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Open Access 20-11-2023 | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | Review

Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

Authors: Agnieszka Lembas, Andrzej Załęski, Michał Peller, Tomasz Mikuła, Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało

Published in: Cardiovascular Toxicology | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

The developments in HIV treatments have increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH), a situation that makes cardiovascular disease (CVD) in that population as relevant as ever. PLWH are at increased risk of CVD, and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is continually increasing. HIV infection is associated with elevated levels of multiple proinflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-1β, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, TNF-α, TGF-β, osteopontin, sCD14, hs-CRP, and D-dimer. Other currently examined mechanisms include CD4 + lymphocyte depletion, increased intestinal permeability, microbial translocation, and altered cholesterol metabolism. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to decreases in the concentrations of the majority of proinflammatory molecules, although most remain higher than in the general population. Moreover, adverse effects of ART also play an important role in increased CVD risk, especially in the era of rapid advancement of new therapeutical options. Nevertheless, it is currently believed that HIV plays a more significant role in the development of metabolic syndromes than treatment-associated factors. PLWH being more prone to develop CVD is also due to the higher prevalence of smoking and chronic coinfections with viruses such as HCV and HBV. For these reasons, it is crucial to consider HIV a possible causal factor in CVD occurrence, especially among young patients or individuals without common CVD risk factors.

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Title: Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Agnieszka Lembas
Andrzej Załęski
Michał Peller
Tomasz Mikuła
Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało
Publication date: 20-11-2023
Publisher: Springer US
Keyword: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Published in: Cardiovascular Toxicology / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 1530-7905
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0259
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-023-09815-4

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease

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