Identification of molecular heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma based on immune gene expression signatures

Although various molecular subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been investigated, most of these studies identify HCC subtype based on genomic profiling. Few studies have investigated the classification based on immune signatures, and none have classified HCC based on Immune activation and immunosuppressive. We performed immune gene expression of tumor tissue in 374 HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and used unsupervised consensus clustering to stratify tumors. We then used HCC patients from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) as replication datasets. Based on the expression of 782 immune-related genes, HCC was stratified into four distinct immune subtypes. Tumors in one cluster (high immune activation; high-IA) indicate a higher level of Immune activation, which was characterized by higher anti-tumor immunity, higher pro-tumor immune-suppressive cell types, higher fractions of CD8+ T cells and M0 Macrophages compared with other subtypes. The high-IA also presents higher cancer-related hallmark signatures, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and apoptosis. We also found subpopulations of regulatory and exhaustion T lymphocyte were characterized by an opposite trend in high-IA, though samples in high-IA response to immunotherapy with better survival. The comparison of the immune profile in tumor and normal tissue indicates the activation of immune responses which only occurred in high-IA patients, while we conducted comparison of cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis tumor immune signatures, immune response activation was almost occurred in high-IA, but some of immune responses occurred in low-IA (low immune activation).