Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports 3/2011

Open Access 01-06-2011

Genome-Wide Association Studies in Atherosclerosis

Authors: S. Sivapalaratnam, M. M. Motazacker, S. Maiwald, G. K. Hovingh, J. J. P. Kastelein, M. Levi, M. D. Trip, G. M. Dallinga-Thie

Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Its pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Because the phenotype of cardiovascular disease often shows a marked heritable pattern, it is likely that genetic factors play an important role. In recent years, large genome-wide association studies have been conducted to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying this heritable and prevalent phenotype. The emphasis of this review is on the recently identified 17 susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Implications of their discovery for biology and clinical medicine are discussed. A description of the landscape of human genetics in the near future in the context of next-generation sequence technologies is provided at the conclusion of this review.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa heart study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–6.PubMedCrossRef Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa heart study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–6.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Marenberg ME, Risch N, Berkman LF, et al. Genetic susceptibility to death from coronary heart disease in a study of twins. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1041–6.PubMedCrossRef Marenberg ME, Risch N, Berkman LF, et al. Genetic susceptibility to death from coronary heart disease in a study of twins. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1041–6.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Sivapalaratnam S, Boekholdt SM, Trip MD et al. Family history of premature coronary heart disease and risk prediction in the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Heart 2010 Sivapalaratnam S, Boekholdt SM, Trip MD et al. Family history of premature coronary heart disease and risk prediction in the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Heart 2010
4.
go back to reference Aouizerat BE, Allayee H, Cantor RM, et al. A genome scan for familial combined hyperlipidemia reveals evidence of linkage with a locus on chromosome 11. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;65:397–412.PubMedCrossRef Aouizerat BE, Allayee H, Cantor RM, et al. A genome scan for familial combined hyperlipidemia reveals evidence of linkage with a locus on chromosome 11. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;65:397–412.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Wang L, Fan C, Topol SE, et al. Mutation of MEF2A in an inherited disorder with features of coronary artery disease. Science. 2003;302:1578–81.PubMedCrossRef Wang L, Fan C, Topol SE, et al. Mutation of MEF2A in an inherited disorder with features of coronary artery disease. Science. 2003;302:1578–81.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Wang Q, Rao S, Topol EJ. Miscues on the "lack of MEF2A mutations" in coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1399–400.PubMedCrossRef Wang Q, Rao S, Topol EJ. Miscues on the "lack of MEF2A mutations" in coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1399–400.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Guella I, Rimoldi V, Asselta R, et al. Association and functional analyses of MEF2A as a susceptibility gene for premature myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:165–72.PubMedCrossRef Guella I, Rimoldi V, Asselta R, et al. Association and functional analyses of MEF2A as a susceptibility gene for premature myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:165–72.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Lieb W, Mayer B, Konig IR, et al. Lack of association between the MEF2A gene and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;117:185–91.PubMedCrossRef Lieb W, Mayer B, Konig IR, et al. Lack of association between the MEF2A gene and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;117:185–91.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Mani A, Radhakrishnan J, Wang H, et al. LRP6 mutation in a family with early coronary disease and metabolic risk factors. Science. 2007;315:1278–82.PubMedCrossRef Mani A, Radhakrishnan J, Wang H, et al. LRP6 mutation in a family with early coronary disease and metabolic risk factors. Science. 2007;315:1278–82.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sarzani R, Salvi F, Bordicchia M et al. Carotid artery atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients with a functional LDL receptor-related protein 6 gene variant. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Sarzani R, Salvi F, Bordicchia M et al. Carotid artery atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients with a functional LDL receptor-related protein 6 gene variant. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009
11.
go back to reference Tomaszewski M, Charchar FJ, Barnes T, et al. A common variant in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 gene (LRP6) is associated with LDL-cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1316–21.PubMedCrossRef Tomaszewski M, Charchar FJ, Barnes T, et al. A common variant in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 gene (LRP6) is associated with LDL-cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1316–21.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Crosslin DR, Shah SH, Nelson SC, et al. Genetic effects in the leukotriene biosynthesis pathway and association with atherosclerosis. Hum Genet. 2009;125:217–29.PubMedCrossRef Crosslin DR, Shah SH, Nelson SC, et al. Genetic effects in the leukotriene biosynthesis pathway and association with atherosclerosis. Hum Genet. 2009;125:217–29.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Shen GQ, Li L, Girelli D, et al. An LRP8 variant is associated with familial and premature coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:780–91.PubMedCrossRef Shen GQ, Li L, Girelli D, et al. An LRP8 variant is associated with familial and premature coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:780–91.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Lanktree MB, Dichgans M, Hegele RA. Advances in genomic analysis of stroke: what have we learned and where are we headed? Stroke. 2010;41:825–32.PubMedCrossRef Lanktree MB, Dichgans M, Hegele RA. Advances in genomic analysis of stroke: what have we learned and where are we headed? Stroke. 2010;41:825–32.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Manolio TA. Genomewide association studies and assessment of the risk of disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:166–76.PubMedCrossRef Manolio TA. Genomewide association studies and assessment of the risk of disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:166–76.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science. 2002;296:2225–9.PubMedCrossRef Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science. 2002;296:2225–9.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Keating BJ, Tischfield S, Murray SS, et al. Concept, design and implementation of a cardiovascular gene-centric 50 k SNP array for large-scale genomic association studies. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3583.PubMedCrossRef Keating BJ, Tischfield S, Murray SS, et al. Concept, design and implementation of a cardiovascular gene-centric 50 k SNP array for large-scale genomic association studies. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3583.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference •• Musunuru K and Kathiresan S. Genetics of coronary artery disease. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2010, 11: 91–108. This is an excellent review on the current status of genetic studies with CVD as the endpoint.PubMedCrossRef •• Musunuru K and Kathiresan S. Genetics of coronary artery disease. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2010, 11: 91–108. This is an excellent review on the current status of genetic studies with CVD as the endpoint.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Samani NJ. Genetics of myocardial infarction: a progress report. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:918–25.PubMedCrossRef Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Samani NJ. Genetics of myocardial infarction: a progress report. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:918–25.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference •• Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature 2010, 466: 707–13. This article uses a combination of GWA study meta-analyses and gene expression data to proof the importance of novel candidate genes for lipid metabolism. A novel gene, GALNT2, has been described in more detial in a novel mouse model.PubMedCrossRef •• Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature 2010, 466: 707–13. This article uses a combination of GWA study meta-analyses and gene expression data to proof the importance of novel candidate genes for lipid metabolism. A novel gene, GALNT2, has been described in more detial in a novel mouse model.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference McPherson R, Pertsemlidis A, Kavaslar N, et al. A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease. Science. 2007;316:1488–91.PubMedCrossRef McPherson R, Pertsemlidis A, Kavaslar N, et al. A common allele on chromosome 9 associated with coronary heart disease. Science. 2007;316:1488–91.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Samani NJ, Schunkert H. Chromosome 9p21 and cardiovascular disease: the story unfolds. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2008;1:81–4.PubMedCrossRef Samani NJ, Schunkert H. Chromosome 9p21 and cardiovascular disease: the story unfolds. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2008;1:81–4.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Kathiresan S, Voight BF, Purcell S et al. Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat Genet. 2009 Kathiresan S, Voight BF, Purcell S et al. Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat Genet. 2009
24.
go back to reference Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:443–53.PubMedCrossRef Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, et al. Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:443–53.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Samani NJ, Deloukas P, Erdmann J, et al. Large scale association analysis of novel genetic loci for coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:774–80.PubMedCrossRef Samani NJ, Deloukas P, Erdmann J, et al. Large scale association analysis of novel genetic loci for coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:774–80.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Musunuru K, Post WS, Herzog W, et al. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 9p21.3 with platelet reactivity: a potential mechanism for increased vascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:445–53.PubMedCrossRef Musunuru K, Post WS, Herzog W, et al. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 9p21.3 with platelet reactivity: a potential mechanism for increased vascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:445–53.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bjorck HM, Lanne T, Alehagen U, et al. Association of genetic variation on chromosome 9p21.3 and arterial stiffness. J Intern Med. 2009;265:373–81.PubMedCrossRef Bjorck HM, Lanne T, Alehagen U, et al. Association of genetic variation on chromosome 9p21.3 and arterial stiffness. J Intern Med. 2009;265:373–81.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Cunnington MS, Santibanez KM, Mayosi BM, et al. Chromosome 9p21 SNPs associated with multiple disease phenotypes correlate with ANRIL expression. PLoS Genet. 2010;6:e1000899.PubMedCrossRef Cunnington MS, Santibanez KM, Mayosi BM, et al. Chromosome 9p21 SNPs associated with multiple disease phenotypes correlate with ANRIL expression. PLoS Genet. 2010;6:e1000899.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson KP, et al. The same sequence variant on 9p21 associates with myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm and intracranial aneurysm. Nat Genet. 2008;40:217–24.PubMedCrossRef Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Magnusson KP, et al. The same sequence variant on 9p21 associates with myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm and intracranial aneurysm. Nat Genet. 2008;40:217–24.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Folkersen L, Kyriakou T, Goel A, et al. Relationship between CAD risk genotype in the chromosome 9p21 locus and gene expression. Identification of eight new ANRIL splice variants. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e7677.PubMedCrossRef Folkersen L, Kyriakou T, Goel A, et al. Relationship between CAD risk genotype in the chromosome 9p21 locus and gene expression. Identification of eight new ANRIL splice variants. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e7677.PubMedCrossRef
31.
32.
go back to reference Visel A, Zhu Y, May D, et al. Targeted deletion of the 9p21 non-coding coronary artery disease risk interval in mice. Nature. 2010;464:409–12.PubMedCrossRef Visel A, Zhu Y, May D, et al. Targeted deletion of the 9p21 non-coding coronary artery disease risk interval in mice. Nature. 2010;464:409–12.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Jarinova O, Stewart AF, Roberts R, et al. Functional analysis of the chromosome 9p21.3 coronary artery disease risk locus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1671–7.PubMedCrossRef Jarinova O, Stewart AF, Roberts R, et al. Functional analysis of the chromosome 9p21.3 coronary artery disease risk locus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1671–7.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference •• Musunuru K, Strong A, Frank-Kamenetsky M et al. From noncoding variant to phenotype via SORT1 at the 1p13 cholesterol locus. Nature 2010, 466: 714–19. This article describes the approach to identify a GWA signal and translate it into a functional mechanism using mouse models, in vitro studies, and also large cohorts to identify the QTL signal.PubMedCrossRef •• Musunuru K, Strong A, Frank-Kamenetsky M et al. From noncoding variant to phenotype via SORT1 at the 1p13 cholesterol locus. Nature 2010, 466: 714–19. This article describes the approach to identify a GWA signal and translate it into a functional mechanism using mouse models, in vitro studies, and also large cohorts to identify the QTL signal.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Kjolby M, Andersen OM, Breiderhoff T, et al. Sort1, encoded by the cardiovascular risk locus 1p13.3, is a regulator of hepatic lipoprotein export. Cell Metab. 2010;12:213–23.PubMedCrossRef Kjolby M, Andersen OM, Breiderhoff T, et al. Sort1, encoded by the cardiovascular risk locus 1p13.3, is a regulator of hepatic lipoprotein export. Cell Metab. 2010;12:213–23.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Goldstein JL, Sobhani MK, Faust JR, Brown MS. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: failure of normal allele to compensate for mutant allele at a regulated genetic locus. Cell. 1976;9:195–203.PubMedCrossRef Goldstein JL, Sobhani MK, Faust JR, Brown MS. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: failure of normal allele to compensate for mutant allele at a regulated genetic locus. Cell. 1976;9:195–203.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Kotowski IK, Pertsemlidis A, Luke A, et al. A spectrum of PCSK9 alleles contributes to plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78:410–22.PubMedCrossRef Kotowski IK, Pertsemlidis A, Luke A, et al. A spectrum of PCSK9 alleles contributes to plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78:410–22.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Huijgen R, Vissers MN, Defesche JC, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia: current treatment and advances in management. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008;6:567–81.PubMedCrossRef Huijgen R, Vissers MN, Defesche JC, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia: current treatment and advances in management. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008;6:567–81.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference van Aalst-Cohen ES, Jansen AC, Tanck MW, et al. Diagnosing familial hypercholesterolaemia: the relevance of genetic testing. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2240–6.PubMedCrossRef van Aalst-Cohen ES, Jansen AC, Tanck MW, et al. Diagnosing familial hypercholesterolaemia: the relevance of genetic testing. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2240–6.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Stone NJ, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS, Verter J. Coronary artery disease in 116 kindred with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation. 1974;49:476–88.PubMed Stone NJ, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS, Verter J. Coronary artery disease in 116 kindred with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation. 1974;49:476–88.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Tregouet DA, Konig IR, Erdmann J, et al. Genome-wide haplotype association study identifies the SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster as a risk locus for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41:283–5.PubMedCrossRef Tregouet DA, Konig IR, Erdmann J, et al. Genome-wide haplotype association study identifies the SLC22A3-LPAL2-LPA gene cluster as a risk locus for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2009;41:283–5.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Kamstrup PR. Lipoprotein(a) and ischemic heart disease–a causal association? A review. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:15–23.PubMedCrossRef Kamstrup PR. Lipoprotein(a) and ischemic heart disease–a causal association? A review. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:15–23.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Utermann G. Genetic architecture and evolution of the lipoprotein(a) trait. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999;10:133–41.PubMedCrossRef Utermann G. Genetic architecture and evolution of the lipoprotein(a) trait. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999;10:133–41.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;301:2331–9.PubMedCrossRef Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Nordestgaard BG. Genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) and increased risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;301:2331–9.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, et al. Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2518–28.PubMedCrossRef Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, et al. Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2518–28.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Zernecke A, Shagdarsuren E, Weber C. Chemokines in atherosclerosis: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1897–908.PubMedCrossRef Zernecke A, Shagdarsuren E, Weber C. Chemokines in atherosclerosis: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1897–908.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Gleissner CA, von Hundelshausen P, Ley K. Platelet chemokines in vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1920–7.PubMedCrossRef Gleissner CA, von Hundelshausen P, Ley K. Platelet chemokines in vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1920–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Zernecke A, Bot I, Djalali-Talab Y, et al. Protective role of CXC receptor 4/CXC ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2008;102:209–17.PubMedCrossRef Zernecke A, Bot I, Djalali-Talab Y, et al. Protective role of CXC receptor 4/CXC ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2008;102:209–17.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference van Gils JM, da Costa Martins PA, Mol A, et al. Transendothelial migration drives dissociation of plateletmonocyte complexes. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100:271–9.PubMed van Gils JM, da Costa Martins PA, Mol A, et al. Transendothelial migration drives dissociation of plateletmonocyte complexes. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100:271–9.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Erdmann J, Grosshennig A, Braund PS, et al. New susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 3q22.3. Nat Genet. 2009;41:280–2.PubMedCrossRef Erdmann J, Grosshennig A, Braund PS, et al. New susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease on chromosome 3q22.3. Nat Genet. 2009;41:280–2.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Nunez RN, Lee IN, Banno A, et al. Characterization of R-ras3/m-ras null mice reveals a potential role in trophic factor signaling. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26:7145–54.CrossRef Nunez RN, Lee IN, Banno A, et al. Characterization of R-ras3/m-ras null mice reveals a potential role in trophic factor signaling. Mol Cell Biol. 2006;26:7145–54.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Folkersen L, van’t Hooft F, Chernogubova E, et al. Association of genetic risk variants with expression of proximal genes identifies novel susceptibility genes for cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:365–73.PubMedCrossRef Folkersen L, van’t Hooft F, Chernogubova E, et al. Association of genetic risk variants with expression of proximal genes identifies novel susceptibility genes for cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:365–73.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Allen PB, Greenfield AT, Svenningsson P, et al. Phactrs 1–4: a family of protein phosphatase 1 and actin regulatory proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:7187–92.PubMedCrossRef Allen PB, Greenfield AT, Svenningsson P, et al. Phactrs 1–4: a family of protein phosphatase 1 and actin regulatory proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:7187–92.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Fajans SS, Bell GI, Polonsky KS. Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:971–80.PubMedCrossRef Fajans SS, Bell GI, Polonsky KS. Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:971–80.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Armendariz AD, Krauss RM. Hepatic nuclear factor 1-alpha: inflammation, genetics, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20:106–11.PubMedCrossRef Armendariz AD, Krauss RM. Hepatic nuclear factor 1-alpha: inflammation, genetics, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20:106–11.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Prudente S, Morini E, Trischitta V. Insulin signaling regulating genes: effect on T2DM and cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:682–93.PubMedCrossRef Prudente S, Morini E, Trischitta V. Insulin signaling regulating genes: effect on T2DM and cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:682–93.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Gudbjartsson DF, Bjornsdottir US, Halapi E, et al. Sequence variants affecting eosinophil numbers associate with asthma and myocardial infarction. Nat Genet. 2009;41:342–7.PubMedCrossRef Gudbjartsson DF, Bjornsdottir US, Halapi E, et al. Sequence variants affecting eosinophil numbers associate with asthma and myocardial infarction. Nat Genet. 2009;41:342–7.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, et al. Molecular genetics of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:241–50.PubMedCrossRef Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, et al. Molecular genetics of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:241–50.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Paynter NP, Chasman DI, Buring JE, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk prediction with and without knowledge of genetic variation at chromosome 9p21.3. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:65–72.PubMed Paynter NP, Chasman DI, Buring JE, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk prediction with and without knowledge of genetic variation at chromosome 9p21.3. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:65–72.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Talmud PJ, Cooper JA, Palmen J, et al. Chromosome 9p21.3 coronary heart disease locus genotype and prospective risk of CHD in healthy middle-aged men. Clin Chem. 2008;54:467–74.PubMedCrossRef Talmud PJ, Cooper JA, Palmen J, et al. Chromosome 9p21.3 coronary heart disease locus genotype and prospective risk of CHD in healthy middle-aged men. Clin Chem. 2008;54:467–74.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, et al. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461:747–53.PubMedCrossRef Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, et al. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature. 2009;461:747–53.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Vissers LE, de Ligt J, Gilissen C, et al. A de novo paradigm for mental retardation. Nat Genet. 2010;42:1109–12.PubMedCrossRef Vissers LE, de Ligt J, Gilissen C, et al. A de novo paradigm for mental retardation. Nat Genet. 2010;42:1109–12.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Genome-Wide Association Studies in Atherosclerosis
Authors
S. Sivapalaratnam
M. M. Motazacker
S. Maiwald
G. K. Hovingh
J. J. P. Kastelein
M. Levi
M. D. Trip
G. M. Dallinga-Thie
Publication date
01-06-2011
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Atherosclerosis Reports / Issue 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1523-3804
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6242
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-011-0173-4

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Current Atherosclerosis Reports 3/2011 Go to the issue
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.