Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Hepatology International 2/2022

01-04-2022 | Hepatitis B | Guidelines

Asian Pacific association for the study of liver (APASL) guidelines: hepatitis B virus in pregnancy

Authors: Manoj Kumar, Zaigham Abbas, Milad Azami, Maria Belopolskaya, A. K. Dokmeci, Hasmik Ghazinyan, Jidong Jia, Ankur Jindal, Han Chu Lee, Wei Lei, Seng Gee Lim, Chun-Jen Liu, Qiang Li, Mamun Al Mahtab, David H. Muljono, Madunil Anuk Niriella, Masao Omata, Diana A. Payawal, Shiv K. Sarin, Olivier Ségéral, Tawesak Tanwandee, Nirupma Trehanpati, Kumar Visvanathan, Jin Mo Yang, Man‑Fung Yuen, Yingjie Zheng, Y. H. Zhou

Published in: Hepatology International | Issue 2/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection still remains a major public health issue in the Asia–Pacific region. Most of the burden of HBV-related disease results from infections acquired in infancy through perinatal or early childhood exposure to HBV in Asia–Pacific. Hepatitis B during pregnancy presents unique management issues for both the mother and fetus. These APASL guidelines provide a comprehensive review and recommendations based on available evidence in the literature, for the management of females with HBV infection through every stage of pregnancy and postpartum. These also address the concerns, management challenges, and required follow-up of children born to hepatitis B-positive mothers.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328:1490CrossRefPubMed Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328:1490CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Sarin SK, Kumar M, Eslam M, George J, Al Mahtab M, Akbar SMF, et al. Liver diseases in the Asia–Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology Commission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(2):167–228CrossRefPubMed Sarin SK, Kumar M, Eslam M, George J, Al Mahtab M, Akbar SMF, et al. Liver diseases in the Asia–Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology Commission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(2):167–228CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Operationalizing elimination of mother-to-child transmission of Hepatitis B virus in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2021 World Health Organization. Operationalizing elimination of mother-to-child transmission of Hepatitis B virus in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2021
7.
go back to reference Esaulenko V, Lyalina LV, Trifonov GF, Pokrovsky VI, Totolyan AA. Viral hepatitis in the Russian Federation. Analytical review. Issue 10/E. SPb: FBUN NIIEM named after Pasteur, 2016. 152 (In Russian) Esaulenko V, Lyalina LV, Trifonov GF, Pokrovsky VI, Totolyan AA. Viral hepatitis in the Russian Federation. Analytical review. Issue 10/E. SPb: FBUN NIIEM named after Pasteur, 2016. 152 (In Russian)
11.
go back to reference Köse Ş, Gül S, Tatar B, Temur M, Göl B. HBV, HCV and HAV seroprevalence in pregnant women admitted to İzmir Aegean Obstetrics and Gynecology Training and Research Hospital: 2010–2011 İzmir Ege Doğumevi ve Kadın Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’ne başvuran gebe kadınlarda HBV, HCV ve HAV seroprevalansları: 2010–2011. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2017; 74(1): 21–28. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2016.39259 Köse Ş, Gül S, Tatar B, Temur M, Göl B. HBV, HCV and HAV seroprevalence in pregnant women admitted to İzmir Aegean Obstetrics and Gynecology Training and Research Hospital: 2010–2011 İzmir Ege Doğumevi ve Kadın Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’ne başvuran gebe kadınlarda HBV, HCV ve HAV seroprevalansları: 2010–2011. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2017; 74(1): 21–28. Doi: https://​doi.​org/​10.​5505/​TurkHijyen.​2016.​39259
12.
go back to reference Nersesov AV, Berkinbayev SF, Junusbekova GA, Jumabayeva AE, Novitskaya MS, Kyanysh N. Prevalence of viral hepatitis among residents of South Kazakhstan region. Medicine (Almaty). 2016;171(9):30–33 (In Russian) Nersesov AV, Berkinbayev SF, Junusbekova GA, Jumabayeva AE, Novitskaya MS, Kyanysh N. Prevalence of viral hepatitis among residents of South Kazakhstan region. Medicine (Almaty). 2016;171(9):30–33 (In Russian)
13.
go back to reference Azimova SM, Odinaev RI Chronic hepatitis “B” in pregnant women. Bull Acad Sci Repub Tajikistan. Department of Biological and Medical Sciences. 2015; 2:89–93 (In Russian) Azimova SM, Odinaev RI Chronic hepatitis “B” in pregnant women. Bull Acad Sci Repub Tajikistan. Department of Biological and Medical Sciences. 2015; 2:89–93 (In Russian)
16.
go back to reference Khachatryan S, Vanyan A, Sahakyan G. Hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in Armenia. Blood. 2015;2(20):53 Khachatryan S, Vanyan A, Sahakyan G. Hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in Armenia. Blood. 2015;2(20):53
17.
go back to reference Aminzadeh Z, Gachkar L, Sayyadi Anari AR. Frequency of HBsAg positive in pregnant womenRafsanjan in the year 2003. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2004;3(2):126–133 (Persian) Aminzadeh Z, Gachkar L, Sayyadi Anari AR. Frequency of HBsAg positive in pregnant womenRafsanjan in the year 2003. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2004;3(2):126–133 (Persian)
18.
go back to reference Mohebbi SR, Sanati A, Cheraghipour K, Rostami Nejad M, Shalmani HM, Zali MR. Hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and risk factors in a large cohort of pregnant women in Lorestan, West of Iran. Hepat Mon. 2011;11(9):736–739CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mohebbi SR, Sanati A, Cheraghipour K, Rostami Nejad M, Shalmani HM, Zali MR. Hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and risk factors in a large cohort of pregnant women in Lorestan, West of Iran. Hepat Mon. 2011;11(9):736–739CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Motamedifar M, Amini E, Talezadeh Shirazi P, Sarvari J. The prevalence of HBsAgandHBsAbamongpregnantwomenre-ferring to Zeinabiyeh Hospital, Shiraz Iran. Shiraz E Med J. 2012;13(4):187–196 Motamedifar M, Amini E, Talezadeh Shirazi P, Sarvari J. The prevalence of HBsAgandHBsAbamongpregnantwomenre-ferring to Zeinabiyeh Hospital, Shiraz Iran. Shiraz E Med J. 2012;13(4):187–196
20.
go back to reference Motazakker M, Shokat Nagadeh M, Khalili F, Shayeri B. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending health care centers of Urmia. J Uilan Univ Med Sci. 2014;23(89):45–50 (Persian) Motazakker M, Shokat Nagadeh M, Khalili F, Shayeri B. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending health care centers of Urmia. J Uilan Univ Med Sci. 2014;23(89):45–50 (Persian)
21.
go back to reference Shoghli A, Nabavi SM, Alavian SM, Kolifarhood G, Goya MM, Namazi R, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence in pregnant women: a cross-sectional survey in Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(Suppl 3):S213–S218PubMedPubMedCentral Shoghli A, Nabavi SM, Alavian SM, Kolifarhood G, Goya MM, Namazi R, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence in pregnant women: a cross-sectional survey in Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(Suppl 3):S213–S218PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
go back to reference Mobin AR, Mohammadian F, Mazloomzadeh S, Esmaeilzadeh A, Sorouri Zanjani R, Savabi S, et al. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women referred to healthcare centers of Zanjan. Zanjan Univ Mes Sci J. 2014;22(93):96–104 (Persian) Mobin AR, Mohammadian F, Mazloomzadeh S, Esmaeilzadeh A, Sorouri Zanjani R, Savabi S, et al. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women referred to healthcare centers of Zanjan. Zanjan Univ Mes Sci J. 2014;22(93):96–104 (Persian)
23.
go back to reference Kavosi A, Vizvari P, Mohammadi G, Jouybari L, Sanagu A. Seroprevalence of positive HbsAg and its associated factors in pregnantwomen referred to health centers of Agh-Ghala city in 2010–2012. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2015;18(149):8–16 (Persian) Kavosi A, Vizvari P, Mohammadi G, Jouybari L, Sanagu A. Seroprevalence of positive HbsAg and its associated factors in pregnantwomen referred to health centers of Agh-Ghala city in 2010–2012. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2015;18(149):8–16 (Persian)
24.
go back to reference Kheiri L, Makvandi S. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its influencing factors in pregnant women referring to Healthcare Centers of Dehloran, Iran in 2011–2012. J Midwifery Reprod Health. 2015;3(3):424–429 Kheiri L, Makvandi S. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its influencing factors in pregnant women referring to Healthcare Centers of Dehloran, Iran in 2011–2012. J Midwifery Reprod Health. 2015;3(3):424–429
25.
go back to reference Afzali H, Momen Heravi M, Moravveji SA, Poorrahnama M. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women in Beheshti Hospital of Kashan, Isfahan. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(7):e20598CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Afzali H, Momen Heravi M, Moravveji SA, Poorrahnama M. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women in Beheshti Hospital of Kashan, Isfahan. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(7):e20598CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Bayani M, Biazar T, Bayani F, Siadati S. The effect of hepatitis B vaccination at birth on reducing the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among rural pregnant women in Babol, Iran. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(1):7–10 Bayani M, Biazar T, Bayani F, Siadati S. The effect of hepatitis B vaccination at birth on reducing the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among rural pregnant women in Babol, Iran. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2016;18(1):7–10
27.
go back to reference Malekifar P, Babanejad M, Izadi N, Alavian SM. The frequency of HBsAg in pregnant women from eastern mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(9):e58830 Malekifar P, Babanejad M, Izadi N, Alavian SM. The frequency of HBsAg in pregnant women from eastern mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon. 2018;18(9):e58830
28.
go back to reference Mahdi BM, Saour M, Abdulrazzaq HI. Evaluation of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women. Int J Biomed Res. 2015;6(06):379–381CrossRef Mahdi BM, Saour M, Abdulrazzaq HI. Evaluation of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women. Int J Biomed Res. 2015;6(06):379–381CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ali SS, Salman BR. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant women visiting primary health centers in Baghdad Al-jadeda sector in Baghdad. J Fac Med Baghdad. 2018;60(1):43–46CrossRef Ali SS, Salman BR. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen among pregnant women visiting primary health centers in Baghdad Al-jadeda sector in Baghdad. J Fac Med Baghdad. 2018;60(1):43–46CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Zamir C, Dagan R, Zamir D, et al. Evaluation of screening for hepatitis B surface antigen during pregnancy in a population with a high prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive/hepatitis B e antigen-negative carriers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(Suppl. 3):262–266CrossRefPubMed Zamir C, Dagan R, Zamir D, et al. Evaluation of screening for hepatitis B surface antigen during pregnancy in a population with a high prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive/hepatitis B e antigen-negative carriers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(Suppl. 3):262–266CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Safir A, Levy A, Sikuler E, Sheiner E. Maternal hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus carrier status as independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. Liver Int. 2010;30:765–770CrossRefPubMed Safir A, Levy A, Sikuler E, Sheiner E. Maternal hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus carrier status as independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. Liver Int. 2010;30:765–770CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Abu Freha N, Wainstock T, Menachem TN, Sheiner E. Maternal hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus carrier status and long-term endocrine morbidity of the offspring-a population-based cohort study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):796CrossRefPubMedCentral Abu Freha N, Wainstock T, Menachem TN, Sheiner E. Maternal hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus carrier status and long-term endocrine morbidity of the offspring-a population-based cohort study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):796CrossRefPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Othman B, Al-Najjar MAA, Othman D, Al-Qudah R, Basheti I. Prevalence, knowledge of and attitude towards hepatitis B virus among pregnant females in Jordan. J Viral Hepat. 2020;27(11):1108–1118CrossRefPubMed Othman B, Al-Najjar MAA, Othman D, Al-Qudah R, Basheti I. Prevalence, knowledge of and attitude towards hepatitis B virus among pregnant females in Jordan. J Viral Hepat. 2020;27(11):1108–1118CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Madi N, Al-Tawalah H, Abdul Khalik D, Al-Nakib W. A relatively high number of pregnant women in kuwait remain susceptible to rubella: a need for an alternative vaccination policy. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23:145–148CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Madi N, Al-Tawalah H, Abdul Khalik D, Al-Nakib W. A relatively high number of pregnant women in kuwait remain susceptible to rubella: a need for an alternative vaccination policy. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23:145–148CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Al Awaidy S, Abu-Elyazeed R, Al Hosani H, Al Mulla A, Al Busaiedy S, Al Amiry A, et al. Sero-epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women in Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. J Infect. 2006;52:202–206CrossRefPubMed Al Awaidy S, Abu-Elyazeed R, Al Hosani H, Al Mulla A, Al Busaiedy S, Al Amiry A, et al. Sero-epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women in Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. J Infect. 2006;52:202–206CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Khalil MK, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri M, Al-Ghamdi YS, Mishkhas A, Bakhsh M, et al. Serosurvey of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant Saudi women. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(4):640–647PubMed Khalil MK, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri M, Al-Ghamdi YS, Mishkhas A, Bakhsh M, et al. Serosurvey of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant Saudi women. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(4):640–647PubMed
38.
go back to reference Alrowaily MA, Abolfotouh MA, Ferwanah MS. Hepatitis B virus seroprevalence among pregnant females in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(2):70–72CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Alrowaily MA, Abolfotouh MA, Ferwanah MS. Hepatitis B virus seroprevalence among pregnant females in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(2):70–72CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Bani I, Mahfouz MS, Gaffar EMA, Elhassan I, Yassin AO, Ageely HM. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Jazan Region-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Biol Agric Healthc. 2012;2(8):45–48 Bani I, Mahfouz MS, Gaffar EMA, Elhassan I, Yassin AO, Ageely HM. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Jazan Region-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Biol Agric Healthc. 2012;2(8):45–48
40.
go back to reference Yalçın Bahat P, Turan G, Yüksel Özgör B, Bağcı ÇK. Comparison of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV seropositivity of Syrian and Turkish pregnant women. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;16(2):95–99CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yalçın Bahat P, Turan G, Yüksel Özgör B, Bağcı ÇK. Comparison of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV seropositivity of Syrian and Turkish pregnant women. Turk J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;16(2):95–99CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
go back to reference Evirgen Ö, Aksakal M, Melek I, Önlem Y, Sabahattin O. Seropositivity of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in women who were admitted to Hatay Maternityand Children’s Hospital. Viral Hepat Derg. 2010;16(2):111–116 Evirgen Ö, Aksakal M, Melek I, Önlem Y, Sabahattin O. Seropositivity of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in women who were admitted to Hatay Maternityand Children’s Hospital. Viral Hepat Derg. 2010;16(2):111–116
42.
go back to reference Yavuzcan A, Altınbas A, Altınbas S. An unexpected low Hepatitis B seroprevalence in pregnant women from the rural Southeastern Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011;5(23):3942–3945CrossRef Yavuzcan A, Altınbas A, Altınbas S. An unexpected low Hepatitis B seroprevalence in pregnant women from the rural Southeastern Turkey. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011;5(23):3942–3945CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Gönen I. The frequency of HBV and HCV in pregnant women in rural areas. Viral Hepat Derg. 2011;17(2):66–68 Gönen I. The frequency of HBV and HCV in pregnant women in rural areas. Viral Hepat Derg. 2011;17(2):66–68
44.
go back to reference Deveci O. Investigation of intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B Virus to children from HBsAg-positive pregnant women. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;1(1):14–16CrossRef Deveci O. Investigation of intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B Virus to children from HBsAg-positive pregnant women. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;1(1):14–16CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Balık G, Üstüner I, Kagıtcı M, Ural UM, Tekin YB, Sentürk S. HBsAg, antiHBs and anti-HCV seroprevalance in pregnant women living in Rize region. Dicle Med J. 2013;40(2):254–257 Balık G, Üstüner I, Kagıtcı M, Ural UM, Tekin YB, Sentürk S. HBsAg, antiHBs and anti-HCV seroprevalance in pregnant women living in Rize region. Dicle Med J. 2013;40(2):254–257
46.
go back to reference Aynioglu A, Aynioglu Ö, Tarik A, Aydin M, Altunok ES. HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV seropositivity rates among pregnant women attending a University Hospital in Zonguldak. Viral Hepat J. 2015;21(1):31–34CrossRef Aynioglu A, Aynioglu Ö, Tarik A, Aydin M, Altunok ES. HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV seropositivity rates among pregnant women attending a University Hospital in Zonguldak. Viral Hepat J. 2015;21(1):31–34CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Dogan K, Guraslan H, Ozel G, Aydan Z, Yasar L. Seroprevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and hepatitis B, seroprevalences rate in the pregnant population in Istanbul. Turk Parazitol Derg. 2014;38(4):228–233 (Turkish)CrossRef Dogan K, Guraslan H, Ozel G, Aydan Z, Yasar L. Seroprevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and hepatitis B, seroprevalences rate in the pregnant population in Istanbul. Turk Parazitol Derg. 2014;38(4):228–233 (Turkish)CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Guckan R, Kilinc C, Gozdemir E. HBSAG, anti Hbs, anti -HCV and anti -HIV seroplevalence in pregnant women living. Asian Pac J Nurs. 2016;3(1):9–12 Guckan R, Kilinc C, Gozdemir E. HBSAG, anti Hbs, anti -HCV and anti -HIV seroplevalence in pregnant women living. Asian Pac J Nurs. 2016;3(1):9–12
49.
go back to reference Furuncuoglu Y, Bolukbas FF, Bolukbas C, Torun P, Ozturk R. Changes in the prevalence of HBV infection in pregnant women in Turkey between 1995 and 2015: a 20-year evaluation. Postgrad Med J. 2016;92(1091):510–513CrossRefPubMed Furuncuoglu Y, Bolukbas FF, Bolukbas C, Torun P, Ozturk R. Changes in the prevalence of HBV infection in pregnant women in Turkey between 1995 and 2015: a 20-year evaluation. Postgrad Med J. 2016;92(1091):510–513CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Murad EA, Babiker SM, Gasim GI, Rayis DA, Adam I. Epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in pregnant women in Sana’a, Yemen. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:127CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Murad EA, Babiker SM, Gasim GI, Rayis DA, Adam I. Epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in pregnant women in Sana’a, Yemen. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:127CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Chen CT. Global prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(9):598–599CrossRefPubMed Chen CT. Global prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(9):598–599CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Zheng H, Cui FQ, Wang FZ, et al. The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in women of reproductive age in highly endemic areas in China. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(1):88–96CrossRefPubMed Zheng H, Cui FQ, Wang FZ, et al. The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in women of reproductive age in highly endemic areas in China. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(1):88–96CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Wang Y, Zhou H, Zhang L, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and status of HBV care among rural women who planned to conceive in China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):12090CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang Y, Zhou H, Zhang L, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and status of HBV care among rural women who planned to conceive in China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):12090CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference Liu J, Zhang S, Liu M, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang Y. Distribution of ABO/Rh blood groups and their association with hepatitis B virus infection in 3.8 million Chinese adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(4):401–411CrossRefPubMed Liu J, Zhang S, Liu M, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang Y. Distribution of ABO/Rh blood groups and their association with hepatitis B virus infection in 3.8 million Chinese adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(4):401–411CrossRefPubMed
55.
56.
go back to reference Xin X, Wang Y, Cheng J, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus infection among 764,460 women of childbearing age in rural China: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Virol. 2016;81:47–52CrossRefPubMed Xin X, Wang Y, Cheng J, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus infection among 764,460 women of childbearing age in rural China: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Virol. 2016;81:47–52CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Evans AA, Cohen C, Huang P, et al. Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B transmission in Haimen City, China: results of a community public health initiative. Vaccine. 2015;33(26):3010–3015CrossRefPubMed Evans AA, Cohen C, Huang P, et al. Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B transmission in Haimen City, China: results of a community public health initiative. Vaccine. 2015;33(26):3010–3015CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, et al. A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(9):1161–1168CrossRefPubMed Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, et al. A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(9):1161–1168CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Wang F, Zhang G, Zheng H, et al. Post-vaccination serologic testing of infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers in 4 provinces of China. Vaccine. 2017;35(33):4229–4235CrossRefPubMed Wang F, Zhang G, Zheng H, et al. Post-vaccination serologic testing of infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers in 4 provinces of China. Vaccine. 2017;35(33):4229–4235CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Chen T, Wang J, Qiu H, et al. Different interventional criteria for chronic hepatitis B pregnant women with HBeAg(+) or HBeAg(−): epidemiological data from Shaanxi, China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(27):e11406CrossRef Chen T, Wang J, Qiu H, et al. Different interventional criteria for chronic hepatitis B pregnant women with HBeAg(+) or HBeAg(−): epidemiological data from Shaanxi, China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(27):e11406CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Sheng QJ, Wang SJ, Wu YY, Dou XG, Ding Y. Hepatitis B virus serosurvey and awareness of mother-to-child transmission among pregnant women in Shenyang, China: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(22):e10931CrossRef Sheng QJ, Wang SJ, Wu YY, Dou XG, Ding Y. Hepatitis B virus serosurvey and awareness of mother-to-child transmission among pregnant women in Shenyang, China: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(22):e10931CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Dashtseren B, Bungert A, Bat-Ulzii P, Enkhbat M, Lkhagva-Ochir O, Jargalsaikhan G, et al. Endemic prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Mongolia: a nationwide survey amongst Mongolian adults. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24(9):759–767CrossRefPubMed Dashtseren B, Bungert A, Bat-Ulzii P, Enkhbat M, Lkhagva-Ochir O, Jargalsaikhan G, et al. Endemic prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Mongolia: a nationwide survey amongst Mongolian adults. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24(9):759–767CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Woodring J, Pastore R, Brink A, Ishikawa N, Takashima Y, Tohme RA. Progress toward hepatitis B control and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus—Western Pacific Region, 2005–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:195–200CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Woodring J, Pastore R, Brink A, Ishikawa N, Takashima Y, Tohme RA. Progress toward hepatitis B control and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus—Western Pacific Region, 2005–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:195–200CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
go back to reference Hur YJ, Choe SA, Choe YJ, Paek J. Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody positivity among women of childbearing age after three decades of universal vaccination in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;104:551–555CrossRefPubMed Hur YJ, Choe SA, Choe YJ, Paek J. Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody positivity among women of childbearing age after three decades of universal vaccination in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;104:551–555CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Kim JH, Kim JS, Lee JJ, et al. Survey of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission after Korean National Prevention Program in a tertiary hospital. Korean J Intern Med. 2014;29(3):307–314CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kim JH, Kim JS, Lee JJ, et al. Survey of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission after Korean National Prevention Program in a tertiary hospital. Korean J Intern Med. 2014;29(3):307–314CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
68.
go back to reference Sugiyama A, Ohisa M, Nagashima S, Yamamoto C, Chuon C, Fujii T, et al. Reduced prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity among pregnant women born after the national implementation of immunoprophylaxis for babies born to hepatitis B virus-carrier mothers in Japan. Hepatol Res. 2017;47(12):1329–1334CrossRefPubMed Sugiyama A, Ohisa M, Nagashima S, Yamamoto C, Chuon C, Fujii T, et al. Reduced prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity among pregnant women born after the national implementation of immunoprophylaxis for babies born to hepatitis B virus-carrier mothers in Japan. Hepatol Res. 2017;47(12):1329–1334CrossRefPubMed
69.
71.
go back to reference Su WJ, Chen SF, Yang CH, Chuang PH, Chang HF, Chang MH. The impact of universal infant hepatitis B immunization on reducing the hepatitis B carrier rate in pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2019;220:1118–1126CrossRefPubMed Su WJ, Chen SF, Yang CH, Chuang PH, Chang HF, Chang MH. The impact of universal infant hepatitis B immunization on reducing the hepatitis B carrier rate in pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2019;220:1118–1126CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Ork V, Woodring J, Shafiqul Hossain M, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among pre- and post-vaccine cohorts in Cambodia, 2017. Vaccine. 2019;37:5059–5066CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ork V, Woodring J, Shafiqul Hossain M, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among pre- and post-vaccine cohorts in Cambodia, 2017. Vaccine. 2019;37:5059–5066CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
go back to reference Minta AA, Silva MWT, Shrestha A, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among children in the Philippines, 2018. Vaccine. 2021;39:1982–1989CrossRefPubMed Minta AA, Silva MWT, Shrestha A, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among children in the Philippines, 2018. Vaccine. 2021;39:1982–1989CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Sebastian VJ, Bhattacharya S, Ray S, Daud JH. Prevalence of hepatitis-B surface antigen in the pregnant women of Brunei Darussalam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1990;21:123–127PubMed Sebastian VJ, Bhattacharya S, Ray S, Daud JH. Prevalence of hepatitis-B surface antigen in the pregnant women of Brunei Darussalam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1990;21:123–127PubMed
75.
go back to reference Htwe O, Coates PD, Krasu M, Tju H, Soe NN, Tan C, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and other infections among pregnant women seen in a referral centre in Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Int Med J. 2013;9(4):220–226 Htwe O, Coates PD, Krasu M, Tju H, Soe NN, Tan C, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and other infections among pregnant women seen in a referral centre in Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Int Med J. 2013;9(4):220–226
76.
go back to reference Gunardi H, Zaimi LF, Soedjatmiko AR, Muljono DH. Current prevalence of hepatitis B infection among parturient women in Jakarta, Indonesia. Acta Med Indones. 2014;46:3–9PubMed Gunardi H, Zaimi LF, Soedjatmiko AR, Muljono DH. Current prevalence of hepatitis B infection among parturient women in Jakarta, Indonesia. Acta Med Indones. 2014;46:3–9PubMed
77.
go back to reference Muljono HD. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in Republic of Indonesia. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2017;7(1):55–59 Muljono HD. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in Republic of Indonesia. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2017;7(1):55–59
78.
go back to reference Girawan D, Judistiani RTD, Risan NA, Bestari MB, Nugraha ES, Ermaya YS, et al. The high prevalence of negative hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) among pregnant women in bandung, indonesia: a community-based study. Int J Hepatol. 2020;19(2020):3414869 Girawan D, Judistiani RTD, Risan NA, Bestari MB, Nugraha ES, Ermaya YS, et al. The high prevalence of negative hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) among pregnant women in bandung, indonesia: a community-based study. Int J Hepatol. 2020;19(2020):3414869
79.
go back to reference Norizuki M, Kitamura T, Komada K, et al. Serologic testing of randomly selected children after hepatitis B vaccination: a cross-sectional population-based study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:1–9CrossRef Norizuki M, Kitamura T, Komada K, et al. Serologic testing of randomly selected children after hepatitis B vaccination: a cross-sectional population-based study in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19:1–9CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Xeuatvongsa A, Komada K, Kitamura T, et al. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence among children and mothers: results from a nationwide, population-based survey in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e88829CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Xeuatvongsa A, Komada K, Kitamura T, et al. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence among children and mothers: results from a nationwide, population-based survey in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e88829CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
81.
go back to reference Black AP, Nouanthong P, Nanthavong N, Souvannaso C, Vilivong K, Jutavijittum P, et al. Hepatitis B virus in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic: a cross sectional serosurvey in different cohorts. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:457CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Black AP, Nouanthong P, Nanthavong N, Souvannaso C, Vilivong K, Jutavijittum P, et al. Hepatitis B virus in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic: a cross sectional serosurvey in different cohorts. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:457CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
go back to reference Choisy M, Keomalaphet S, Xaydalasouk K, Quet F, Latthaphasavang V, Buisson Y. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Vientiane, Laos, 2008–2014. Hepat Res Treat. 2017;2017:1–5CrossRef Choisy M, Keomalaphet S, Xaydalasouk K, Quet F, Latthaphasavang V, Buisson Y. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Vientiane, Laos, 2008–2014. Hepat Res Treat. 2017;2017:1–5CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Shamsuddin K, Marmuji LZ. Weighted analysis of prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B infection among antenatal mothers in Ipoh. Singap Med J. 2010;51:800–805 Shamsuddin K, Marmuji LZ. Weighted analysis of prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B infection among antenatal mothers in Ipoh. Singap Med J. 2010;51:800–805
84.
go back to reference Bierhoff M, Angkurawaranon C, Myat Min A, Gilder ME, Win Tun N, Keereevijitt A, et al. Maternal hepatitis B infection burden, comorbidity and pregnancy outcome in a low-income population on the myanmar-thailand border: a retrospective cohort study. J Pregnancy. 2019;25(2019):8435019 Bierhoff M, Angkurawaranon C, Myat Min A, Gilder ME, Win Tun N, Keereevijitt A, et al. Maternal hepatitis B infection burden, comorbidity and pregnancy outcome in a low-income population on the myanmar-thailand border: a retrospective cohort study. J Pregnancy. 2019;25(2019):8435019
85.
go back to reference Carpio GCA, Taguba AQ, Tan LCQ, Ong JP, Daez MLO. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women at the prenatal clinic of the university of the Philippines—Philippine General Hospital. Int Dig Dis Forum Hong Kong Electron Only Abstr. 2015;13(7):E83 Carpio GCA, Taguba AQ, Tan LCQ, Ong JP, Daez MLO. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B infection in pregnant women at the prenatal clinic of the university of the Philippines—Philippine General Hospital. Int Dig Dis Forum Hong Kong Electron Only Abstr. 2015;13(7):E83
86.
go back to reference Mendoza IT, Jose SM. The association of chronic hepatitis B infectivity with fetomaternal outcome: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital. PJOG. 2020;44(2):16–24 Mendoza IT, Jose SM. The association of chronic hepatitis B infectivity with fetomaternal outcome: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital. PJOG. 2020;44(2):16–24
87.
go back to reference Thamkhantho M, Chayachinda C. Characteristics, prevalence, and HBeAg correlation of hepatitis B in pregnancy: a siriraj hospital experience. J Med Assoc Thailand. 2020;103:276–280 Thamkhantho M, Chayachinda C. Characteristics, prevalence, and HBeAg correlation of hepatitis B in pregnancy: a siriraj hospital experience. J Med Assoc Thailand. 2020;103:276–280
88.
go back to reference Hall C, Gibbons M, Murphy D, Nourse C. Prevalence of hepatitis B infection in women delivering at a community health centre in Dili, Timor-Leste and discussion of programmatic challenges. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109(4):280–282CrossRefPubMed Hall C, Gibbons M, Murphy D, Nourse C. Prevalence of hepatitis B infection in women delivering at a community health centre in Dili, Timor-Leste and discussion of programmatic challenges. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109(4):280–282CrossRefPubMed
89.
go back to reference Miyakawa M, Yoshida L-M, Nguyen H-AT, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant mothers and children after the introduction of the universal vaccination program in Central Vietnam. Sci Rep. 2021;11:8676CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Miyakawa M, Yoshida L-M, Nguyen H-AT, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant mothers and children after the introduction of the universal vaccination program in Central Vietnam. Sci Rep. 2021;11:8676CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
90.
go back to reference Dunford L, Carr MJ, Dean J, Nguyen LT, Ta Thi TH, Nguyen BT, et al. A multicentre molecular analysis of hepatitis B and blood-borne virus coinfections in Viet Nam. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e39027CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dunford L, Carr MJ, Dean J, Nguyen LT, Ta Thi TH, Nguyen BT, et al. A multicentre molecular analysis of hepatitis B and blood-borne virus coinfections in Viet Nam. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e39027CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
go back to reference Nguyen VTT, Trang HTQ, Ishikawa N, Anh Nguyen L, Anh LAK, Minh TB, et al. Feasibility, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of adding universal hepatitis B and syphilis testing to routine antenatal care services in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam. Int J Std Aids. 2021;32(2):135–143CrossRefPubMed Nguyen VTT, Trang HTQ, Ishikawa N, Anh Nguyen L, Anh LAK, Minh TB, et al. Feasibility, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of adding universal hepatitis B and syphilis testing to routine antenatal care services in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam. Int J Std Aids. 2021;32(2):135–143CrossRefPubMed
92.
go back to reference Akhter S, Talukder MQ, Bhuiyan N, Chowdhury TA, Islam MN, Begum S. Hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant mothers and its transmission to infants. Indian J Pediatr. 1992;59(4):411–415CrossRefPubMed Akhter S, Talukder MQ, Bhuiyan N, Chowdhury TA, Islam MN, Begum S. Hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant mothers and its transmission to infants. Indian J Pediatr. 1992;59(4):411–415CrossRefPubMed
93.
go back to reference Karim Rumi MA, Begum K, Sawkat Hassan M, Munir Hasan SM, Golam Azam M, Nadim Hasan K, et al. Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women attending a public hospital for delivery: Implication for vaccination strategy in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59(2):318–322CrossRef Karim Rumi MA, Begum K, Sawkat Hassan M, Munir Hasan SM, Golam Azam M, Nadim Hasan K, et al. Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women attending a public hospital for delivery: Implication for vaccination strategy in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59(2):318–322CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Shamsuzzaman M, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Lawpoolsri S, Tangkijvanich P, Gibbons RV, et al. Hepatitis B among pregnant women attending health care facilities in rural Bangladesh. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011;42(6):1410–1413PubMed Shamsuzzaman M, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Lawpoolsri S, Tangkijvanich P, Gibbons RV, et al. Hepatitis B among pregnant women attending health care facilities in rural Bangladesh. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011;42(6):1410–1413PubMed
95.
go back to reference Nayak NC, Panda SK, Bhan MK, Guha DK, Zuckerman AJ. Dynamics and impact of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in North India. J Med Virol [Internet]. 1987;21(2):137–145CrossRef Nayak NC, Panda SK, Bhan MK, Guha DK, Zuckerman AJ. Dynamics and impact of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in North India. J Med Virol [Internet]. 1987;21(2):137–145CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Abass F, Thomas RD, Rajkumar A, Gupta N, Puliyel JM. Controlling perinatally acquired hepatitis B [Internet]. Indian J Pediatr. 2001;9:365CrossRef Abass F, Thomas RD, Rajkumar A, Gupta N, Puliyel JM. Controlling perinatally acquired hepatitis B [Internet]. Indian J Pediatr. 2001;9:365CrossRef
97.
go back to reference Sandesh K, Varghese T, Harikumar R, Beena P, Sasidharan VP, Bindu CS, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C in the normal population and high risk groups in north Kerala. Trop Gastroenterol. 2006;27(2):80–83PubMed Sandesh K, Varghese T, Harikumar R, Beena P, Sasidharan VP, Bindu CS, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C in the normal population and high risk groups in north Kerala. Trop Gastroenterol. 2006;27(2):80–83PubMed
98.
go back to reference Pande C, Sarin SK, Patra S, Bhutia K, Mishra SK, Pahuja S, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and virological profile of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women in India. J Med Virol. 2011;83(6):962–967CrossRefPubMed Pande C, Sarin SK, Patra S, Bhutia K, Mishra SK, Pahuja S, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and virological profile of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women in India. J Med Virol. 2011;83(6):962–967CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Naveira MCM, Badal K, Dhakal J, Mayer NA, Pokharel B, Del Prado RF. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in Nepal: a systematic review (1973–2017). Hepatol Med Policy. 2018;3(1):1–17CrossRef Naveira MCM, Badal K, Dhakal J, Mayer NA, Pokharel B, Del Prado RF. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in Nepal: a systematic review (1973–2017). Hepatol Med Policy. 2018;3(1):1–17CrossRef
100.
go back to reference Shedain PR, Baral G, Sharma KR, Dhital S, Devkota MD. Prevalence and mother-to-newborn transmission of hepatitis B Virus in Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2019;17(3):278–284CrossRefPubMed Shedain PR, Baral G, Sharma KR, Dhital S, Devkota MD. Prevalence and mother-to-newborn transmission of hepatitis B Virus in Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2019;17(3):278–284CrossRefPubMed
101.
go back to reference Qureshi H, Bile KM, Jooma R, Alam SE, Afridi HUR. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Pakistan: findings of a national survey appealing for effective prevention and control measures. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(Suppl):S15-23CrossRefPubMed Qureshi H, Bile KM, Jooma R, Alam SE, Afridi HUR. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Pakistan: findings of a national survey appealing for effective prevention and control measures. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(Suppl):S15-23CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Ali M, Idrees M, Ali L, Hussain A, Ur Rehman I, Saleem S, et al. Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes. Virol J. 2011;6(8):102CrossRef Ali M, Idrees M, Ali L, Hussain A, Ur Rehman I, Saleem S, et al. Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes. Virol J. 2011;6(8):102CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Ahmad A, Khichi GQ, Rehman A. Hepatitis B markers Professional. Med J. 2007;1:307–311 Ahmad A, Khichi GQ, Rehman A. Hepatitis B markers Professional. Med J. 2007;1:307–311
104.
go back to reference Yousfani S, Mumtaz F, Memon A, Memon MA, Sikandar R. Antenatal screening for hepatitis B and C virus carrier state at a university hospital. JLUMHS. 2006;5:24–27 Yousfani S, Mumtaz F, Memon A, Memon MA, Sikandar R. Antenatal screening for hepatitis B and C virus carrier state at a university hospital. JLUMHS. 2006;5:24–27
105.
go back to reference Hakeem A, Khan MS, Abdullah M, Rehman A, Hashmi MI. Prevalence of HbsAg AND anti HCV in pregnant ladies attending antenatal clinic at Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Rahim Yar Khan. Esculapio. 2006;2:6–8 Hakeem A, Khan MS, Abdullah M, Rehman A, Hashmi MI. Prevalence of HbsAg AND anti HCV in pregnant ladies attending antenatal clinic at Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex, Rahim Yar Khan. Esculapio. 2006;2:6–8
106.
go back to reference Sheikh SM. Hepatitis B and C: value of universal antenatal screening. J Coll Phys Surg Pak. 2009;19(3):179–182 Sheikh SM. Hepatitis B and C: value of universal antenatal screening. J Coll Phys Surg Pak. 2009;19(3):179–182
107.
go back to reference Khattak ST, Ali Marwat M, Khattak IU, Khan TM, Naheed T. Comparison of frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in pregnant women in urban and rural area of district Swat. J Ayud Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(2):12–15 Khattak ST, Ali Marwat M, Khattak IU, Khan TM, Naheed T. Comparison of frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in pregnant women in urban and rural area of district Swat. J Ayud Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(2):12–15
109.
go back to reference Jamil A, Hamid S, Aziz Q, Asim M. Prevalence of hepatitis B among pregnant women. JIMDC. 2018;7(2):128–131 Jamil A, Hamid S, Aziz Q, Asim M. Prevalence of hepatitis B among pregnant women. JIMDC. 2018;7(2):128–131
110.
go back to reference Howell J, Pedrana A, Cowie BC, Doyle J, Getahun A, Ward J, et al. Aiming for the elimination of viral hepatitis in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands and Territories: where are we now and barriers to meeting World Health Organization targets by 2030. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(1):40–48CrossRefPubMed Howell J, Pedrana A, Cowie BC, Doyle J, Getahun A, Ward J, et al. Aiming for the elimination of viral hepatitis in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands and Territories: where are we now and barriers to meeting World Health Organization targets by 2030. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(1):40–48CrossRefPubMed
111.
go back to reference Howell J, Balderson G, Hellard M, et al. The increasing burden of potentially preventable liver disease among adult liver transplant recipients: a comparative analysis of liver transplant indication by era in Australia and New Zealand. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:434–441CrossRefPubMed Howell J, Balderson G, Hellard M, et al. The increasing burden of potentially preventable liver disease among adult liver transplant recipients: a comparative analysis of liver transplant indication by era in Australia and New Zealand. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:434–441CrossRefPubMed
112.
go back to reference Graham S, Guy RJ, Cowie B, et al. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians since universal vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:403CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Graham S, Guy RJ, Cowie B, et al. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians since universal vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:403CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
113.
go back to reference Bergin H, Wood G, Walker SP, Hui L. Perinatal management of hepatitis B virus: clinical implementation of updated Australasian management guidelines. Obstet Med. 2018;11(1):23–27CrossRefPubMed Bergin H, Wood G, Walker SP, Hui L. Perinatal management of hepatitis B virus: clinical implementation of updated Australasian management guidelines. Obstet Med. 2018;11(1):23–27CrossRefPubMed
114.
go back to reference O’Sullivan BG, Gidding H, Law MG, Kaldor JM, Gilbert GL, Dore GJ. Estimates of chronic hepatitis b virus infection in Australia in 2000. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2004;28:212–216CrossRefPubMed O’Sullivan BG, Gidding H, Law MG, Kaldor JM, Gilbert GL, Dore GJ. Estimates of chronic hepatitis b virus infection in Australia in 2000. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2004;28:212–216CrossRefPubMed
115.
go back to reference Guirgis M, Zekry A, Yan K, Bu YM, Lee A. Chronic hepatitis B infection in an Australian antenatal population: seroprevalence and opportunities for better outcomes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(6):998–1001CrossRefPubMed Guirgis M, Zekry A, Yan K, Bu YM, Lee A. Chronic hepatitis B infection in an Australian antenatal population: seroprevalence and opportunities for better outcomes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(6):998–1001CrossRefPubMed
116.
go back to reference Giles ML, Davey MA, Wallace EM. Chronic hepatitis B infection and the risk of gestational diabetes: a cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2020;127(9):1147–1152CrossRefPubMed Giles ML, Davey MA, Wallace EM. Chronic hepatitis B infection and the risk of gestational diabetes: a cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2020;127(9):1147–1152CrossRefPubMed
117.
go back to reference Robinson T, Bullen C, Humphries W, Hornell J, Moyes C. The New Zealand hepatitis B screening programme: screening coverage and prevalence of chronic hepatitisB infection. N Z Med J. 2005;118:U1345PubMed Robinson T, Bullen C, Humphries W, Hornell J, Moyes C. The New Zealand hepatitis B screening programme: screening coverage and prevalence of chronic hepatitisB infection. N Z Med J. 2005;118:U1345PubMed
118.
go back to reference Addidle M. Impact of universal hepatitis B vaccination on antenatal hepatitis B prevalence in the Midlands region of the North Island New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2011;124(1332):40–44PubMed Addidle M. Impact of universal hepatitis B vaccination on antenatal hepatitis B prevalence in the Midlands region of the North Island New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2011;124(1332):40–44PubMed
120.
go back to reference Lee AU, Mair L, Kevin B, Gandi L, Tarumuri O, Lee C, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. West Pac Surveill Response J. 2020;11(4):6–9CrossRef Lee AU, Mair L, Kevin B, Gandi L, Tarumuri O, Lee C, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. West Pac Surveill Response J. 2020;11(4):6–9CrossRef
121.
go back to reference Bauduceau O, Berlioz A, Buisson Y. Hepatites B, C et E en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Etude séro-épidémiologique chez les appelés du contingent. Hepatitis B, C, and E in New Caledonia Seroepidemiologic study in military recruits. Med Trop (Mars). 2000;60(2):167–170 (French) Bauduceau O, Berlioz A, Buisson Y. Hepatites B, C et E en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Etude séro-épidémiologique chez les appelés du contingent. Hepatitis B, C, and E in New Caledonia Seroepidemiologic study in military recruits. Med Trop (Mars). 2000;60(2):167–170 (French)
122.
go back to reference Berlioz-Arthaud A, Perolat P, Buisson Y. 10 year assessment of infant hepatitis B vaccination program, in the Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia). Vaccine. 2003;21(21–22):2737–2742CrossRefPubMed Berlioz-Arthaud A, Perolat P, Buisson Y. 10 year assessment of infant hepatitis B vaccination program, in the Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia). Vaccine. 2003;21(21–22):2737–2742CrossRefPubMed
123.
go back to reference Wilson N, Ruff TA, Rana BJ, Leydon J, Locarnini S. The effectiveness of the infant hepatitis B immunisation program in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu. Vaccine. 2000;18:3059–3066CrossRefPubMed Wilson N, Ruff TA, Rana BJ, Leydon J, Locarnini S. The effectiveness of the infant hepatitis B immunisation program in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu. Vaccine. 2000;18:3059–3066CrossRefPubMed
124.
go back to reference Tuinakelo LR, Tayler-Smith K, Khogali M, Marks GB. Prevalence of anaemia, syphilis and hepatitis B in pregnant women in Nausori, Fiji. Public Health Action. 2013;3(1):72–75CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tuinakelo LR, Tayler-Smith K, Khogali M, Marks GB. Prevalence of anaemia, syphilis and hepatitis B in pregnant women in Nausori, Fiji. Public Health Action. 2013;3(1):72–75CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
125.
go back to reference Abara WE, Cha S, Malik T, DeSimone MS, Schillie S, Collier M, et al. Prenatal screening for and prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women and prevention of transmission to infants born to infected mothers-guam, 2014. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(4):290–295CrossRef Abara WE, Cha S, Malik T, DeSimone MS, Schillie S, Collier M, et al. Prenatal screening for and prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women and prevention of transmission to infants born to infected mothers-guam, 2014. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(4):290–295CrossRef
126.
127.
go back to reference Fischer G, Wang S, Ahring S, Fowler K, Hainline S, Chinglong M, et al. An investigation of perinatal hepatitis B virus infections among a high risk population: the delivery hospital as a safety net. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(7):593–597CrossRefPubMed Fischer G, Wang S, Ahring S, Fowler K, Hainline S, Chinglong M, et al. An investigation of perinatal hepatitis B virus infections among a high risk population: the delivery hospital as a safety net. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(7):593–597CrossRefPubMed
128.
go back to reference Ménard D. Toxoplasmose, rubéole, tréponématoses, hépatite virale B et infection par le VIH chez les femmes suivies pour grossesse de la population de la côte Est de Nouvelle-Calédonie [Toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV infection in women being followed for pregnancy in a population on the east coast of New Caledonia]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2001;94(5):403–405PubMed Ménard D. Toxoplasmose, rubéole, tréponématoses, hépatite virale B et infection par le VIH chez les femmes suivies pour grossesse de la population de la côte Est de Nouvelle-Calédonie [Toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, hepatitis B and HIV infection in women being followed for pregnancy in a population on the east coast of New Caledonia]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2001;94(5):403–405PubMed
130.
go back to reference Getahun A, Baekalia M, Panda N, Lee A, Puiahi E, Khan S, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Honiara Solomon Islands, 2015. World J Hepatol. 2016;8(34):1521–1528CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Getahun A, Baekalia M, Panda N, Lee A, Puiahi E, Khan S, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Honiara Solomon Islands, 2015. World J Hepatol. 2016;8(34):1521–1528CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
131.
132.
go back to reference Ratnam D, Visvanathan K. New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of Chronic hepatitis B: the importance of the innate immune response. Hepatol Int. 2008;2(1):12–18CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ratnam D, Visvanathan K. New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of Chronic hepatitis B: the importance of the innate immune response. Hepatol Int. 2008;2(1):12–18CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
133.
go back to reference Jonas MM. Hepatitis B and pregnancy: an underestimated issue. Liver Int. 2009;29(Suppl 1):133–139CrossRefPubMed Jonas MM. Hepatitis B and pregnancy: an underestimated issue. Liver Int. 2009;29(Suppl 1):133–139CrossRefPubMed
134.
go back to reference Mohite BJ, Rath S, Bal V, Kamat SA, Marathe SN, Zuckerman AJ, et al. Mechanisms of liver cell damage in acute hepatitis B. J Med Virol. 1987;22(3):199–210CrossRefPubMed Mohite BJ, Rath S, Bal V, Kamat SA, Marathe SN, Zuckerman AJ, et al. Mechanisms of liver cell damage in acute hepatitis B. J Med Virol. 1987;22(3):199–210CrossRefPubMed
135.
go back to reference Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau DT, et al. Serum aminotransferase flares in pregnant and postpartum women with current or prior treatment for chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:255-261.106–110CrossRef Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau DT, et al. Serum aminotransferase flares in pregnant and postpartum women with current or prior treatment for chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:255-261.106–110CrossRef
136.
go back to reference Bzowej NH, Tran TT, Li R, Belle SH, Smith CI, Khalili M, et al. Total alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares in pregnant North American women with chronic hepatitis B infection: results from a prospective observational study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114:1283–1291CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bzowej NH, Tran TT, Li R, Belle SH, Smith CI, Khalili M, et al. Total alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares in pregnant North American women with chronic hepatitis B infection: results from a prospective observational study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114:1283–1291CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
137.
go back to reference Lin HH, Wu WY, Kao JH, Chen DS. Hepatitis B post-partum e antigen clearance in hepatitis B carrier mothers: correlation with viral characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:605–609CrossRefPubMed Lin HH, Wu WY, Kao JH, Chen DS. Hepatitis B post-partum e antigen clearance in hepatitis B carrier mothers: correlation with viral characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:605–609CrossRefPubMed
138.
go back to reference La Rocca C, Carbone F, Longobardi S, Matarese G. The immunology of pregnancy: regulatory T cells control maternal immune tolerance toward the fetus. Immunol Lett. 2014;162:41–48CrossRefPubMed La Rocca C, Carbone F, Longobardi S, Matarese G. The immunology of pregnancy: regulatory T cells control maternal immune tolerance toward the fetus. Immunol Lett. 2014;162:41–48CrossRefPubMed
139.
go back to reference Li L, Wang L, Huang C, Diao L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection alters peripheral immune response in women with reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2019;81:e13083CrossRefPubMed Li L, Wang L, Huang C, Diao L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection alters peripheral immune response in women with reproductive failure. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2019;81:e13083CrossRefPubMed
140.
go back to reference Singhal A, Kanagala R, Jalil S, Wright HI, Kohli V. Chronic HBV with pregnancy: reactivation flare causing fulminant hepatic failure. Ann Hepatol. 2011;10:233–236CrossRefPubMed Singhal A, Kanagala R, Jalil S, Wright HI, Kohli V. Chronic HBV with pregnancy: reactivation flare causing fulminant hepatic failure. Ann Hepatol. 2011;10:233–236CrossRefPubMed
141.
go back to reference Liaw YF. Hepatitis flares and hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion: implication in anti-hepatitis B virus therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:246–252CrossRefPubMed Liaw YF. Hepatitis flares and hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion: implication in anti-hepatitis B virus therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18:246–252CrossRefPubMed
142.
go back to reference Wong F, Pai R, Van Schalkwyk J, Yoshida EM. Hepatitis B in pregnancy: a concise review of neonatal vertical transmission and antiviral prophylaxis. Ann Hepatol. 2014;13:187–195CrossRefPubMed Wong F, Pai R, Van Schalkwyk J, Yoshida EM. Hepatitis B in pregnancy: a concise review of neonatal vertical transmission and antiviral prophylaxis. Ann Hepatol. 2014;13:187–195CrossRefPubMed
143.
go back to reference Milich DR, Jones JE, Hughes JL, Price J, Raney AK, McLachlan A. Is a function of the secreted hepatitis B e antigen to induce immunologic tolerance in utero? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:6599–6603CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Milich DR, Jones JE, Hughes JL, Price J, Raney AK, McLachlan A. Is a function of the secreted hepatitis B e antigen to induce immunologic tolerance in utero? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:6599–6603CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
144.
go back to reference Tian Y, Kuo CF, Akbari O, Ou JH. Maternal-derived hepatitis B virus e antigen alters macrophage function in offspring to drive viral persistence after vertical transmission. Immunity. 2016;44:1204–1214CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tian Y, Kuo CF, Akbari O, Ou JH. Maternal-derived hepatitis B virus e antigen alters macrophage function in offspring to drive viral persistence after vertical transmission. Immunity. 2016;44:1204–1214CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
145.
go back to reference Bai G, Wang Y, Zhang L, Tang Y, Fu F. The study on the role of hepatitis B virus X protein and apoptosis in HBV intrauterine infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285:943–949CrossRefPubMed Bai G, Wang Y, Zhang L, Tang Y, Fu F. The study on the role of hepatitis B virus X protein and apoptosis in HBV intrauterine infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285:943–949CrossRefPubMed
146.
go back to reference Xu DZ, Yan YP, Choi BC, Xu JQ, Men K, Zhang JX, et al. Risk factors and mechanism of transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus: a case-control study. J Med Virol. 2002;67:20–26CrossRefPubMed Xu DZ, Yan YP, Choi BC, Xu JQ, Men K, Zhang JX, et al. Risk factors and mechanism of transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus: a case-control study. J Med Virol. 2002;67:20–26CrossRefPubMed
147.
go back to reference Foaud H, Maklad S, Mahmoud F, El-Karaksy H. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers after neonatal passive-active immunoprophylaxis. Infection. 2015;43(3):307–314CrossRefPubMed Foaud H, Maklad S, Mahmoud F, El-Karaksy H. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers after neonatal passive-active immunoprophylaxis. Infection. 2015;43(3):307–314CrossRefPubMed
148.
go back to reference Inui A, Komatsu H, Sogo T, Nagai T, Abe K, Fujisawa T. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in children and adolescents in Japan: before and after immunization for the prevention of mother to infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol. 2007;79:670–675CrossRefPubMed Inui A, Komatsu H, Sogo T, Nagai T, Abe K, Fujisawa T. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in children and adolescents in Japan: before and after immunization for the prevention of mother to infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol. 2007;79:670–675CrossRefPubMed
149.
go back to reference Liu SL, Dong Y, Zhang L, Li MW, Wo J, Lu LW, et al. Influence of HBV gene heterogeneity on the failure of immunization with HBV vaccines in eastern China. Arch Virol. 2009;154:437–443CrossRefPubMed Liu SL, Dong Y, Zhang L, Li MW, Wo J, Lu LW, et al. Influence of HBV gene heterogeneity on the failure of immunization with HBV vaccines in eastern China. Arch Virol. 2009;154:437–443CrossRefPubMed
150.
go back to reference Papadakis MA, Elefsiniotis IS, Vlahos G, Daskalakis G, Barbatis C, Antsaklis A. Intrauterine-transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from hepatitis B e antigen negative (precore mutant, G1896A) chronic HBV infected mothers to their infants Preliminary results of a prospective study. J Clin Virol. 2007;38:181–183CrossRefPubMed Papadakis MA, Elefsiniotis IS, Vlahos G, Daskalakis G, Barbatis C, Antsaklis A. Intrauterine-transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from hepatitis B e antigen negative (precore mutant, G1896A) chronic HBV infected mothers to their infants Preliminary results of a prospective study. J Clin Virol. 2007;38:181–183CrossRefPubMed
151.
go back to reference Cheng H, Su H, Wang S, Shao Z, Men K, Li M, et al. Association between genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis B virus and intrauterine infection. Virology. 2009;387:168–175CrossRefPubMed Cheng H, Su H, Wang S, Shao Z, Men K, Li M, et al. Association between genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis B virus and intrauterine infection. Virology. 2009;387:168–175CrossRefPubMed
152.
go back to reference Vyas AK, Sharma BC, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Immune correlates of hepatitis B surface antigen spontaneous seroconversion in hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Liver Int. 2018;38(1):38–49CrossRefPubMed Vyas AK, Sharma BC, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Immune correlates of hepatitis B surface antigen spontaneous seroconversion in hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Liver Int. 2018;38(1):38–49CrossRefPubMed
153.
go back to reference Vyas AK, Negi P, Patra S, Maras JS, Ramakrishna G, Sarin SK, et al. Maternal immunity influences vertical transmission of hepatitis B to newborns. Hepatol Commun. 2019;3:795–811CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vyas AK, Negi P, Patra S, Maras JS, Ramakrishna G, Sarin SK, et al. Maternal immunity influences vertical transmission of hepatitis B to newborns. Hepatol Commun. 2019;3:795–811CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
154.
go back to reference Wu TW, Lin HH, Wang LY. Chronic hepatitis B infection in adolescents who received primary infantile vaccination. Hepatology. 2013;57:37–45CrossRefPubMed Wu TW, Lin HH, Wang LY. Chronic hepatitis B infection in adolescents who received primary infantile vaccination. Hepatology. 2013;57:37–45CrossRefPubMed
155.
go back to reference Wang J, He Y, Jin D, Liu J, Zheng J, Yuan N, et al. No response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBsAg(+) mothers is associated to the transplacental transfer of HBsAg. Infect Dis (Lond). 2017;49:576–583CrossRef Wang J, He Y, Jin D, Liu J, Zheng J, Yuan N, et al. No response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBsAg(+) mothers is associated to the transplacental transfer of HBsAg. Infect Dis (Lond). 2017;49:576–583CrossRef
156.
go back to reference Cao M, Wu Y, Wen S, Pan Y, Wang C, Zhang X, et al. 20 μg hepatitis B vaccination reduced the risk of low responsiveness in [infants with HLA-II risk genotype of HBsAg positive mothers. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;63:243–248CrossRefPubMed Cao M, Wu Y, Wen S, Pan Y, Wang C, Zhang X, et al. 20 μg hepatitis B vaccination reduced the risk of low responsiveness in [infants with HLA-II risk genotype of HBsAg positive mothers. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;63:243–248CrossRefPubMed
157.
go back to reference Machaira M, Papaevangelou V, Vouloumanou EK, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Hepatitis B vaccine alone or with hepatitis B immunoglobulin in neonates of HBsAg+/HBeAg− mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:396–404CrossRefPubMed Machaira M, Papaevangelou V, Vouloumanou EK, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Hepatitis B vaccine alone or with hepatitis B immunoglobulin in neonates of HBsAg+/HBeAg− mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:396–404CrossRefPubMed
158.
go back to reference Yue Y, Meng J, Zhang S. Mechanism of peripheral blood mononuclear cell invasion by HBV on artificial immunization in newborns. Chin Med J (Engl). 2002;115:1380–1382 Yue Y, Meng J, Zhang S. Mechanism of peripheral blood mononuclear cell invasion by HBV on artificial immunization in newborns. Chin Med J (Engl). 2002;115:1380–1382
159.
go back to reference Koumbi L, Bertoletti A, Anastasiadou V, Machaira M, Goh W, Papadopoulos NG, et al. Hepatitis B-specific T helper cell responses in uninfected infants born to HBsAg+/HBeAg−mothers. Cell Mol Immunol. 2010;7:454–458CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Koumbi L, Bertoletti A, Anastasiadou V, Machaira M, Goh W, Papadopoulos NG, et al. Hepatitis B-specific T helper cell responses in uninfected infants born to HBsAg+/HBeAg−mothers. Cell Mol Immunol. 2010;7:454–458CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
160.
go back to reference Carollo M, Palazzo R, Bianco M, Pandolfi E, Chionne P, Fedele G, et al. Hepatitis B specific T cell immunity induced by primary vaccination persists independently of the protective serum antibody level. Vaccine. 2013;31:506–513CrossRefPubMed Carollo M, Palazzo R, Bianco M, Pandolfi E, Chionne P, Fedele G, et al. Hepatitis B specific T cell immunity induced by primary vaccination persists independently of the protective serum antibody level. Vaccine. 2013;31:506–513CrossRefPubMed
161.
go back to reference Shrivastava S, TrehanPati N, Patra S, Kottilil S, Pande C, Trivedi SS, et al. Increased regulatory T cells and impaired functions of circulating CD8 T lymphocytes is associated with viral persistence in hepatitis B virus-positive newborns. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20:582–591CrossRefPubMed Shrivastava S, TrehanPati N, Patra S, Kottilil S, Pande C, Trivedi SS, et al. Increased regulatory T cells and impaired functions of circulating CD8 T lymphocytes is associated with viral persistence in hepatitis B virus-positive newborns. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20:582–591CrossRefPubMed
162.
go back to reference Shrivastava S, TrehanPati N, Kottilil S, Sarin SK. Decline in immature transitional B cells after hepatitis B vaccination in hepatitis B positive newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:792–794CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Shrivastava S, TrehanPati N, Kottilil S, Sarin SK. Decline in immature transitional B cells after hepatitis B vaccination in hepatitis B positive newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:792–794CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
163.
go back to reference Hong M, Sandalova E, Low D, Gehring AJ, Fieni S, Amadei B, et al. Trained immunity in newborn infants of HBV-infected mothers. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6588CrossRefPubMed Hong M, Sandalova E, Low D, Gehring AJ, Fieni S, Amadei B, et al. Trained immunity in newborn infants of HBV-infected mothers. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6588CrossRefPubMed
164.
go back to reference Unal C, Tanacan A, Ziyadova G, Fadiloglu E, Beksac MS. Effect of viral load on pregnancy outcomes in chronic hepatitis B infection. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(9):1837–1842CrossRefPubMed Unal C, Tanacan A, Ziyadova G, Fadiloglu E, Beksac MS. Effect of viral load on pregnancy outcomes in chronic hepatitis B infection. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(9):1837–1842CrossRefPubMed
165.
go back to reference Cui AM, Cheng XY, Shao JG, Li HB, Wang XL, Shen Y, et al. Maternal hepatitis B virus carrier status and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:87CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cui AM, Cheng XY, Shao JG, Li HB, Wang XL, Shen Y, et al. Maternal hepatitis B virus carrier status and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:87CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
166.
go back to reference Safir A, Levy A, Sikuler E, Sheiner E. Maternal hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus carrier status as an independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. Liver Int. 2010;30(5):765–770CrossRefPubMed Safir A, Levy A, Sikuler E, Sheiner E. Maternal hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus carrier status as an independent risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. Liver Int. 2010;30(5):765–770CrossRefPubMed
167.
go back to reference Salemi JL, Whiteman VE, August EM, Chandler K, Mbah AK, Salihu HM. Maternal hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection and neonatal neurological outcomes. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(11):e144–e153CrossRefPubMed Salemi JL, Whiteman VE, August EM, Chandler K, Mbah AK, Salihu HM. Maternal hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection and neonatal neurological outcomes. J Viral Hepat. 2014;21(11):e144–e153CrossRefPubMed
168.
go back to reference Connell LE, Salihu HM, Salemi JL, August EM, Weldeselasse H, Mbah AK. Maternal hepatitis B and hepatitis C carrier status and perinatal outcomes. Liver Int. 2011;31(8):1163–1170CrossRefPubMed Connell LE, Salihu HM, Salemi JL, August EM, Weldeselasse H, Mbah AK. Maternal hepatitis B and hepatitis C carrier status and perinatal outcomes. Liver Int. 2011;31(8):1163–1170CrossRefPubMed
169.
go back to reference Bajema KL, Stankiewicz Karita HC, Tenforde MW, Hawes SE, Heffron R. Maternal hepatitis B infection and pregnancy outcomes in the united states: a population-based cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(6):ofy134CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bajema KL, Stankiewicz Karita HC, Tenforde MW, Hawes SE, Heffron R. Maternal hepatitis B infection and pregnancy outcomes in the united states: a population-based cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(6):ofy134CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
170.
go back to reference Tan J, Mao X, Zhang G, Wang W, Pan T, Liu X, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(11):1372–1383CrossRefPubMed Tan J, Mao X, Zhang G, Wang W, Pan T, Liu X, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(11):1372–1383CrossRefPubMed
171.
go back to reference Leng J, Zhang C, Wang P, Li N, Li W, Liu H, et al. Plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase in the first trimester identify high risk chinese women for gestational diabetes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27291CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Leng J, Zhang C, Wang P, Li N, Li W, Liu H, et al. Plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase in the first trimester identify high risk chinese women for gestational diabetes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27291CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
172.
go back to reference Huang X, Tan H, Li X, Zhou S, Wen SW, Luo M. Maternal chronic HBV infection would not increase the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension—results from pregnancy cohort in Liuyang rural China. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114248CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Huang X, Tan H, Li X, Zhou S, Wen SW, Luo M. Maternal chronic HBV infection would not increase the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension—results from pregnancy cohort in Liuyang rural China. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114248CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
173.
go back to reference Tse KY, Ho LF, Lao T. The impact of maternal HBsAg carrier status on pregnancy outcomes: a case-control study. J Hepatol. 2005;43(5):771–775CrossRefPubMed Tse KY, Ho LF, Lao T. The impact of maternal HBsAg carrier status on pregnancy outcomes: a case-control study. J Hepatol. 2005;43(5):771–775CrossRefPubMed
174.
go back to reference Huang QT, Chen JH, Zhong M, Hang LI, Wei SS, Yu YH. Chronic hepatitis B infection is associated with decreased risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;38(5):1860–1868CrossRefPubMed Huang QT, Chen JH, Zhong M, Hang LI, Wei SS, Yu YH. Chronic hepatitis B infection is associated with decreased risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;38(5):1860–1868CrossRefPubMed
175.
go back to reference Huang QT, Wei SS, Zhong M, Hang LL, Xu YY, Cai GX, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection and risk of preterm labor: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(1):3–8CrossRefPubMed Huang QT, Wei SS, Zhong M, Hang LL, Xu YY, Cai GX, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection and risk of preterm labor: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(1):3–8CrossRefPubMed
176.
go back to reference Luo LL, Wu JL, Qu Y, Li J, Pan LL, Li DY, et al. Association between maternal HBsAg carrier status and neonatal adverse outcomes: meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(11):1308–1317CrossRefPubMed Luo LL, Wu JL, Qu Y, Li J, Pan LL, Li DY, et al. Association between maternal HBsAg carrier status and neonatal adverse outcomes: meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(11):1308–1317CrossRefPubMed
177.
go back to reference Zhuang X, Cui AM, Wang Q, Cheng XY, Shen Y, Cai WH, et al. Liver dysfunction during pregnancy and its association of with preterm birth in china: a prospective cohort study. EBioMedicine. 2017;26:152–156CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhuang X, Cui AM, Wang Q, Cheng XY, Shen Y, Cai WH, et al. Liver dysfunction during pregnancy and its association of with preterm birth in china: a prospective cohort study. EBioMedicine. 2017;26:152–156CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
178.
go back to reference Tan J, Liu X, Mao X, Yu J, Chen M, Li Y, et al. HBsAg positivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23(10):812–819CrossRefPubMed Tan J, Liu X, Mao X, Yu J, Chen M, Li Y, et al. HBsAg positivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23(10):812–819CrossRefPubMed
179.
go back to reference Cai Q, Liu H, Han W, Liu L, Xu Y, He Y, et al. Maternal HBsAg carriers and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a hospital-based prospective cohort analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(8):1011–1018PubMed Cai Q, Liu H, Han W, Liu L, Xu Y, He Y, et al. Maternal HBsAg carriers and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a hospital-based prospective cohort analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(8):1011–1018PubMed
180.
go back to reference Lao TT. Hepatitis B—chronic carrier status and pregnancy outcomes: an obstetric perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;68:66–77CrossRefPubMed Lao TT. Hepatitis B—chronic carrier status and pregnancy outcomes: an obstetric perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;68:66–77CrossRefPubMed
181.
go back to reference Xiong Y, Liu C, Huang S, Wang J, Qi Y, Yao G, et al. Impact of maternal infection with hepatitis B virus on pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment: a population-based study. J Viral Hepat. 2021;28(4):613–620CrossRefPubMed Xiong Y, Liu C, Huang S, Wang J, Qi Y, Yao G, et al. Impact of maternal infection with hepatitis B virus on pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment: a population-based study. J Viral Hepat. 2021;28(4):613–620CrossRefPubMed
182.
go back to reference Kushner T, Shaw PA, Kalra A, Magaldi L, Monpara P, Bedi G, et al. Incidence, determinants and outcomes of pregnancy-associated hepatitis B flares: a regional hospital-based cohort study. Liver Int. 2018;38:813–820CrossRefPubMed Kushner T, Shaw PA, Kalra A, Magaldi L, Monpara P, Bedi G, et al. Incidence, determinants and outcomes of pregnancy-associated hepatitis B flares: a regional hospital-based cohort study. Liver Int. 2018;38:813–820CrossRefPubMed
183.
go back to reference Li L, Zou H, Xu M, Li S, Zhu Y, Zheng S, et al. Risk factors related to postpartum hepatic inflammation in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B. J Int Med Res. 2020;48:300060520966439PubMedCrossRef Li L, Zou H, Xu M, Li S, Zhu Y, Zheng S, et al. Risk factors related to postpartum hepatic inflammation in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B. J Int Med Res. 2020;48:300060520966439PubMedCrossRef
184.
go back to reference Giles M, Visvanathan K, Lewin S, Bowden S, Locarnini S, Spelman T, et al. Clinical and virological predictors of hepatic flares in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B. Gut. 2015;64:1810–1815CrossRefPubMed Giles M, Visvanathan K, Lewin S, Bowden S, Locarnini S, Spelman T, et al. Clinical and virological predictors of hepatic flares in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B. Gut. 2015;64:1810–1815CrossRefPubMed
185.
go back to reference Wang S, Xiong H, Luo C, Zhao H, Fan Y, Zhang T, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in pregnant patients with chronic hepatitis B: a retrospective observational case series study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2020;2020:9831687PubMedPubMedCentral Wang S, Xiong H, Luo C, Zhao H, Fan Y, Zhang T, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in pregnant patients with chronic hepatitis B: a retrospective observational case series study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2020;2020:9831687PubMedPubMedCentral
186.
go back to reference Lee JC, Li PH, Mok TY, You SH, Hung HC, Lee CF, et al. Acute exacerbation of hepatitis B with hepatic failure during the first trimester of pregnancy: delivery of a healthy term baby after liver transplantation. Hepatol Res. 2020;50:1386–1390CrossRefPubMed Lee JC, Li PH, Mok TY, You SH, Hung HC, Lee CF, et al. Acute exacerbation of hepatitis B with hepatic failure during the first trimester of pregnancy: delivery of a healthy term baby after liver transplantation. Hepatol Res. 2020;50:1386–1390CrossRefPubMed
188.
go back to reference Pan CQ, Chan S, Trinh H, Yao A, Bae H, Lou L. Similar efficacy and safety of tenofovir in Asians and non-Asians with chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(18):5524–5531CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pan CQ, Chan S, Trinh H, Yao A, Bae H, Lou L. Similar efficacy and safety of tenofovir in Asians and non-Asians with chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(18):5524–5531CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
189.
go back to reference Pan CQ, Duan Z, Dai E, et al. Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(24):2324–2334CrossRefPubMed Pan CQ, Duan Z, Dai E, et al. Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(24):2324–2334CrossRefPubMed
191.
go back to reference Wong GL, Seto WK, Wong VW, Yuen MF, Chan HL. Review article: long-term safety of oral anti-viral treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(6):730–737CrossRefPubMed Wong GL, Seto WK, Wong VW, Yuen MF, Chan HL. Review article: long-term safety of oral anti-viral treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(6):730–737CrossRefPubMed
192.
go back to reference Zhou Y, Hu Y, Liu X, Yang H. CSOG MFM committee guideline: management of hepatitis B during pregnancy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Matern Fetal Med. 2021;3(1):7–17CrossRef Zhou Y, Hu Y, Liu X, Yang H. CSOG MFM committee guideline: management of hepatitis B during pregnancy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Matern Fetal Med. 2021;3(1):7–17CrossRef
193.
go back to reference Charlton MR, Alam A, Shukla A, et al. An expert review on the use of tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Asia. J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(9):811–823CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Charlton MR, Alam A, Shukla A, et al. An expert review on the use of tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Asia. J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(9):811–823CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
194.
go back to reference Seto WK, Hui AJ, Wong VW, Wong GL, Liu KS, Lai CL, et al. Treatment cessation of entecavir in Asian patients with hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B: a multicentre prospective study. Gut. 2015;64:667–672CrossRefPubMed Seto WK, Hui AJ, Wong VW, Wong GL, Liu KS, Lai CL, et al. Treatment cessation of entecavir in Asian patients with hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B: a multicentre prospective study. Gut. 2015;64:667–672CrossRefPubMed
195.
go back to reference Kim HY, Choi JY, Park CH, Jang JW, Kim CW, Bae SH, et al. Outcome after discontinuing antiviral agents during pregnancy in women infected with hepatitis B virus. J Clin Virol. 2013;56:299–305CrossRefPubMed Kim HY, Choi JY, Park CH, Jang JW, Kim CW, Bae SH, et al. Outcome after discontinuing antiviral agents during pregnancy in women infected with hepatitis B virus. J Clin Virol. 2013;56:299–305CrossRefPubMed
196.
go back to reference Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau DT, et al. Serum aminotransferase flares in pregnant and postpartum women with current or prior treatment for chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:255–261CrossRefPubMed Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau DT, et al. Serum aminotransferase flares in pregnant and postpartum women with current or prior treatment for chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:255–261CrossRefPubMed
197.
go back to reference ter Borg MJ, Leemans WF, de Man RA, Janssen HL. Exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection after delivery. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15:37–41PubMed ter Borg MJ, Leemans WF, de Man RA, Janssen HL. Exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection after delivery. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15:37–41PubMed
198.
go back to reference Nguyen G, Garcia RT, Nguyen N, Trinh H, Keeffe EB, Nguyen MH. Clinical course of hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:755–764CrossRefPubMed Nguyen G, Garcia RT, Nguyen N, Trinh H, Keeffe EB, Nguyen MH. Clinical course of hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:755–764CrossRefPubMed
199.
go back to reference Joshi SS, Wong D, Castillo E, Swain MG, Coffin CS. Peripartum cytokine flares in a multiethnic cohort of chronic hepatitis B carriers does not correlate with hepatitis B virus suppression or increased risk of liver disease. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;78:e12707CrossRef Joshi SS, Wong D, Castillo E, Swain MG, Coffin CS. Peripartum cytokine flares in a multiethnic cohort of chronic hepatitis B carriers does not correlate with hepatitis B virus suppression or increased risk of liver disease. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;78:e12707CrossRef
200.
go back to reference Shaheen AA, Myers RP. The outcomes of pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based study. Liver Int. 2010;30:275–283CrossRefPubMed Shaheen AA, Myers RP. The outcomes of pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based study. Liver Int. 2010;30:275–283CrossRefPubMed
201.
go back to reference Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau D, et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis B DNA flares in pregnant and postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1410–1415CrossRefPubMed Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau D, et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis B DNA flares in pregnant and postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1410–1415CrossRefPubMed
202.
go back to reference Samadi Kochaksaraei G, Castillo E, Osman M, Simmonds K, Scott AN, Oshiomogho JI, et al. Clinical course of 161 untreated and tenofovir-treated chronic hepatitis B pregnant patients in a low hepatitis B virus endemic region. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23:15–22CrossRefPubMed Samadi Kochaksaraei G, Castillo E, Osman M, Simmonds K, Scott AN, Oshiomogho JI, et al. Clinical course of 161 untreated and tenofovir-treated chronic hepatitis B pregnant patients in a low hepatitis B virus endemic region. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23:15–22CrossRefPubMed
203.
go back to reference Burra P, De Martin E, Gitto S, Villa E. Influence of age and gender before and after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2013;19:122–134CrossRefPubMed Burra P, De Martin E, Gitto S, Villa E. Influence of age and gender before and after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2013;19:122–134CrossRefPubMed
204.
go back to reference Aggarwal N, Sawnhey H, Suril V, Vasishta K, Jha M, Dhiman RK. Pregnancy and cirrhosis of the liver. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;39:503–506CrossRefPubMed Aggarwal N, Sawnhey H, Suril V, Vasishta K, Jha M, Dhiman RK. Pregnancy and cirrhosis of the liver. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;39:503–506CrossRefPubMed
205.
go back to reference Westbrook RH, Yeoman AD, O’Grady JG, Harrison PM, Devlin J, Heneghan MA. Model for end-stage liver disease score predicts outcome in cirrhotic patients during pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:694–699CrossRefPubMed Westbrook RH, Yeoman AD, O’Grady JG, Harrison PM, Devlin J, Heneghan MA. Model for end-stage liver disease score predicts outcome in cirrhotic patients during pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:694–699CrossRefPubMed
207.
go back to reference Cheng YS. Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;128:812–822CrossRefPubMed Cheng YS. Pregnancy in liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;128:812–822CrossRefPubMed
208.
go back to reference Rasheed SM, Abdel Monem AM, Abd Ellah AH, Abdel Fattah MS. Prognosis and determinants of pregnancy outcome among patients with post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;121:247–251CrossRefPubMed Rasheed SM, Abdel Monem AM, Abd Ellah AH, Abdel Fattah MS. Prognosis and determinants of pregnancy outcome among patients with post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;121:247–251CrossRefPubMed
210.
go back to reference Allen AM, Hay JE. Review article: the management of cirrhosis in women. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:1146–1154CrossRefPubMed Allen AM, Hay JE. Review article: the management of cirrhosis in women. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:1146–1154CrossRefPubMed
211.
go back to reference Pillai AK, Joseph AM, Reddick M, Toomay S, Kalva S. Intravascular US-guided transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in a second-trimester pregnancy to prophylactically decompress abdominal wall varices before cesarean section. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25:481–483CrossRefPubMed Pillai AK, Joseph AM, Reddick M, Toomay S, Kalva S. Intravascular US-guided transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in a second-trimester pregnancy to prophylactically decompress abdominal wall varices before cesarean section. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25:481–483CrossRefPubMed
212.
go back to reference Lelei-Mailu FJ, Mariara CM. Pregnancy in a patient with portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017223076CrossRefPubMedCentral Lelei-Mailu FJ, Mariara CM. Pregnancy in a patient with portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017223076CrossRefPubMedCentral
213.
go back to reference Chen HL, Lin LH, Hu FC, Lee JT, Lin WT, Yang YJ, et al. Effects of maternal screening and universal immunization to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(4):773–781CrossRefPubMed Chen HL, Lin LH, Hu FC, Lee JT, Lin WT, Yang YJ, et al. Effects of maternal screening and universal immunization to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(4):773–781CrossRefPubMed
214.
go back to reference Cheung KW, Seto MTY, Kan ASY, Wong D, Kou KO, So PL, et al. Immunoprophylaxis failure of infants born to hepatitis B carrier mothers following routine vaccination. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(1):144–145CrossRefPubMed Cheung KW, Seto MTY, Kan ASY, Wong D, Kou KO, So PL, et al. Immunoprophylaxis failure of infants born to hepatitis B carrier mothers following routine vaccination. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(1):144–145CrossRefPubMed
215.
go back to reference Cheung KW, Lao TT. Hepatitis B—vertical transmission and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;68:78–88CrossRefPubMed Cheung KW, Lao TT. Hepatitis B—vertical transmission and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;68:78–88CrossRefPubMed
217.
go back to reference Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Harrison L, Decker L, Khamduang W, Tierney C, et al. Tenofovir versus placebo to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(10):911–923CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Harrison L, Decker L, Khamduang W, Tierney C, et al. Tenofovir versus placebo to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(10):911–923CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
218.
go back to reference Ghendon Y. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in high-incidence countries. J Virol Methods. 1987;17(1–2):69–79CrossRefPubMed Ghendon Y. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in high-incidence countries. J Virol Methods. 1987;17(1–2):69–79CrossRefPubMed
219.
go back to reference Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Bhamidimarri KR, Zou HB, Liang XF, Li J, et al. An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(5):452–459CrossRefPubMed Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Bhamidimarri KR, Zou HB, Liang XF, Li J, et al. An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(5):452–459CrossRefPubMed
220.
go back to reference Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lee GC, Lan CC, Roan CH, Huang FY, et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1099–1102CrossRefPubMed Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lee GC, Lan CC, Roan CH, Huang FY, et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1099–1102CrossRefPubMed
221.
go back to reference Zhang L, Gui XE, Wang B, Fan JY, Cao Q, Mullane K, et al. Serological positive markers of hepatitis B virus in femoral venous blood or umbilical cord blood should not be evidence of in-utero infection among neonates. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):408CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhang L, Gui XE, Wang B, Fan JY, Cao Q, Mullane K, et al. Serological positive markers of hepatitis B virus in femoral venous blood or umbilical cord blood should not be evidence of in-utero infection among neonates. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):408CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
222.
go back to reference Liu J, Xu B, Chen T, Chen J, Feng J, Xu C, et al. Presence of hepatitis B virus markers in umbilical cord blood: exposure to or infection with the virus? Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(6):864–869CrossRefPubMed Liu J, Xu B, Chen T, Chen J, Feng J, Xu C, et al. Presence of hepatitis B virus markers in umbilical cord blood: exposure to or infection with the virus? Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(6):864–869CrossRefPubMed
223.
go back to reference Schweitzer IL. Vertical transmission of the hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Med Sci. 1975;270(2):287–291CrossRefPubMed Schweitzer IL. Vertical transmission of the hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Med Sci. 1975;270(2):287–291CrossRefPubMed
224.
go back to reference Goudeau A, Yvonnet B, Lesage G, Barin F, Denis F, Coursaget P, et al. Lack of anti-HBc IgM in neonates with HBsAg carrier mothers argues against transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1103–1104CrossRefPubMed Goudeau A, Yvonnet B, Lesage G, Barin F, Denis F, Coursaget P, et al. Lack of anti-HBc IgM in neonates with HBsAg carrier mothers argues against transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 1983;2(8359):1103–1104CrossRefPubMed
225.
go back to reference Lin HH, Lee TY, Chen DS, Sung JL, Ohto H, Etoh T, et al. Transplacental leakage of HBeAg-positive maternal blood as the most likely route in causing intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus. J Pediatr. 1987;111(6 Pt 1):877–881CrossRefPubMed Lin HH, Lee TY, Chen DS, Sung JL, Ohto H, Etoh T, et al. Transplacental leakage of HBeAg-positive maternal blood as the most likely route in causing intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus. J Pediatr. 1987;111(6 Pt 1):877–881CrossRefPubMed
226.
go back to reference Tse K, Siu SL, Yip KT, Chan SM, Que TL, Lui WY, et al. Immuno-prophylaxis of babies borne to hepatitis B carrier mothers. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12(5):368–374PubMed Tse K, Siu SL, Yip KT, Chan SM, Que TL, Lui WY, et al. Immuno-prophylaxis of babies borne to hepatitis B carrier mothers. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12(5):368–374PubMed
227.
go back to reference Shikata T, Karasawa T, Abe K. Two distinct types of hepatitis in experimental hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Pathol. 1980;99(2):353–368PubMedPubMedCentral Shikata T, Karasawa T, Abe K. Two distinct types of hepatitis in experimental hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Pathol. 1980;99(2):353–368PubMedPubMedCentral
228.
go back to reference Masuzaki H, Miura K, Miura S, Yoshiura K, Mapendano CK, Nakayama D, et al. Labor increases maternal DNA contamination in cord blood. Clin Chem. 2004;50(9):1709–1711CrossRefPubMed Masuzaki H, Miura K, Miura S, Yoshiura K, Mapendano CK, Nakayama D, et al. Labor increases maternal DNA contamination in cord blood. Clin Chem. 2004;50(9):1709–1711CrossRefPubMed
229.
go back to reference Merrill DA, Dubois RS, Kohler PF. Neonatal onset of the hepatitis-associated-antigen carrier state. N Engl J Med. 1972;287(25):1280–1282CrossRefPubMed Merrill DA, Dubois RS, Kohler PF. Neonatal onset of the hepatitis-associated-antigen carrier state. N Engl J Med. 1972;287(25):1280–1282CrossRefPubMed
230.
go back to reference Lu Y, Zhu FC, Liu JX, Zhai XJ, Chang ZJ, Yan L, et al. The maternal viral threshold for antiviral prophylaxis of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in settings with limited resources: a large prospective cohort study in China. Vaccine. 2017;35(48 Pt B):6627–6633CrossRefPubMed Lu Y, Zhu FC, Liu JX, Zhai XJ, Chang ZJ, Yan L, et al. The maternal viral threshold for antiviral prophylaxis of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in settings with limited resources: a large prospective cohort study in China. Vaccine. 2017;35(48 Pt B):6627–6633CrossRefPubMed
231.
go back to reference Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: guidelines on antiviral prophylaxis in pregnancy. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: guidelines on antiviral prophylaxis in pregnancy. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
232.
go back to reference Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560–1599CrossRefPubMed Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560–1599CrossRefPubMed
233.
go back to reference Zhou YH. Issues meriting further study in preventing mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B by antiviral therapy during pregnancy. Matern Fetal Med. 2019;1(1):42–47CrossRef Zhou YH. Issues meriting further study in preventing mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B by antiviral therapy during pregnancy. Matern Fetal Med. 2019;1(1):42–47CrossRef
234.
go back to reference Hu Y, Zhang S, Luo C, Liu Q, Zhou YH. Gaps in the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus between recommendations and routine practices in a highly endemic region: a provincial population-based study in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:221CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hu Y, Zhang S, Luo C, Liu Q, Zhou YH. Gaps in the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus between recommendations and routine practices in a highly endemic region: a provincial population-based study in China. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:221CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
235.
go back to reference Wang F, Zheng H, Zhang G, Ding Z, Li F, Zhong G, et al. Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child transmission practice in three provinces of Southern China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(8):2061–2067CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang F, Zheng H, Zhang G, Ding Z, Li F, Zhong G, et al. Effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child transmission practice in three provinces of Southern China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(8):2061–2067CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
237.
go back to reference Sun KX, Li J, Zhu FC, Liu JX, Li RC, Zhai XJ, et al. A predictive value of quantitative HBsAg for serum HBV DNA level among HBeAg-positive pregnant women. Vaccine. 2012;30(36):5335–5340CrossRefPubMed Sun KX, Li J, Zhu FC, Liu JX, Li RC, Zhai XJ, et al. A predictive value of quantitative HBsAg for serum HBV DNA level among HBeAg-positive pregnant women. Vaccine. 2012;30(36):5335–5340CrossRefPubMed
238.
go back to reference Wen WH, Huang CW, Chie WC, Yeung CY, Zhao LL, Lin WT, et al. Quantitative maternal hepatitis B surface antigen predicts maternally transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2016;64(5):1451–1461CrossRefPubMed Wen WH, Huang CW, Chie WC, Yeung CY, Zhao LL, Lin WT, et al. Quantitative maternal hepatitis B surface antigen predicts maternally transmitted hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2016;64(5):1451–1461CrossRefPubMed
239.
go back to reference Thilakanathan C, Wark G, Maley M, Davison S, Lawler J, Lee A, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B: examining viral cut-offs, maternal HBsAg serology and infant testing. Liver Int. 2018;38(7):1212–1219CrossRefPubMed Thilakanathan C, Wark G, Maley M, Davison S, Lawler J, Lee A, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B: examining viral cut-offs, maternal HBsAg serology and infant testing. Liver Int. 2018;38(7):1212–1219CrossRefPubMed
240.
go back to reference Xiao Y, Sun K, Duan Z, Liu Z, Li Y, Yan L, et al. Quasispecies characteristic in “a” determinant region is a potential predictor for the risk of immunoprophylaxis failure of mother-to-child-transmission of sub-genotype C2 hepatitis B virus: a prospective nested case-control study. Gut. 2020;69(5):933–941CrossRefPubMed Xiao Y, Sun K, Duan Z, Liu Z, Li Y, Yan L, et al. Quasispecies characteristic in “a” determinant region is a potential predictor for the risk of immunoprophylaxis failure of mother-to-child-transmission of sub-genotype C2 hepatitis B virus: a prospective nested case-control study. Gut. 2020;69(5):933–941CrossRefPubMed
243.
go back to reference Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105(2):94–98CrossRefPubMed Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105(2):94–98CrossRefPubMed
244.
go back to reference Linder N, Vishne TH, Levin E, Handsher R, Fink-Kremer I, Waldman D, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: long term follow-up of the immune response of preterm infants and comparison of two vaccination protocols. Infection. 2002;30:136–139CrossRefPubMed Linder N, Vishne TH, Levin E, Handsher R, Fink-Kremer I, Waldman D, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination: long term follow-up of the immune response of preterm infants and comparison of two vaccination protocols. Infection. 2002;30:136–139CrossRefPubMed
245.
go back to reference Saari TN, American Academy of Pediatrics-Committee on Infectious Diseases. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003;112:193–198CrossRefPubMed Saari TN, American Academy of Pediatrics-Committee on Infectious Diseases. Immunization of preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003;112:193–198CrossRefPubMed
246.
go back to reference Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J, Boxall EH, Gluud C. Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2006;332:328–336CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J, Boxall EH, Gluud C. Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2006;332:328–336CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
247.
go back to reference Isaacs D, Kilham HA, Alexander S, Wood N, Buckmaster A, Royle J. Ethical issues in preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B by immunisation. Vaccine. 2011;29(37):6159–6162CrossRefPubMed Isaacs D, Kilham HA, Alexander S, Wood N, Buckmaster A, Royle J. Ethical issues in preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B by immunisation. Vaccine. 2011;29(37):6159–6162CrossRefPubMed
248.
go back to reference Fu S, Yao NJ, Feng YL, Li J, Wu YC, Tian Z, et al. The efficacy of two different dosages hepatitis B immunoglobulin in interrupting mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;70:E124CrossRef Fu S, Yao NJ, Feng YL, Li J, Wu YC, Tian Z, et al. The efficacy of two different dosages hepatitis B immunoglobulin in interrupting mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;70:E124CrossRef
249.
go back to reference Machaira M, Papaevangelou V, Vouloumanou EK, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Hepatitis B vaccine alone or with hepatitis B immunoglobulin inneonates of HBsAg+/HBeAg- mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:396–404CrossRefPubMed Machaira M, Papaevangelou V, Vouloumanou EK, Tansarli GS, Falagas ME. Hepatitis B vaccine alone or with hepatitis B immunoglobulin inneonates of HBsAg+/HBeAg- mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:396–404CrossRefPubMed
250.
go back to reference Milne A, West DJ, Chinh DV, Moyes CD, Poerschke G. Field evaluation ofthe efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine without HBIG in newborn Vietnamese infants. J Med Virol. 2002;67:327–333CrossRefPubMed Milne A, West DJ, Chinh DV, Moyes CD, Poerschke G. Field evaluation ofthe efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine without HBIG in newborn Vietnamese infants. J Med Virol. 2002;67:327–333CrossRefPubMed
251.
go back to reference Segeral O, Dim B, Durier C et al. Immunoglobulin-free alternative strategy to prevent HBV mother to child transmission in Cambodia: preliminary results of the ANRS 12345 TA PROHM study. EASL International Liver Congress, June 23–26, 2021. Abstract OS-865 Segeral O, Dim B, Durier C et al. Immunoglobulin-free alternative strategy to prevent HBV mother to child transmission in Cambodia: preliminary results of the ANRS 12345 TA PROHM study. EASL International Liver Congress, June 23–26, 2021. Abstract OS-865
252.
go back to reference Funk AL, Lu Y, Yoshida K, Zhao T, Boucheron P, van Holten J, et al. Efficacy and safety of antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):70–84CrossRefPubMed Funk AL, Lu Y, Yoshida K, Zhao T, Boucheron P, van Holten J, et al. Efficacy and safety of antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):70–84CrossRefPubMed
253.
go back to reference Ségéral O, N’Diaye DS, Prak S, Nouhin J, Chhun S, Khamduang W, et al. Usefulness of a serial algorithm of HBsAg and HBeAg rapid diagnosis tests to detect pregnant women at risk of HBV mother-to-child transmission in Cambodia, the ANRS 12328 pilot study. J Clin Virol. 2018;109:29–34CrossRefPubMed Ségéral O, N’Diaye DS, Prak S, Nouhin J, Chhun S, Khamduang W, et al. Usefulness of a serial algorithm of HBsAg and HBeAg rapid diagnosis tests to detect pregnant women at risk of HBV mother-to-child transmission in Cambodia, the ANRS 12328 pilot study. J Clin Virol. 2018;109:29–34CrossRefPubMed
254.
go back to reference Seck A, Ndiaye F, Maylin S, Ndiaye B, Simon F, Funk AL, et al. Poor sensitivity of commercial rapid diagnostic tests for hepatitis B e antigen in Senegal, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(2):428–434CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Seck A, Ndiaye F, Maylin S, Ndiaye B, Simon F, Funk AL, et al. Poor sensitivity of commercial rapid diagnostic tests for hepatitis B e antigen in Senegal, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(2):428–434CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
255.
go back to reference Segeral O, Dim B, Durier C, Prak S, Chhim K, Vong C, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) rapid test and alanine aminotransferase level-based algorithm to identify pregnant women at risk of HBV mother-to-child transmission: the ANRS 12345 TA PROHM study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(10):e587–e593CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Segeral O, Dim B, Durier C, Prak S, Chhim K, Vong C, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) rapid test and alanine aminotransferase level-based algorithm to identify pregnant women at risk of HBV mother-to-child transmission: the ANRS 12345 TA PROHM study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(10):e587–e593CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
256.
go back to reference Wu Y, Liu J, Feng Y, Fu S, Ji F, Ge L, et al. Efficacy and safety of antiviral therapy for HBV in different trimesters of pregnancy: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. 2020;14:180–189CrossRefPubMed Wu Y, Liu J, Feng Y, Fu S, Ji F, Ge L, et al. Efficacy and safety of antiviral therapy for HBV in different trimesters of pregnancy: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. 2020;14:180–189CrossRefPubMed
257.
go back to reference Yi W, Pan CQ, Li MH, et al. The characteristics and predictors of postpartum hepatitis flares in women with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(5):686–693CrossRefPubMed Yi W, Pan CQ, Li MH, et al. The characteristics and predictors of postpartum hepatitis flares in women with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(5):686–693CrossRefPubMed
258.
go back to reference Zhao Y, Feng Y, Wu Y, Ji F, Chen T. Hepatic flare after antiviral treatment withdraw in post-partum for pregnancy of chronic hepatitis B viral infection: a pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;70:E127CrossRef Zhao Y, Feng Y, Wu Y, Ji F, Chen T. Hepatic flare after antiviral treatment withdraw in post-partum for pregnancy of chronic hepatitis B viral infection: a pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;70:E127CrossRef
259.
go back to reference Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(1):1–98CrossRefPubMed Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(1):1–98CrossRefPubMed
260.
go back to reference Wang XX, Lu JF, Wu YL, Ma LN, Jin Y, Cao ZH, et al. Clinical study on liver function, virology, serological changes and the safety of drug withdrawal in pregnant women who are chronic HBV carriers during pregnancy and postpartum. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2019;27(4):261–266 (Chinese)PubMed Wang XX, Lu JF, Wu YL, Ma LN, Jin Y, Cao ZH, et al. Clinical study on liver function, virology, serological changes and the safety of drug withdrawal in pregnant women who are chronic HBV carriers during pregnancy and postpartum. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2019;27(4):261–266 (Chinese)PubMed
261.
go back to reference Liu J, Wang J, Jin D, Qi C, Yan T, Cao F, et al. Hepatic flare after telbivudine withdrawal and efficacy of postpartum antiviral therapy for pregnancies with chronic hepatitis B virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(1):177–183CrossRefPubMed Liu J, Wang J, Jin D, Qi C, Yan T, Cao F, et al. Hepatic flare after telbivudine withdrawal and efficacy of postpartum antiviral therapy for pregnancies with chronic hepatitis B virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(1):177–183CrossRefPubMed
262.
go back to reference Wen WH, Chen HL, Shih TT, Wu JF, Ni YH, Lee CN, et al. Long-term growth and bone development in children of HBV-infected mothers with and without fetal exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Hepatol. 2020;72(6):1082–1087CrossRefPubMed Wen WH, Chen HL, Shih TT, Wu JF, Ni YH, Lee CN, et al. Long-term growth and bone development in children of HBV-infected mothers with and without fetal exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Hepatol. 2020;72(6):1082–1087CrossRefPubMed
263.
go back to reference Yi W, et al. Risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis B after amniocentesis in HBs antigen-positive mothers. J Hepatol. 2014;60:523–529CrossRefPubMed Yi W, et al. Risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis B after amniocentesis in HBs antigen-positive mothers. J Hepatol. 2014;60:523–529CrossRefPubMed
264.
go back to reference Zou H, Chen Y, Duan Z, Zhang H, Pan C. Virologic factors associated with failure to passive-active immunoprophylaxis in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers. J Viral Hepat. 2012;19:e18–e25CrossRefPubMed Zou H, Chen Y, Duan Z, Zhang H, Pan C. Virologic factors associated with failure to passive-active immunoprophylaxis in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers. J Viral Hepat. 2012;19:e18–e25CrossRefPubMed
265.
go back to reference Han Z, Zhang Y, Bai X, Yin Y, Xu C, Hou H. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus after amniocentesis: a retrospective matched cohort study. Prenat Diagn. 2019;39:431–440CrossRefPubMed Han Z, Zhang Y, Bai X, Yin Y, Xu C, Hou H. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus after amniocentesis: a retrospective matched cohort study. Prenat Diagn. 2019;39:431–440CrossRefPubMed
266.
go back to reference Dionne-Odom J, et al. #38: hepatitis B in pregnancy screening, treatment, and prevention of vertical transmission. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:6–14CrossRefPubMed Dionne-Odom J, et al. #38: hepatitis B in pregnancy screening, treatment, and prevention of vertical transmission. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:6–14CrossRefPubMed
267.
go back to reference Visvanathan K, Dusheiko G, Giles M, Wong ML, Phung N, Walker S, et al. Managing HBV in pregnancy. Prevention, prophylaxis, treatment and follow-up: position paper produced by Australian, UK and New Zealand key opinion leaders. Gut. 2016;65(2):340–350CrossRefPubMed Visvanathan K, Dusheiko G, Giles M, Wong ML, Phung N, Walker S, et al. Managing HBV in pregnancy. Prevention, prophylaxis, treatment and follow-up: position paper produced by Australian, UK and New Zealand key opinion leaders. Gut. 2016;65(2):340–350CrossRefPubMed
268.
go back to reference He R, Wen P, Xiong M, Fan Z, Li F, Luo D, et al. Cesarean section in reducing mother-to-child HBV transmission: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;20:1–9 He R, Wen P, Xiong M, Fan Z, Li F, Luo D, et al. Cesarean section in reducing mother-to-child HBV transmission: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;20:1–9
269.
go back to reference Steyaert SR, Leroux-Roels GG, Dhont M. Infections in IVF: review and guidelines. Hum Reprod Update. 2000;6:432–441CrossRefPubMed Steyaert SR, Leroux-Roels GG, Dhont M. Infections in IVF: review and guidelines. Hum Reprod Update. 2000;6:432–441CrossRefPubMed
270.
go back to reference Mak JSM, Lao TT. Assisted reproduction in hepatitis carrier couples. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;68:103–108CrossRefPubMed Mak JSM, Lao TT. Assisted reproduction in hepatitis carrier couples. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;68:103–108CrossRefPubMed
271.
go back to reference Nie R, Jin L, Zhang H, Xu B, Chen W, Zhu G. Presence of hepatitis B virus in oocytes and embryos: a risk of hepatitis B virus transmission during in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2011;95:1667–1671CrossRefPubMed Nie R, Jin L, Zhang H, Xu B, Chen W, Zhu G. Presence of hepatitis B virus in oocytes and embryos: a risk of hepatitis B virus transmission during in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2011;95:1667–1671CrossRefPubMed
272.
go back to reference Hu XL, Zhou XP, Qian YL, Wu GY, Ye YH, Zhu YM. The presence and expression of the hepatitis B virus in human oocytes and embryos. Hum Reprod. 2011;26:1860–1867CrossRefPubMed Hu XL, Zhou XP, Qian YL, Wu GY, Ye YH, Zhu YM. The presence and expression of the hepatitis B virus in human oocytes and embryos. Hum Reprod. 2011;26:1860–1867CrossRefPubMed
273.
go back to reference Lin J, Sha Y, Qiu P. Effects of hepatitis B virus infection in women with different ovarian reserve on outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Reprod Contracept. 2017;37:106–111 Lin J, Sha Y, Qiu P. Effects of hepatitis B virus infection in women with different ovarian reserve on outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Reprod Contracept. 2017;37:106–111
274.
go back to reference Shi L, Liu S, Zhao W, Zhou H, Ren W, Shi J. Hepatitis B virus infection reduces fertilization ability during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Med Virol. 2014;86:1099–1104CrossRefPubMed Shi L, Liu S, Zhao W, Zhou H, Ren W, Shi J. Hepatitis B virus infection reduces fertilization ability during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Med Virol. 2014;86:1099–1104CrossRefPubMed
275.
go back to reference Liu L, Liu Q, Wen Y. Ovarian reserve function in infertile women with HBV infection. J Reprod Med. 2016;25:27–31 Liu L, Liu Q, Wen Y. Ovarian reserve function in infertile women with HBV infection. J Reprod Med. 2016;25:27–31
276.
go back to reference Yao N, Ma Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Chen Y, et al. Role of infertile female chronic hepatitis B virus infection in assisted reproduction and infantile outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2019;70:599A Yao N, Ma Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Chen Y, et al. Role of infertile female chronic hepatitis B virus infection in assisted reproduction and infantile outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2019;70:599A
277.
go back to reference Chen H, Ge H-S, Lv J-Q, Wu X-M, Xi H-T, Huang J-Y, et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in women is not associated with IVF/ICSI outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289:213–217CrossRefPubMed Chen H, Ge H-S, Lv J-Q, Wu X-M, Xi H-T, Huang J-Y, et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in women is not associated with IVF/ICSI outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289:213–217CrossRefPubMed
278.
go back to reference Lee VCY, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Ho PC. Impact of positive hepatitis B surface antigen on the outcome of IVF treatment. Reprod Biomed Online. 2010;21:712–717CrossRefPubMed Lee VCY, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Ho PC. Impact of positive hepatitis B surface antigen on the outcome of IVF treatment. Reprod Biomed Online. 2010;21:712–717CrossRefPubMed
279.
go back to reference Jin L, Nie R, Li Y, Xiao N, Zhu L, Zhu G. Hepatitis B surface antigen in oocytes and embryos may not result in vertical transmission to offspring of hepatitis B virus carriers. Fertil Steril. 2016;105:1010–1013CrossRefPubMed Jin L, Nie R, Li Y, Xiao N, Zhu L, Zhu G. Hepatitis B surface antigen in oocytes and embryos may not result in vertical transmission to offspring of hepatitis B virus carriers. Fertil Steril. 2016;105:1010–1013CrossRefPubMed
280.
go back to reference Nie R, Wang M, Liao T, Qian K, Zhu G, Jin L. Assisted conception does not increase the risk for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus, compared with natural conception: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2019;111:348–356CrossRefPubMed Nie R, Wang M, Liao T, Qian K, Zhu G, Jin L. Assisted conception does not increase the risk for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus, compared with natural conception: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2019;111:348–356CrossRefPubMed
281.
go back to reference Kang X, Xie Q, Zhou X, Li F, Huang J, Liu D, et al. Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33471CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kang X, Xie Q, Zhou X, Li F, Huang J, Liu D, et al. Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33471CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
282.
go back to reference Zhou X-P, Hu X-L, Zhu Y-M, Qu F, Sun S-J, Qian Y-L. Comparison of semen quality and outcome of assisted reproductive techniques in Chinese men with and without hepatitis B. Asian J Androl. 2011;13:465–469CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhou X-P, Hu X-L, Zhu Y-M, Qu F, Sun S-J, Qian Y-L. Comparison of semen quality and outcome of assisted reproductive techniques in Chinese men with and without hepatitis B. Asian J Androl. 2011;13:465–469CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
283.
go back to reference Bu Z, Kong H, Li J, Wang F, Guo Y, Su Y, et al. Effect of male hepatitis B virus infection on outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment: insights from couples undergoing oocyte donation. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7:1860–1866PubMedPubMedCentral Bu Z, Kong H, Li J, Wang F, Guo Y, Su Y, et al. Effect of male hepatitis B virus infection on outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment: insights from couples undergoing oocyte donation. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7:1860–1866PubMedPubMedCentral
284.
go back to reference Huang J-M, Huang T-H, Qiu H-Y, Fang X-W, Zhuang T-G, Liu H-X, et al. Effects of hepatitis B virus infection on human sperm chromosomes. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:736–740CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Huang J-M, Huang T-H, Qiu H-Y, Fang X-W, Zhuang T-G, Liu H-X, et al. Effects of hepatitis B virus infection on human sperm chromosomes. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:736–740CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
285.
go back to reference Ali BA, Huang T-H, Salem H-H, Xie Q-D. Expression of hepatitis B virus genes in early embryonic cells originated from hamster ova and human spermatozoa transfected with the complete viral genome. Asian J Androl. 2006;8:273–279CrossRefPubMed Ali BA, Huang T-H, Salem H-H, Xie Q-D. Expression of hepatitis B virus genes in early embryonic cells originated from hamster ova and human spermatozoa transfected with the complete viral genome. Asian J Androl. 2006;8:273–279CrossRefPubMed
286.
go back to reference Qx C, Yy Z. Is hepatitis B virus transmitted via the male germ line? A seroepidemiological study in fetuses [Internet]. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 2013. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23154176/ Qx C, Yy Z. Is hepatitis B virus transmitted via the male germ line? A seroepidemiological study in fetuses [Internet]. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 2013. Available from: https://​pubmed.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​23154176/​
287.
go back to reference Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Recommendations for reducing the risk of viral transmission during fertility treatment with the use of autologous gametes: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2020;114:1158–1164CrossRef Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Recommendations for reducing the risk of viral transmission during fertility treatment with the use of autologous gametes: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2020;114:1158–1164CrossRef
288.
go back to reference Cobo A, Bellver J, de los Santos MJ, Remohí J. Viral screening of spent culture media and liquid nitrogen samples of oocytes and embryos from hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus chronically infected women undergoing in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:74–8. Cobo A, Bellver J, de los Santos MJ, Remohí J. Viral screening of spent culture media and liquid nitrogen samples of oocytes and embryos from hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus chronically infected women undergoing in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:74–8.
289.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Hepatitis B vaccines WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84:405–420 World Health Organization. Hepatitis B vaccines WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84:405–420
290.
go back to reference Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, Brink EW, Goldstein ST, Wang SA, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54:1–31PubMed Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, Brink EW, Goldstein ST, Wang SA, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54:1–31PubMed
291.
go back to reference Tan KL, Goh KT, Oon CJ, Chan SH. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in nonresponders to perinatal immunization. JAMA. 1994;271:859–861CrossRefPubMed Tan KL, Goh KT, Oon CJ, Chan SH. Immunogenicity of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in nonresponders to perinatal immunization. JAMA. 1994;271:859–861CrossRefPubMed
292.
go back to reference Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:578–584CrossRefPubMed Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:578–584CrossRefPubMed
293.
go back to reference Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, et al. Can infant feeding choices modulate later obesity risk? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1502S-1508SCrossRefPubMed Koletzko B, von Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, et al. Can infant feeding choices modulate later obesity risk? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1502S-1508SCrossRefPubMed
294.
go back to reference Shantakumar S, Terry MB, Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Millikan RC, Moorman PG, et al. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk among older women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;102:365–374CrossRefPubMed Shantakumar S, Terry MB, Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Millikan RC, Moorman PG, et al. Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk among older women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;102:365–374CrossRefPubMed
295.
296.
go back to reference Lin HH, Hsu HY, Chang MH, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Hepatitis B virus in the colostra of HBeAg-positive carrier mothers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;17:207–210CrossRefPubMed Lin HH, Hsu HY, Chang MH, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Hepatitis B virus in the colostra of HBeAg-positive carrier mothers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;17:207–210CrossRefPubMed
297.
go back to reference Yang D, Li Y, Song J. Significance of detection of HBV-DNA and CMV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction in screening mothers’ milk. Hunan Yikedaxue Xuebao. 1999;24:44–46 Yang D, Li Y, Song J. Significance of detection of HBV-DNA and CMV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction in screening mothers’ milk. Hunan Yikedaxue Xuebao. 1999;24:44–46
298.
go back to reference Shi Z, Yang Y, Wang H, Ma L, Schreiber A, Li X, et al. Breastfeeding of newborns by mothers carrying hepatitis B virus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(9):837–846CrossRefPubMed Shi Z, Yang Y, Wang H, Ma L, Schreiber A, Li X, et al. Breastfeeding of newborns by mothers carrying hepatitis B virus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(9):837–846CrossRefPubMed
299.
go back to reference Egashira M, Takayanagi T, Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. Does daily intake of bovine lactoferrin-containing products ameliorate rotaviral gastroenteritis? Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1242–1244CrossRefPubMed Egashira M, Takayanagi T, Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. Does daily intake of bovine lactoferrin-containing products ameliorate rotaviral gastroenteritis? Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1242–1244CrossRefPubMed
300.
go back to reference Li S, Zhou H, Huang G, Liu N. Inhibition of HBV infection by bovine lactoferrin and iron-, zinc-saturated lactoferrin. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2009;198:19–25CrossRefPubMed Li S, Zhou H, Huang G, Liu N. Inhibition of HBV infection by bovine lactoferrin and iron-, zinc-saturated lactoferrin. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2009;198:19–25CrossRefPubMed
301.
go back to reference Thea DM, Aldrovandi G, Kankasa C, Kasonde P, Decker WD, Semrau K, et al. Post-weaning breast milk HIV-1 viral load, blood prolactin levels and breast milk volume. AIDS. 2006;20:1539–1547CrossRefPubMed Thea DM, Aldrovandi G, Kankasa C, Kasonde P, Decker WD, Semrau K, et al. Post-weaning breast milk HIV-1 viral load, blood prolactin levels and breast milk volume. AIDS. 2006;20:1539–1547CrossRefPubMed
302.
go back to reference Shapiro RL, Holland DT, Capparelli E, et al. Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of women in Botswana receiving antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:720–727CrossRefPubMed Shapiro RL, Holland DT, Capparelli E, et al. Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of women in Botswana receiving antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:720–727CrossRefPubMed
303.
go back to reference Bae WH, Wester C, Smeaton LM, Shapiro RL, Lockman S, Onyait K, et al. Hematologic and hepatic toxicities associated with antenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy among infants. AIDS. 2008;22:1633–1640CrossRefPubMed Bae WH, Wester C, Smeaton LM, Shapiro RL, Lockman S, Onyait K, et al. Hematologic and hepatic toxicities associated with antenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy among infants. AIDS. 2008;22:1633–1640CrossRefPubMed
304.
go back to reference Palombi L, Pirillo MF, Marchei E, Jere H, Sagno JB, Luhanga R, et al. Concentrations of tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz in mothers and children enrolled under the option B-plus approach in Malawi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1027–1030CrossRefPubMed Palombi L, Pirillo MF, Marchei E, Jere H, Sagno JB, Luhanga R, et al. Concentrations of tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz in mothers and children enrolled under the option B-plus approach in Malawi. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1027–1030CrossRefPubMed
305.
go back to reference Waitt C, Olagunju A, Nakalema S, Kyohaire I, Owen A, Lamorde M, et al. Plasma and breast milk pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir and lamivudine using dried blood and breast milk spots in nursing African mother-infant pairs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:1013–1019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Waitt C, Olagunju A, Nakalema S, Kyohaire I, Owen A, Lamorde M, et al. Plasma and breast milk pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir and lamivudine using dried blood and breast milk spots in nursing African mother-infant pairs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:1013–1019CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
306.
307.
go back to reference Hu X, Wang L, Xu F. Guides concerning tenofovir exposure via breastfeeding: a comparison of drug dosages by developmental stage. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;87:8–12CrossRefPubMed Hu X, Wang L, Xu F. Guides concerning tenofovir exposure via breastfeeding: a comparison of drug dosages by developmental stage. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;87:8–12CrossRefPubMed
308.
go back to reference Ghazinyan HL. Hepatitis B and Pregnanacy. Blood. 2015;2(20):46–47 Ghazinyan HL. Hepatitis B and Pregnanacy. Blood. 2015;2(20):46–47
309.
go back to reference Hepatitis B. Vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84(40):405–419 Hepatitis B. Vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2009;84(40):405–419
310.
go back to reference Hepatitis B. vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017;92(27):369–392 Hepatitis B. vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017;92(27):369–392
311.
go back to reference Ork V, Woodring J, Shafiqul Hossain M, Wasley A, Nagashima S, Yamamoto C, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among pre- and post-vaccine cohorts in Cambodia, 2017. Vaccine. 2019;37(35):5059–5066CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ork V, Woodring J, Shafiqul Hossain M, Wasley A, Nagashima S, Yamamoto C, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence among pre- and post-vaccine cohorts in Cambodia, 2017. Vaccine. 2019;37(35):5059–5066CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
312.
go back to reference Thio CL, Guo N, Xie C, Nelson KE, Ehrhardt S. Global elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B: revisiting the current strategy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(8):981–985CrossRefPubMed Thio CL, Guo N, Xie C, Nelson KE, Ehrhardt S. Global elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B: revisiting the current strategy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(8):981–985CrossRefPubMed
313.
go back to reference WHO guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO WHO guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
314.
go back to reference Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Wiersma ST. The risk of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) prevalence estimates for all world regions. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;9(12):131CrossRef Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Wiersma ST. The risk of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission: hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) prevalence estimates for all world regions. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;9(12):131CrossRef
315.
go back to reference Allison RD, Patel MK, Tohme RA. Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose coverage correlates worldwide with rates of institutional deliveries and skilled attendance at birth. Vaccine. 2017;35:4094–4098CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Allison RD, Patel MK, Tohme RA. Hepatitis B vaccine birth dose coverage correlates worldwide with rates of institutional deliveries and skilled attendance at birth. Vaccine. 2017;35:4094–4098CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
316.
go back to reference Petit D, Tevi-Benissan C, Woodring J, Hennessey K, Kahn A-L. Countries’ interest in a hepatitis B vaccine licensed for the controlled temperature chain; survey results from African and Western Pacific regions. Vaccine. 2017;35:6866–6871CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Petit D, Tevi-Benissan C, Woodring J, Hennessey K, Kahn A-L. Countries’ interest in a hepatitis B vaccine licensed for the controlled temperature chain; survey results from African and Western Pacific regions. Vaccine. 2017;35:6866–6871CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
317.
go back to reference Abravanel F, Lhomme S, Trémeaux P, et al. Performance of the Xpert HBV viral load assay versus the aptima quant assay for quantifying hepatitis B virus DNA. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;96:114946CrossRefPubMed Abravanel F, Lhomme S, Trémeaux P, et al. Performance of the Xpert HBV viral load assay versus the aptima quant assay for quantifying hepatitis B virus DNA. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;96:114946CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Asian Pacific association for the study of liver (APASL) guidelines: hepatitis B virus in pregnancy
Authors
Manoj Kumar
Zaigham Abbas
Milad Azami
Maria Belopolskaya
A. K. Dokmeci
Hasmik Ghazinyan
Jidong Jia
Ankur Jindal
Han Chu Lee
Wei Lei
Seng Gee Lim
Chun-Jen Liu
Qiang Li
Mamun Al Mahtab
David H. Muljono
Madunil Anuk Niriella
Masao Omata
Diana A. Payawal
Shiv K. Sarin
Olivier Ségéral
Tawesak Tanwandee
Nirupma Trehanpati
Kumar Visvanathan
Jin Mo Yang
Man‑Fung Yuen
Yingjie Zheng
Y. H. Zhou
Publication date
01-04-2022
Publisher
Springer India
Keyword
Hepatitis B
Published in
Hepatology International / Issue 2/2022
Print ISSN: 1936-0533
Electronic ISSN: 1936-0541
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-021-10285-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2022

Hepatology International 2/2022 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.