ]. Data …

This study examines the relationship between diabetes duration and well-being using data from 115,039 U.S. adults (2005–2017). Logistic regression shows a significant negative correlation, with each year of diabetes reducing well-being by 0.05%.

In recent decades, the pandemic of diabetes has emerged as a monumental threat to public health, with an ongoing rise in its prevalence. In 2021, the highest worldwide age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was observed in the Middle East and …

Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and functions as an important endocrine organ, maintaining internal homeostasis through autocrine and paracrine secretions [ 1 – 3 ]. However, aging leads to a progressive decline in …

Obesity leads to adipocyte dysfunction and increased levels of free fatty acids (FFAs). Excessive supply of FFAs and lipids beyond adipose tissue adaptation leads to adipocyte insulin resistance (IR) and ectopic fat deposition in organs, such as …

In recent years, with improvements in living standards and a significant extension of life expectancy, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has risen sharply, ranking eighth on the global burden of disease list [ 1 ]. It profoundly affects …

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both [ 1 ]. It is conventionally classified into type 1 diabetes (due to autoimmune β-cell …

Gut dysbiosis has been linked to type 1 and 2 diabetes. Studies suggest that fecal microbiota transplantation may enhance diabetes treatment by restoring microbial diversity, improving glycemic control, and modulating immune responses.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant global health burden, accounting for the majority of deaths worldwide [ 1 ]. A multitude of studies have demonstrated that chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents one of the most potent risk …