Top

Current Nutrition Reports

Published in:

01-12-2018 | Gastroenterology, Critical Care, and Lifestyle Medicine (SA McClave, Section Editor)

Fad Diets: Hype or Hope?

Authors: Aravind R. Kuchkuntla, Berkeley Limketkai, Sanjeev Nanda, Ryan T. Hurt, Manpreet S. Mundi

Published in: Current Nutrition Reports | Issue 4/2018

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Obesity continues to be a growing concern globally due to association with a number of comorbidities and contributing significantly to increase in health care expenditures. Despite availability of a number of treatment modalities, lifestyle modification with dietary modification and exercise continues to be the foundation. However, the standard model of lifestyle modification is not efficacious or sustainable for many patients leading them to seek alternative approaches. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to present the data regarding efficacy and sustainability of many common dietary approaches.

Recent Findings

Building upon previous work, recent randomized controlled trials have compared many popular diets head to head in varying patient populations. Along with the weight changes, studies have investigated the changes in metabolic parameters, inflammatory markers, and cardiac risk factor reduction.

Summary

Though the studies do not show superiority of one diet compared to the other, the preventive benefits and other favorable metabolic changes of the diets make them worthy of consideration.

•• GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362. This manuscript provides an overview of the worldwide prevalence of obesity and its health impact. CrossRef

Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2284–91. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6458.CrossRefPubMed

Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults. 2003; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021423.CrossRefPubMed

Hurt RT, Frazier TH, McClave SA, Kaplan LM. Obesity epidemic. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2011;35(5S):4S–13S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607111415110.CrossRef

Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1999;282(16):1523–9.CrossRef

Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(11):790–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa010492.CrossRefPubMed

•• Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145–54. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1212914. Look AHEAD trial is a landmark study with 10-year follow-up data on the efficacy of standard lifestyle modification in the long-term. They did note negative benefit in terms of cardiovascular events despite significant weight loss. CrossRef

•• Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Christophi CA, Hoffman HJ, Brenneman AT, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4. Diabetes prevention program is the other landmark standard lifestyle modification trial carried out in individuals at risk for developing diabetes. It revealed the tremendous benefit in reducing incidence of diabetes with weight loss. CrossRefPubMed

Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA. Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(02):396–406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012005046.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Kul S, Savaş E, Öztürk ZA, Karadağ G. Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. J Relig Health. 2014;53(3):929–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Horne BD, May HT, Anderson JL, et al. Usefulness of routine periodic fasting to lower risk of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(7):814–819.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.021.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, May HT, Carlquist JF, Lappé DL, Bair TL, et al. Relation of routine, periodic fasting to risk of diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(11):1558–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.379.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Stote KS, Baer DJ, Spears K, Paul DR, Harris GK, Rumpler WV, et al. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):981–8.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Wan R, Ahmet I, Brown M, Cheng A, Kamimura N, Talan M, et al. Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21(5):413–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.020.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Arumugam TV, Phillips TM, Cheng A, Morrell CH, Mattson MP, Wan R. Age and energy intake interact to modify cell stress pathways and stroke outcome. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(1):41–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21798.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Singh R, Lakhanpal D, Kumar S, Sharma S, Kataria H, Kaur M, et al. Late-onset intermittent fasting dietary restriction as a potential intervention to retard age-associated brain function impairments in male rats. Age. 2012;34(4):917–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9289-2.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Fontán-Lozano Á, Sáez-Cassanelli JL, Inda MC, et al. Caloric restriction increases learning consolidation and facilitates synaptic plasticity through mechanisms dependent on NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor. J Neurosci. 2007;27(38):10185–95. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2757-07.2007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Lee J, Seroogy KB, Mattson MP. Dietary restriction enhances neurotrophin expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem. 2002;80(3):539–47.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappé DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O, et al. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(11):1050–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.09.007.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.69.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2013;12(1):146. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-146.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1138–43. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity. 2013;21(7):1370–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20353.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(7):930–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins’ new diet revolution. New York: Harper Collins; 2002.

26.

Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins’ new diet revolution. New York: Avon Books; 1998.

27.

Denke MA. Metabolic effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(1):59–61.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(21):2082–90. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022207.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, weight watchers, and zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293(1):43–53. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.1.43.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):229–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, Makris AP, Rosenbaum DL, Brill C, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(3):147–57. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, et al. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005;48(1):8–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1603-4.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Keys A, Grande F. Role of dietary fat in human nutrition. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957;47(12):1520–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Martínez-González MA, Sánchez-Villegas A. The emerging role of Mediterranean diets in cardiovascular epidemiology: monounsaturated fats, olive oil, red wine or the whole pattern? Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(1):9–13.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Kromhout D, Keys A, Aravanis C, Buzina R, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, et al. Food consumption patterns in the 1960s in seven countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(5):889–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.5.889.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Keys A, Aravanis C, Blackburn HW, van Buchem F, Buzina R, Djordjević BD, et al. Epidemiological studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40-59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1966;460:1–392.PubMed

37.

Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A. Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999;15(6):507–15.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124(6):903–15.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, et al. Dietary saturated and trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: the Seven Countries Study. Prev Med. 1995;24(3):308–15.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Huijbregts P, Feskens E, Räsänen L, et al. Dietary pattern and 20 year mortality in elderly men in Finland, Italy, and the Netherlands: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 1997;315(7099):13–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2599–608. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa025039.CrossRefPubMed

42.

• Romagnolo DF, Selmin OI. Mediterranean diet and prevention of chronic diseases. Nutr Today. 2017;52(5):208–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000228. Excellent review of the benefits of Mediterranean diet. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Cicero AFG, Nascetti S, López-Sabater MC, Elosua R, Salonen JT, Nyyssönen K, et al. Changes in LDL fatty acid composition as a response to olive oil treatment are inversely related to lipid oxidative damage: the EUROLIVE study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(2):314–20.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Fitó M, Guxens M, Corella D, Sáez G, Estruch R, de la Torre R, et al. Effect of a traditional Mediterranean diet on lipoprotein oxidation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1195–203. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.11.1195.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Renaud S, Nordøy A. “Small is beautiful”: alpha-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in man. Lancet Lond Engl. 1983;1(8334):1169.CrossRef

46.

Mayr HL, Thomas CJ, Tierney AC, Kucianski T, George ES, Ruiz-Canela M, et al. Randomization to 6-month Mediterranean diet compared with a low-fat diet leads to improvement in Dietary Inflammatory Index scores in patients with coronary heart disease: the AUSMED Heart Trial. Nutr Res. 2018;55:94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2018.04.006.CrossRefPubMed

47.

de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99(6):779–85.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R, Attal-Singer J, Vinker S. A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12(3):204–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01151.x.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Sears B. The zone. New York: Regan Books; 1995.

50.

Dyerberg J, Bang HO, Stoffersen E, Moncada S, Vane JR. Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis? Lancet Lond Engl. 1978;2(8081):117–9.CrossRef

51.

Nilsson P, Nilsson J-A, Hedblad B, Eriksson K-F, Berglund G. Hyperinsulinaemia as long-term predictor of death and ischaemic heart disease in nondiabetic men: the Malmo Preventive Project. J Intern Med. 2003;253(2):136–45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01064.x.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):5–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Josse RG. The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(5):846–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.5.846.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Sears B. Mastering the zone. New York: Regan Books; 1997.

55.

Sears B. Zone: food blocks. New York: Regan Books; 1998.

56.

Agus MS, Swain JF, Larson CL, Eckert EA, Ludwig DS. Dietary composition and physiologic adaptations to energy restriction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(4):901–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.4.901.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, Roberts SB. High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics. 1999;103(3):E26.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(1):55–61.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;297(9):969–77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.9.969.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Ornish DD. Dean Ornish’s program for reversing heart disease. New York: Random House; 1990.

61.

Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 1990;336(8708):129–33.CrossRef

62.

Pischke CR, Scherwitz L, Weidner G, Ornish D. Long-term effects of lifestyle changes on well-being and cardiac variables among coronary heart disease patients. Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc. 2008;27(5):584–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.584.CrossRef

63.

Silberman A, Banthia R, Estay IS, Kemp C, Studley J, Hareras D, et al. The effectiveness and efficacy of an intensive cardiac rehabilitation program in 24 sites. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(4):260–6. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.24.4.arb.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Frattaroli J, Weidner G, Merritt-Worden TA, Frenda S, Ornish D. Angina pectoris and atherosclerotic risk factors in the multisite cardiac lifestyle intervention program. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(7):911–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.039.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Chainani-Wu N, Weidner G, Purnell DM, Frenda S, Merritt-Worden T, Pischke C, et al. Changes in emerging cardiac biomarkers after an intensive lifestyle intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(4):498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.077.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Dod HS, Bhardwaj R, Sajja V, Weidner G, Hobbs GR, Konat GW, et al. Effect of intensive lifestyle changes on endothelial function and on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(3):362–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.038.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, Brown S, Edens RP, Hess MJ, et al. Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;274(11):894–901.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Ornish D. The spectrum. New York: Ballantine Books; 2008.

69.

Razavi M, Fournier S, Shepard DS, Ritter G, Strickler GK, Stason WB. Effects of lifestyle modification programs on cardiac risk factors. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114772. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114772.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Ornish D. Avoiding revascularization with lifestyle changes: the Multicenter Lifestyle Demonstration Project. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(10B):72T–6T.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Agaston A. The South Beach diet: the delicious, doctor-designed, foolproof plan for fast and healthy weight loss. New York: Rodale Books; 2003.

72.

Agatston AS. The end of the diet debates? All fats and carbs are not created equal. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005;72(10):946–50.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Agaston A, Signorile J. The South Beach diet super charged. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 2009.

74.

Aude YW, Agatston AS, Lopez-Jimenez F, Lieberman EH, Marie Almon, Hansen M, et al. The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19):2141–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.19.2141.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Swenson BR, Saalwachter Schulman A, Edwards MJ, Gross MP, Hedrick TL, Weltman AL, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on post laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss: a prospective randomized trial. J Surg Res. 2007;142(2):308–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.052.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Miller M, Beach V, Sorkin JD, Mangano C, Dobmeier C, Novacic D, et al. Comparative effects of three popular diets on lipids, endothelial function, and C-reactive protein during weight maintenance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(4):713–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.023.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Lowe MR, Miller-Kovach K, Frye N, Phelan S. An initial evaluation of a commercial weight loss program: short-term effects on weight, eating behavior, and mood. Obes Res. 1999;7(1):51–9.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Pinto AM, Fava JL, Hoffmann DA, Wing RR. Combining behavioral weight loss treatment and a commercial program: a randomized clinical trial. Obes (Silver Spring). 2013;21(4):673–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20044.CrossRef

79.

Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, Aston LM, Holzapfel C, Stoll J, et al. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1485–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, et al. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1792–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1792.CrossRefPubMed

81.

• O’Neil PM, Miller-Kovach K, Tuerk PW, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a nationally available weight control program tailored for adults with type 2 diabetes. Obes (Silver Spring). 2016;24(11):2269–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21616. Randomized controlled trial comparing Weight Watchers program to standard care in patients with diabetes. CrossRef

82.

Marrero DG, Palmer KNB, Phillips EO, Miller-Kovach K, Foster GD, Saha CK. Comparison of commercial and self-initiated weight loss programs in people with prediabetes: a randomized control trial. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(5):949–56. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303035.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Finkelstein EA, Kruger E. Meta- and cost-effectiveness analysis of commercial weight loss strategies. Obes (Silver Spring). 2014;22(9):1942–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20824.CrossRef

84.

Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M, Morris RC, Sebastian A. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a Paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(8):947–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.4.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Osterdahl M, Kocturk T, Koochek A, Wändell PE. Effects of a short-term intervention with a Paleolithic diet in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(5):682–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602790.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B, Branell UC, Pålsson G, Hansson A, et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-8-35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Borgstrand E, Soffman J, Sjöström K, et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia. 2007;50(9):1795–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Ahrén B, Lindeberg S. A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease. Nutr Metab. 2010;7:85. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-85.CrossRef

89.

Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M, Eriksson M, Brage S, Larsson C, et al. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(3):350–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.290.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Fad Diets: Hype or Hope?
Authors: Aravind R. Kuchkuntla
Berkeley Limketkai
Sanjeev Nanda
Ryan T. Hurt
Manpreet S. Mundi
Publication date: 01-12-2018
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Current Nutrition Reports / Issue 4/2018
Electronic ISSN: 2161-3311
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-018-0242-1

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2018

Child, Caregiver, Family, and Social-Contextual Factors to Consider when Implementing Parent-Focused Child Feeding Interventions

Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

To Pull or Not to Pull: Salvaging Central Line Catheters in Home Parenteral Nutrition

Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery: Prevalence, Etiology, and Treatment

Gene-Environment Interplay in Child Eating Behaviors: What the Role of “Nature” Means for the Effects of “Nurture”

Sleep, Diet, and Cardiometabolic Health Investigations: a Systematic Review of Analytic Strategies

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage