Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by either significant symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsiveness or a combination of the two. The current diagnostic criteria for ADHD …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by poor glycemic control due to inadequate insulin production and insulin resistance [ 1 ]. The onset of T2DM is preceded by a decline in insulin secretion, followed by a …

Despite declining rates of smoking in Europe and North America, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) remains a major cause of long-term morbidity and mortality with frequent hospitalizations adding to the cost of care [ 1 , 2 ]. Patients …

Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, and it has been estimated that, by 2040, the number of people with glaucoma will have increased to approximately 112 million [ 1 ]. As available medical agents for treating …

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a cardiac emergency caused by the occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery, typically as the result of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus formation [ 1 ]. The guideline-directed treatment for …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disease marked by persistently high blood sugar levels and changes in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates as a result of deficiencies in the secretion and/or action of insulin …

The nature versus nurture debate has intrigued scientific circles for decades. Although extensive research has established a clear relationship between genetics and disease development, recent evidence has highlighted the insufficiency of …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and low bone mineral density (BMD) are serious health problems that hit many countries and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Both CVD and low BMD often occur concurrently and are associated with shared risk …

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the evaluation of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral hip pathology due to its significant association with hip pain and impaired joint function [ 1 ]. The gold standard for evaluation …

One of the most important aspects of healthcare knowledge is having a thorough understanding of the triage system which is used in emergency departments [ 1 , 2 ]. When a patient seeks emergency care, the triage system is the first place they visit …

Lichen planus (LP) is an idiopathic, cell-mediated inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membrane. LP presented clinically with pruritic, purple patches and papules predominantly affecting the wrists, lower back, and ankles, with a …

Musical hallucinations (MH) are the subjective experience of hearing music when none is played. They are a rare, understudied area of psychiatry. MH are more common in women and older age and have several underlying aetiologies and predisposing …

Common inflammatory risk factors present in patients with periodontal illnesses, such as chronic periodontitis, are also present in those with other systemic and chronic inflammatory disorders. They are a major cause of oral illness worldwide.

Ferritin is an iron-binding protein and a commonly ordered blood test in routine clinical practice [ 1 ]. While its main biologic role is to bind intracellular iron and prevent free iron toxicity, routinely measured ferritin is iron-poor …

Facial injuries comprise a large component of the day-to-day running of maxillofacial units. In addition to the increased workload they create, these injuries are also cause of significant physical and mental morbidity to affected patients.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has reported that disability and death due to Parkinson’s disease (PD) are increasing faster than for any other neurodegenerative condition [ 1 ]. PD is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative illness …

Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent gynecological malignancies, which poses a huge health burden for women around the world [ 1 – 3 ]. It is reported that there are 109,741 new cases and 59,060 deaths of cervical cancer in China in 2020 [ 4 …]. With the launch of the cervical cancer screening program, more and more patients are diagnosed at an early stage, for whom the main therapy strategy is surgical treatment [

The first case of the COVID-19 virus was confirmed in Ireland on 26th February 2020 [ 1 ], with the first ensuing population-level lockdown ordered on 27th March 2020. Breast cancer services were disrupted at the onset of the pandemic due to the …