Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
World Journal of Emergency Surgery
Published in: World Journal of Emergency Surgery 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research article

Foregut caustic injuries: results of the world society of emergency surgery consensus conference

Authors: Luigi Bonavina, Mircea Chirica, Ognjan Skrobic, Yoram Kluger, Nelson A. Andreollo, Sandro Contini, Aleksander Simic, Luca Ansaloni, Fausto Catena, Gustavo P. Fraga, Carlo Locatelli, Osvaldo Chiara, Jeffry Kashuk, Federico Coccolini, Yuri Macchitella, Massimiliano Mutignani, Cesare Cutrone, Marco Dei Poli, Tino Valetti, Emanuele Asti, Michael Kelly, Predrag Pesko

Published in: World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

Lesions of the upper digestive tract due to ingestion of caustic agents still represent a major medical and surgical emergency worldwide. The work-up of these patients is poorly defined and no clear therapeutic guidelines are available.

Purpose of the study

The aim of this study was to provide an evidence-based international consensus on primary and secondary prevention, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of this life-threatening and potentially disabling condition.

Methods

An extensive literature search was performed by an international panel of experts under the auspices of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES). The level of evidence of the screened publications was graded using the Oxford 2011 criteria. The level of evidence of the literature and the main topics regarding foregut caustic injuries were discussed during a dedicated meeting in Milan, Italy (April 2015), and during the 3rd Annual Congress of the World Society of Emergency Surgery in Jerusalem, Israel (July 2015).

Results

One-hundred-forty-seven full papers which addressed the relevant clinical questions of the research were admitted to the consensus conference. There was an unanimous consensus on the fact that the current literature on foregut caustic injuries lacks homogeneous classification systems and prospective methodology. Moreover, the non-standardized definition of technical and clinical success precludes any accurate comparison of therapeutic modalities. Key recommendations and algorithms based on expert opinions, retrospective studies and literature reviews were proposed and approved during the final consensus conference. The clinical practice guidelines resulting from the consensus conference were approved by the WSES council.

Conclusions

The recommendations emerging from this consensus conference, although based on a low level of evidence, have important clinical implications. A world registry of foregut caustic injuries could be useful to collect a homogeneous data-base for prospective clinical studies that may help improving the current clinical practice guidelines.
Literature
1.
Sarfati E, Gossot D, Assens P, Celerier M. Management of caustic ingestion in adults. Br J Surg. 1987;74:146–8.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Kikendall JW. Caustic ingestion injuries. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 1991;20(4):847–57.
3.
4.
Leape LL, Ashcraft KW, Scarpelli DG, Holder TM. Hazard to health-liquid lye. N Engl J Med. 1971;284:578–81.PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
Mehta SK, Mehta S, Nagi B, Kochlar R, Zargar SA. Ingestion of strong corrosive alkalis: spectrum of injury to upper gastrointestinal tract and natural history. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87(3):337–41.PubMed
7.
Cheng HT, Cheng CL, Lin CH, Tang JH, Chu YY, Liu N, et al. Caustic ingestion in adults: the role of endoscopic classification in predicting outcome. BMC Gastroenterol. 2008;8:1.CrossRef
8.
Peracchia A, Bardini R, Bonavina L, Pavanello M, Asolati M, Buin F. Lesioni da caustici dell’esofago. Esperienza su 143 casi osservati. Chirurgia. 1989;2(1–2):1–6.
9.
Knezevic JD, Radovanovic NS, Simic AP, Kotarac MM, Skrobic OM, Konstantinovic VD, et al. Colon interposition in the treatment of esophageal caustic strictures: 40 years of experience. Dis Esophagus. 2007;20(6):530–4.PubMedCrossRef
10.
11.
Appelqvist P, Salmo M. Lye corrosion carcinoma of the esophagus: a review of 63 cases. Cancer. 1980;45(10):2655–8.PubMedCrossRef
12.
13.
Andreoni B, Farina ML, Biffi R, Crosta C. Esophageal perforation and caustic injury: emergency management of caustic ingestion. Dis Esophagus. 1997;10:95–100.PubMed
14.
Benjamin B, Agueb R, Vuarnesson H, Trachart H, Munoz Bongard N, Sarfati E, et al. Chirica M. Ann Surg: Tracheobronchial necrosis after caustic injury; 2015. PMID:25775065.
15.
Berthet B, Castellani P, Brioche MI, Assadourian R, Gauthier A. Early operation for severe corrosive injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Surg. 1996;162(12):951–5.PubMed
16.
Boybeyi O, Karnak I, Tanyel FC, Senocak ME. Management of unusually extensive esophagogastric corrosive injuries: emergency measures and gastric reconstruction. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44(5):1022–6.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P, Fearon K, Weinmann A, Bozzetti F. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: Surgery. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:378–86.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Bonnici KS, Wood DM, Dargan PI. Should computerised tomography replace endoscopy in the evaluation of symptomatic ingestion of corrosive substances? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(9):911–25.CrossRef
19.
Cabral C, Chirica M, de Chaisemartin C, Gornet JM, Munoz-Bongrand N, Halimi B, et al. Caustic injuries of the upper digestive tract: a population observational study. Surg Endosc. 2012;26(1):214–21.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Cattan P, Munoz Bongrand N, Berney T, Halimi B, Sarfati E, Celerier M. Extensive abdominal surgery after caustic ingestion. Ann Surg. 2000;519:523.
21.
Celik B, Nadir A, Sahin E, Kaptanoglu M. Is esophagoscopy necessary for corrosive ingestion in adults? Dis Esophagus. 2009;22:638–41.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Ozokutan BH, Gündüz F, Gözen A, Ceylan H. Gastric perforation after corrosive ingestion. Pediatr Surg Int. 2011;27(6):649–53.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Chiba S, Brichkov I. Pulmonary Patch Repair of Tracheobronchial Necrosis With Perforation Secondary to caustic ingestion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;97:2205–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Chirica M, Kraemer A, Petrascu E, Vuarnesson H, Pariente B, Halimi B, et al. Esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy for caustic injuries. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27(2):122–7.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Chirica M, Resche-Rigon M, Munoz Bongrand N, Zohar S, Halimi B, Gornet JM, et al. Surgery for caustic injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Ann Surg. 2012;256:994–1001.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Chirica M, Resche-Rigon M, Pariente B, Fieux F, Sabatier F, Loiseaux F, et al. Computed tomography evaluation of high-grade esophageal necrosis after corrosive ingestion to avoid unnecessary esophagectomy. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(6):1452–61.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Chirica M, Vuarnesson H, Zohar S, Faron M, Halimi B, Munoz Bongrand N, et al. Similar outcomes after primary and secondary esophagocoloplasty for caustic injuries. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(3):905–12.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Chou SH, Chang YT, Li HP, Huang MF, Lee CH, Lee KW. Factors predicting the hospital mortality of patients with corrosive gastrointestinal injuries receiving esophagogastrectomy in the acute stage. World J Surg. 2010;34:2383–88.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Dapri G, Himpens J, Mouchart A, Ntounda R, Claus M, Dechamps P, et al. Laparoscopic transhiatal esophago-gastrectomy after corrosive injury. Surg Endosc. 2007;21(12):2322–5.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Díaz-Sánchez A, Carrión G, Barreiro A, Ortiz C, De Fuenmayor ML, Gimeno M, et al. Massive gastric necrosis from hydrochloric acid ingestion. Eur J Surg. 2001;167:195–8.CrossRef
31.
Di Saverio S, Biscardi A, Piccinini A, Mandrioli M, Tugnoli G. Different possible surgical managements of caustic ingestion: diagnostic laparoscopy for Zargar’s grade 3a lesions and a new technique of “duodenal damage control” with “4-tube ostomy” and duodenal wash-out as an option for extensive 3b lesions in unstable patients. Updates Surg 2015: DOI 10.​1007/​s13304-015-0313-4
32.
Fulton JA, Hofman RS. Steroids in second degree caustic burns of the esophagus: a systematic pooled analysis of fifty years of human data:1956–2006. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:402–8.CrossRef
33.
Ganepola GA, Bhuta K. A case of total esophago-gastro-duodeno-jejunectomy and partial pancreatectomy for lye burns, and reconstruction with colon interposition. J Trauma. 1984;24(10):913–6.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Gupta SK, Rana AS, Gupta D, Jain G, Kalra P. Unusual presentation of caustic ingestion and its surgical treatment: a case report. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2011;10(1):74–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Horvath OP, Olah T, Zentai G. Emergency esophagogastrectomy for treatment of hydrochloric acid injury. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:98–101.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Huscher CG, Mingoli A, Mereu A, Sgarzini G. Laparoscopy can be very effective in reducing mortality rate for caustic ingestion in suicide attempt. World J Surg. 2011;35:2363–64.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Jaillard S, Nseir S, Métois D, Marquette C, Darras J, Porte H, et al. Extensive corrosive injuries of the upper airways and gastrointestinal tract. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:186–8.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Jain RK, Gouda NB, Sharma VK, Dubey TN, Shende A, Malik R, et al. Esophageal complications following aluminium phosphide ingestion: an emerging issue among survivors of poisoning. Dysphagia. 2010;25(4):271–6.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Javed A, Pal S, Krishnan E, Sanhi P, Chattopadhyay T. Surgical management and outcomes of severe gastrointestinal injuries due to corrosive ingestion. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;4(5):121–5.
40.
Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Agakidis CH, Chryssostomidou S, Arvanitidis K, Tsepis K. Conservative management of caustic substance ingestion in a pediatric department setting, short-term and long-term outcome. Dis Esophagus. 2011;24(2):86–91.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Keh SM, Onyekwelu N, McManus K, McGuigan J. Corrosive injury to upper gastrointestinal tract: Still a major surgical dilemma. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(32):5223–8.PubMedCentralPubMed
42.
Kua K, Jonas N, O'Donnell R. The larynx and caustic soda ingestion. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(6):570.PubMedCrossRef
43.
44.
Landen S, Wu MH, Jeng LB, Delugelau V, Launois B. Pancreaticoduodenal necrosis due to caustic burn. Acta Chir Belg. 2000;100:205–9.PubMed
45.
Lefrancois M, Gaujoux S, Resche-Rigon M, Chirica M, Munoz-Bongrand SE, Cattan P. Oesophagogastrectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy for caustic injury. Br J Surg. 2011;98:983–90.PubMedCrossRef
46.
47.
Mamede RCM, De Mello Filho FV. Treatment of caustic ingestion: an analysis of 239 cases. Dis Esophagus. 2002;15:210–3.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Munoz-Bongrand N, Cattan P, de Chaisemartin C, Bothereau H, Honigman I, Sarfati E. Extensive digestive caustic burns: what are the limits for resection? A series of 12 patients. Ann Chir. 2003;128(6):373–8.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Ramakrishnaiah VP, Gangavatiker R, Dash NR, Sahni P. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy in a patient with acute corrosive injury. Updates Surg. 2013;65(4):309–11.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Rigo GP, Camellini L, Azzolini F, Guazzetti S, Bedogni G, Merighi A, et al. What is the utility of selected clinical and endoscopic parameters in predicting the risk of death after caustic ingestion? Endoscopy. 2002;34(4):304–10.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Ryu HH, Jeung KW, Lee BK, Uhm JH, Park YH, Shin MH, et al. Caustic injury: can CT scan grading system enable prediction of esophageal stricture? Clin Toxicol. 2010;48:137–42.CrossRef
52.
Sarfati E, Jacob L, Servant JM, d’Acremont B, Roland E, Ghidalia T, et al. Tracheobronchial necrosis after caustic ingestion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:412–3.PubMed
53.
Subasinghe D, Rathnasena BG. Early laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy for corrosive injury of upper gastrointestinal tract. Trop Gastroenterol. 2011;32(4):333–5.PubMed
54.
Tohda G, Sugawa C, Gayer C, Chino A, McGuire TW, Lucas CE. Clinical evaluation and management of caustic injury in the upper gastrointestinal tract in 95 adult patients in an urban medical center. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(4):1119–25.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Vereczkei A, Varga G, Pótó L, Horváth OP. Management of corrosive injuries of the esophagus. Acta Chir Hung. 1999;38(1):119–22.PubMed
56.
Wu MH, Lai WW, Hwang TL, Lee SC, Hsu HK, Lin TS. Surgical results of corrosive injuries involving esophagus to jejunum. Hepatogastroenterology. 1996;43:846–50.PubMed
57.
Zerbib P, Voisin B, Truant S, Saulnier F, Vinet A, Chambon JP, et al. The conservative management of severe caustic gastric injuries. Ann Surg. 2011;253(4):684–8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Baskin D, Urganci N, Abbasoğlu L, Alkim C, Yalçin M, Karadağ C, et al. A standardised protocol for the acute management of corrosive ingestion in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20:824–8.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Berger M, Ure B, Lacher M. Mitomycin C in the therapy of recurrent esophageal strictures: hype or hope? Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2012;22:109–16.PubMedCrossRef
60.
61.
Bueno R, Swanson SJ, Jaklitsch MT, Lukanich JM, MentzerSJ SDJ. Combined antegrade and retrogradedilation: a new endoscopic technique in the management ofcomplex esophageal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:368–72.PubMedCrossRef
62.
63.
Contini S, Scarpignato C, Rossi A, Strada G. Features and management of esophageal corrosive lesions in children in Sierra Leone: lessons learned from 175 consecutive patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46:1739–45.PubMedCrossRef
64.
65.
Dall’Oglio L, De Angelis P. Commentary on “Esophageal endoscopic dilations”. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(6):716–17.PubMedCrossRef
66.
De Peppo F, Zaccara A, Dall’Oglio L, Federici di Abriola G, Ponticelli A, Marchetti P, et al. Stenting for caustic strictures: esophageal replacement replaced. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33:54–7.PubMedCrossRef
67.
68.
Foschia F, De Angelis P, Torroni F, Romeo E, Caldaro T, diAbriola GF, et al. Custom dynamic stent for esophageal strictures in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46:848–53.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Genc A, Mutaf O. Esophageal motility changes in acute and late periods of caustic esophageal burns and their relation to prognosis in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1526.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Gerçek A, Ay B, Dogan V, Kiyan G, Dagli T, Gogus Y. Esophageal balloon dilation in children: prospective analysis of hemodynamic changes and complications during general anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19:286–9.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Gumaste VV, Dave PB. Ingestion of corrosive substances by adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:1–5.PubMed
72.
Gün F, Abbasoğlu L, Celik A, Salman ET. Early and late term management in caustic ingestion in children: a 16-year experience. Acta Chir Belg. 2007;107:49–52. [PMID: 17405598.PubMed
73.
Gundogdu HZ, Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N, Hiçsönmez A. Conservative treatment of caustic esophageal strictures in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27:767–70.PubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Karnak I, Tanyel FC, Büyükpamukçu N, Hiçsönmez A. Combined use of steroid, antibiotics and early bougienage against stricture formation following caustic esophageal burns. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;40(2):307–10.
76.
Makharia GK, Kochhar R. Usefulness of intralesional triamcinolone in treatment of benign esophageal strictures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:829–34.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Kochman ML, McClave SA, Boyce HW. The refractory and the recurrent esophageal stricture: a definition. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:474–5.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Kukkady A, Pease PW. Long-term dilatation of caustic strictures of the oesophagus. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002;18:486–90.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Lahoti D, Broor SL, Basu PP, Gupta A, Sharma R, Pant CS. Corrosive esophageal strictures: predictors of response to endoscopic dilation. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41(3):196–200.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Lakhdar-Idrissi M, Khabbache K, Hida M. Esophageal endoscopic dilations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54:744–7.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Lew RJ. Kochman ML A review of endoscopic methods of esophageal dilation. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35:117–26.PubMedCrossRef
82.
83.
Mutaf O, Genç A, Herek O, Demircan M, Ozcan C, Arikan A. Gastroesophageal reflux: a determinant in the outcome of caustic esophageal burns. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1494–5.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Orive-Calzada A, Bernal-Martinez A, Navajas-Laboa M, Torres-Burgos S, Aguirresarobe M, Lorenzo-Morote M, et al. Efficacy of intralesional corticosteroid injection in endoscopic treatment of esophageal strictures. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2012;22:518–22.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Repici A, Hassan C, Sharma P, Conio M, Siersema P. Systematic review: the role of self-expanding plastic stents for benign oesophageal strictures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:1268–75.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Saleem MM. Acquired oesophageal strictures in children: emphasis on the use of string-guided dilatations. Singapore Med J. 2009;50:82–6.PubMed
87.
Sandgren K, Malmfors G. Balloon dilatation of oesophageal strictures in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1998;8:9–11.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Scolapio JS, Tousif M, Gostout CJ, Mahoney DW, Zinsmeister AR, Ott BJ, et al. A randomized prospective study comparing rigid to balloon dilators for benign esophageal strictures and rings. Gastroint Endosc. 1999;50:13–7.CrossRef
89.
Shehata SM, Enaba ME. Endoscopic dilatation for benign oesophageal strictures in infants and toddlers: experience of an expectant protocol from North African tertiary centre. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2012;9:187–92.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Spechler SJ. American gastroenterological association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:229–33.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Temiz A, Oguzkurt P, Ezer SS, Ince E, Hicsonmez A. Long-term management of corrosive esophageal stricture with balloon dilation in children. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(9):2287–92.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Tiryaki T, Livanelioğlu Z, Atayurt H. Early bougienage for relief of stricture formation following caustic esophageal burns. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005;21:78–80.PubMedCrossRef
93.
van Halsema EE, van Hooft JE. Clinical outcomes of self-expandable stent placement for benign esophageal diseases: A pooled analysis of the literature. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7:135–53.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
Vimalraj V, Rajendran S, Jyotibasu D, Balachandar TG, Kannan D, Jeswanth S, et al. Role of retrograde dilatation in the management of pharyngo-esophageal corrosive strictures. Dis Esophagus. 2007;20:328–32.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Wang RW, Zhou JH, Jiang YG, Fan SZ, Gong TQ, Zhao YPTan QY, et al. Prevention of stricture with intraluminal stenting through laparotomy after corrosive esophageal burns. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:207–11.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Wijburg FA, Heymans HS, Urbanus NA. Caustic esophageal lesions in childhood: prevention of stricture formation. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24(2):171–3.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Lerut T, Mbamendame S, Touré BM, Coulibaly Z, Kané B, Diani N, et al. Les sténoses caustiques de l’oesophage à l’hôpital du Mali. Ampleur, gravité et place de la dilatation en chirurgie. Chir Thorac Cardio-Vascul. 2014;18(4):230–6.
98.
Zargar SA, Kochhar R, Mehta S, Mehta SK. The role of fiberoptic endoscopy in the management of corrosive ingestion and modified endoscopic classification of burns. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:165–9.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Abaskharoun RD, Depew WT, Hookey LC. Nonsurgical management of severe esophageal and gastric injury following alkali ingestion. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007;21:757–60.PubMedCentralPubMed
100.
Agarwal S, Sikora SS, Kumar A, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Surgical management of corrosive strictures of stomach. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004;23(5):178–80.PubMed
101.
Ananthakrishnan N, Parthasarathy G, Kate V. Chronic corrosive injuries of the stomach-a single unit experience of 109 patients over thirty years. World J Surg. 2010;34(4):758–64.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Ansari MM, Haleem S, Harris SH, Khan R, Zia I, Beg MH. Isolated corrosive pyloric stenosis without oesophageal involvement: an experience of 21 years. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2011;12(2):94–8.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Chaudhary A, Puri AS, Dhar P, Reddy P, Sachdev A, Lahoti D, et al. Elective surgery for corrosive-induced gastric injury. World J Surg. 1996;20(6):703–6.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Chibishev A, Pereska Z, Simonovska N, Chibisheva V, Glasnovic M, Chitkushev LT. Conservative therapeutic approach to corrosive poisonings in adults. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(6):1044–9.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Tai WC, Chiu KW, Chuah SK, Chiu YC, Liang CM, Tam W, et al. The effects of endoscopic-guided balloon dilations in esophageal and gastric strictures caused by corrosive injuries. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:99.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
106.
Gupta V, Wig JD, Kochhar R, Sinha SK, Nagi B, Doley RP, et al. Surgical management of gastric cicatrisation resulting from corrosive ingestion. Int J Surg. 2009;7(3):257–61.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Hogan RB, Polter DE. Non surgical management of lye-induced antral strictures with hydrostatic balloon dilation. Gastrointest Endosc. 1986;32(3):228–30.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Hwang TL, Chen MF. Surgical treatment of gastric outlet obstruction after corrosive injury—can early definitive operation be used instead of staged operation? Int Surg. 1996;81(2):119–21.PubMed
109.
Kaushik R, Singh R, Sharma R, Attri AK, Bawa AS. Corrosive-induced gastric outlet obstruction. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44(6):991–4.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Kochhar R, Dutta U, Sethy PK, Singh G, Sinha SK, Nagi B, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation in caustic-induced chronic gastric outlet obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(4):800–5.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Kochhar R, Poornachandra KS, Dutta U, Agrawal A, Singh K. Early endoscopic balloon dilation in caustic-induced gastric injury. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:737–44.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Kochhar R, Sethy PK, Nagi B, Wig JD. Endoscopic balloon dilatation of benign gastric outlet obstruction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:418–22.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Lebeau R, Coulibaly A, Kountélé Gona S, Koffi Gnangoran M, Kouakou B, Yapo P, et al. Isolated gastric outlet obstruction due to corrosive ingestion. J Visc Surg. 2011;148(1):59–63.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Lu LS, Tai WC, Hu ML, Wu KL, Chiu YC. Predicting the progress of caustic injury to complicated gastric outlet obstruction and esophageal stricture, using modified endoscopic mucosal injury grading scale. Biomed Research International 2014:919870. doi:10.​1155/​2014/​919870. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
115.
Manta R, Conigliaro R, Bertani H, Manno M, Soliman A, Fedeli P, Bassotti G. Self-Expandable Metal Stenting of Refractory Upper Gut Corrosive Strictures: A New Role for Endoscopy? Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine 2011, doi:10.​1155/​2011/​346413
116.
Rana SS, Bhasin DK, Chandail VS, Gupta R, Nada R, Kang M, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilatation without fluoroscopy for treating gastric outlet obstruction because of benign etiologies. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:1579–158.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Solt J, Bajor J, Szabó M, Horváth OP. Long-term results of balloon catheter dilation for benign gastric outlet stenosis. Endoscopy. 2003;35(6):490–5.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Tseng YL, Wu MH, Lin MY, Lai WW. Early surgical correction for isolated gastric stricture following acid corrosion injury. Dig Surg. 2002;19(4):276–80.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Bonavina L, Chella B, Segalin A, Luzzani S. Surgical treatment of the redundant interposed colon after retrosternal esophagoplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1446–8.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Bothereau H, Munoz-Bongrand N, Lambert B, Montemagno S, Cattan P, Sarfati E. Esophageal reconstruction after caustic injury: is there still a place for right coloplasty? Am J Surg. 2007;193:660–4.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Boukerrouche A. Left colonic graft in esophageal reconstruction for caustic stricture: mortality and morbidity. Dis Esoph. 2013;26:788–93.CrossRef
122.
Chana JS, Chen HC, Sharma R, Gedebou TM, Feng GM. Microsurgical reconstruction of the esophagus using supercharged pedicled jejunum flaps: special indications and pitfalls. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(3):742–8.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Cheng YJ, Wang KU, Chen HC, Hsieh KC, Chang PC. Esophageal mucocele with compression of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve 20 years after surgical intervention for caustic esophagitis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:e28–29.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Chirica M, Veyrie N, Munoz-Bongrand N, Zohar S, Halimi B, Celerier M, et al. Late morbidity after colon interposition for corrosive esophageal injury. Risk factors, management and outcome. A 20-years experience. Ann Surg. 2010;252:271–80.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Deng B, Wang RW, Jiang YG, Gong TQ, Zhou JH, Lin YD, et al. Prevention and management of complications after colon interposition for corrosive esophageal burns. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21(1):57–62.PubMed
126.
Evans KFK, Mardini S, Salgado CJ, Chen HC. Esophagus and hypopharyngeal reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg. 2010;24:219–26.CrossRef
127.
Ezemba N, Eze JC, Nwafor IA, Etukokwu KC, Orakwe OI. Colon interposition graft for corrosive esophageal stricture: midterm functional outcome. World J Surg. 2014;38:2352–57.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Gerzic ZB, Knezevic JB, Milicevic MN, Jovanovic BK. Esophagocoloplasty in the management of postcorrosive strictures of the esophagus. Ann Surg. 1990;211(3):329–36.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
129.
Guha G, Gupta S, Chakraborty S. Pharyngo-oesophageal strictures and its reconstruction by delto-pectoral flaps. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;57(3):229–34.PubMedCentralPubMed
130.
Gupta S. Surgical management of corrosive strictures following acid burns of upper gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1996;10(11):934–40.PubMedCrossRef
131.
132.
Han Y, Cheng QS, Li XF, Wang XP. Surgical management of esophageal strictures after caustic burns: A 30 years of experience. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(19):2846–49.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
133.
Harlak A, Yigit T, Coskun K, Ozer T, Mentes O, Gulec B, et al. Surgical treatment of caustic esophageal strictures in adults. Int J Surg. 2013;11:164–8.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Ho AC, Yeo MS, Ciudad P, Chen HC. 2-Stage free and pedicle jejunum for esophageal replacement after failed colon interposition for caustic injury in a 5 year-old child. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014;67(3):417–22.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Javed A, Pal S, Dash NR, Sahni P, Chattopadhyay TK. Outcome following surgical management of corrosive strictures of the esophagus. Ann Surg. 2011;254:62–6.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Jiang YG, Lin YD, Wang RW, Zhou JH, Gong TQ, Ma Z, et al. Pharyngocolonic anastomosis for esophageal reconstruction in corrosive esophageal stricture. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):1890–94.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Kane TD, Nwomeh BC, Nadler EP. Thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy and laparoscopic gastric pull-up for lye injury. JSLS. 2007;11:474–80.PubMedCentralPubMed
138.
Khwa-Otsyula BO, Matthews HR, Shenoi PM. Laryngectomy and coloplasty for major oesophagogastric corrosive stricture: case report and literature review. East Afr Med J. 1993;70(5):319–21.PubMed
139.
Kim YT, Sung SW, Kim JH. Is it necessary to resect the diseased esophagus in performing reconstruction for corrosive esophageal stricture? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Liu HP, Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chang JP. Video-assisted endoscopic esophagectomy with stapled intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. World J Surg. 1995;19(5):745–7.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Nwomeh BC, Luketich JP, Kane TD. Minimally invasive esophagectomy for caustic esophageal stricture in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(3):276–81.CrossRef
142.
Park JK, Sim SB, Lee SH, Jeon HM, Kwack MS. Pharyngo-enteral anastomosis for esophageal reconstruction in diffuse corrosive esophageal stricture. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(4):1141–43.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Popovici Z. A new philosophy in esophageal reconstruction with colon. Thirty-years experience. Dis Esophagus. 2003;16(4):323–7.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Radovanović N, Simić A, Kotarac M, Stojakov D, Sabljak P, Skrobić O, et al. Colon interposition for pharyngoesophageal postcorrosive strictures. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56(89):139–43.PubMed
145.
Ribet M, Chambon JP, Pruvot FR. Oesophagectomy for severe corrosive injuries: is it always legitimate? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1990;4:347–50.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Sa YJ, Kim YD, Kim CK, Park JK, Moon SW. Recurrent cervical esophageal stenosis after colon conduit failure: use of myocutaneous flap. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(2):307–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
147.
Saetti R, Silvestrini M, Cutrone C, Barion U, Mirri L, Narne S. Endoscopic treatment of upper airway and digestive tract lesions caused by caustic agents. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2003;112(1):29–36.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Spitz L, Kiely E, Pierro A. Gastric transposition in children - A 21-year experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:276–81.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Tettey M, Edwin F, Aniteye E, Tamatey M, Entsua-Mensah K, Ofosu-Appiah E, et al. Colopharyngoplasty for intractable caustic pharyngoesophageal strictures in an indigenous African community – adverse impact of concomitant tracheostomy on outcome. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;12(2):213–7.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Pungpapong SA, Udomsawaengsup S, Navicharern P. Thoracoscopic approach for esophageal resection in chronic severe corrosive esophageal stricture: report of 2 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010;93(9):1103–6.PubMed
151.
Yannopoulos P, Lytras D, Paraskevas KI. Esophageal reconstruction with intraoperative dilatation of the hypopharynx for the management of chronic corrosive esophageal strictures. A technical tip. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30(6):940–2.Javed A, Agarwal AK. Total laparoscopic esophageal bypass using a colonic conduit for corrosive-induced esophageal stricture. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(10):3726–32.CrossRef
152.
Yasuda T, Shiozaki H. Esophageal reconstruction using a pedicled jejunum with microvascular augmentation. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;17:103–9.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Yildirim S, Koksal H, Celayir T, Erdem L, Oner M, Baykan A. Colonic interposition vs. gastric pull-up after total esophagectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2004;8:675–8.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Wu MH, Lai WW. Esophageal reconstruction for esophageal strictures or resection after corrosive injury. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;53:798–802.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Wu MH, Tseng YL, Lin MY, Lai WW. Esophageal reconstruction for hypopharyngoesophageal strictures after corrosive injury. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg. 2001;19:400–5.CrossRef
156.
Zhou JH, Jiang YG, Wang RW, Lin YD, Gong TQ, Zhao YP, et al. Management of corrosive esophageal burns in 149 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130(2):449–55.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Anderson KD, Rouse TM, Randolph JG. A controlled trial of corticosteroids in children with corrosive injury of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:637–40.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Kluger Y et al. Caustic ingestion management: World Society of Emergency Surgery preliminary survey of expert opinion. World J Emerg Surg 2015 (in press).
Metadata
Title
Foregut caustic injuries: results of the world society of emergency surgery consensus conference
Authors
Luigi Bonavina
Mircea Chirica
Ognjan Skrobic
Yoram Kluger
Nelson A. Andreollo
Sandro Contini
Aleksander Simic
Luca Ansaloni
Fausto Catena
Gustavo P. Fraga
Carlo Locatelli
Osvaldo Chiara
Jeffry Kashuk
Federico Coccolini
Yuri Macchitella
Massimiliano Mutignani
Cesare Cutrone
Marco Dei Poli
Tino Valetti
Emanuele Asti
Michael Kelly
Predrag Pesko
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
World Journal of Emergency Surgery / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1749-7922
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-015-0039-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

World Journal of Emergency Surgery 1/2015 Go to the issue

Research article

Analysis of the correlation between blood glucose level and prognosis in patients younger than 18 years of age who had head trauma

Research article

Prevention of lung-to-lung aspiration during emergency thoracic surgery: an experimental study

Research article

Global validation of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective multicentre study (WISS Study)

Review

WSES position paper on vascular emergency surgery

Research article

The risk factors of concomitant intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal hemorrhage in the patients with blunt abdominal trauma

Research article

One year experience of swine dermal non-crosslinked collagen prostheses for abdominal wall repairs in elective and emergency surgery