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Journal of Neuroinflammation
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research

Fractalkine (CX3CL1) enhances hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function via d-serine and adenosine receptor type A2 (A2AR) activity

Authors: Maria Scianni, Letizia Antonilli, Giuseppina Chece, Gloria Cristalli, Maria Amalia Di Castro, Cristina Limatola, Laura Maggi

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2013

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Abstract

Background

N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play fundamental roles in basic brain functions such as excitatory neurotransmission and learning and memory processes. Their function is largely regulated by factors released by glial cells, including the coagonist d-serine. We investigated whether the activation of microglial CX3CR1 induces the release of factors that modulate NMDAR functions.

Methods

We recorded the NMDAR component of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (NMDA-fEPSPs) elicited in the CA1 stratum radiatum of mouse hippocampal slices by Shaffer collateral stimulation and evaluated d-serine content in the extracellular medium of glial primary cultures by mass spectrometry analysis.

Results

We demonstrated that CX3CL1 increases NMDA-fEPSPs by a mechanism involving the activity of the adenosine receptor type A2 (A2AR) and the release of the NMDAR coagonist d-serine. Specifically (1) the selective A2AR blocker 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (SCH58261) and the genetic ablation of A2AR prevent CX3CL1 action while the A2AR agonist 5-(6-amino-2-(phenethylthio)-9H-purin-9-yl)-N-ethyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide (VT7) mimics CX3CL1 effect, and (2) the selective blocking of the NMDAR glycine (and d-serine) site by 5,7-dicholorokynurenic acid (DCKA), the enzymatic degradation of d-serine by d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and the saturation of the coagonist site by d-serine, all block the CX3CL1 effect. In addition, mass spectrometry analysis demonstrates that stimulation of microglia and astrocytes with CX3CL1 or VT7 increases d-serine release in the extracellular medium.

Conclusions

CX3CL1 transiently potentiates NMDAR function though mechanisms involving A2AR activity and the release of d-serine.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Fractalkine (CX3CL1) enhances hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function via d-serine and adenosine receptor type A2 (A2AR) activity
Authors
Maria Scianni
Letizia Antonilli
Giuseppina Chece
Gloria Cristalli
Maria Amalia Di Castro
Cristina Limatola
Laura Maggi
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-10-108

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