Top

European Journal of Nutrition

Published in:

Open Access 01-06-2021 | Original Contribution

Effects of in vitro metabolism of a broccoli leachate, glucosinolates and S-methylcysteine sulphoxide on the human faecal microbiome

Authors: Lee Kellingray, Gwénaëlle Le Gall, Joanne F. Doleman, Arjan Narbad, Richard F. Mithen

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 4/2021

Abstract

Purpose

Brassica are an important food source worldwide and are characterised by the presence of compounds called glucosinolates. Studies indicate that the glucosinolate derived bioactive metabolite sulphoraphane can elicit chemoprotective benefits on human cells. Glucosinolates can be metabolised in vivo by members of the human gut microbiome, although the prevalence of this activity is unclear. Brassica and Allium plants also contain S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCSO), that may provide additional health benefits but its metabolism by gut bacteria is not fully understood.

Methods

We examined the effects of a broccoli leachate (BL) on the composition and function of human faecal microbiomes of five different participants under in vitro conditions. Bacterial isolates from these communities were then tested for their ability to metabolise glucosinolates and SMCSO.

Results

Microbial communities cultured in vitro in BL media were observed to have enhanced growth of lactic acid bacteria, such as lactobacilli, with a corresponding increase in the levels of lactate and short-chain fatty acids. Members of Escherichia isolated from these faecal communities were found to bioconvert glucosinolates and SMCSO to their reduced analogues.

Conclusion

This study uses a broccoli leachate to investigate the bacterial-mediated bioconversion of glucosinolates and SMCSO, which may lead to further products with additional health benefits to the host. We believe that this is the first study that shows the reduction of the dietary compound S-methylcysteine sulphoxide by bacteria isolated from human faeces.

Available only for authorised users

Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R (2010) Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(26):11971–11975. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002601107CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Claesson MJ, Cusack S, O’Sullivan O, Greene-Diniz R, de Weerd H, Flannery E, Marchesi JR, Falush D, Dinan T, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C, van Sinderen D, O’Connor M, Harnedy N, O’Connor K, Henry C, O’Mahony D, Fitzgerald AP, Shanahan F, Twomey C, Hill C, Ross RP, O’Toole PW (2011) Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:4586–4591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000097107CrossRefPubMed

Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, Beaumont M, Van Treuren W, Knight R, Bell JT, Spector TD, Clark AG, Ley RE (2014) Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell 159(4):789–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dethlefsen L, Relman DA (2011) Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:4554–4561. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000087107CrossRefPubMed

Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, Heath AC, Warner B, Reeder J, Kuczynski J, Caporaso JG, Lozupone CA, Lauber C, Clemente JC, Knights D, Knight R, Gordon JI (2012) Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486(7402):222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11053CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, Biddinger SB, Dutton RJ, Turnbaugh PJ (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505(7484):559. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12820CrossRefPubMed

De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P (2010) Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(33):14691–14696. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005963107CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI (2006) Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 124(4):837–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017CrossRefPubMed

Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, Sogin ML, Jones WJ, Roe BA, Affourtit JP, Egholm M, Henrissat B, Heath AC, Knight R, Gordon JI (2009) A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457(7228):480-U487. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07540CrossRefPubMed

10.

Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen Y-Y, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD (2011) Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334(6052):105–108. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208344CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Masood MI, Qadir MI, Shirazi JH, Khan IU (2011) Beneficial effects of lactic acid bacteria on human beings. Crit Rev Microbiol 37(1):91–98. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841x.2010.536522CrossRefPubMed

12.

Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT (2003) Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production. Proc Nutr Soc 62(1):67–72. https://doi.org/10.1079/pns2002207CrossRefPubMed

13.

Nicholson JK, Wilson ID (2003) Understanding “global” systems biology: Metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 2(8):668–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1157CrossRefPubMed

14.

Duncan SH, Louis P, Thomson JM, Flint HJ (2009) The role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol 11(8):2112–2122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01931.xCrossRefPubMed

15.

Podsedek A (2007) Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: a review. Lwt Food Sci Technol 40(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.07.023CrossRef

16.

Cheng DL, Hashimoto K, Uda Y (2004) In vitro digestion of sinigrin and glucotropaeolin by single strains of Bifidobacterium and identification of the digestive products. Food Chem Toxicol 42(3):351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2003.09.008CrossRefPubMed

17.

Elfoul L, Rabot S, Khelifa N, Quinsac A, Duguay A, Rimbault A (2001) Formation of allyl isothiocyanate from sinigrin in the digestive tract of rats monoassociated with a human colonic strain of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. FEMS Microbiol Lett 197(1):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10589.xCrossRefPubMed

18.

Palop ML, Smiths JP, Tenbrink B (1995) Degradation of sinigrin by lactobacillus-agilis strain R16. Int J Food Microbiol 26(2):219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(95)00123-2CrossRef

19.

Oginsky EL, Stein AE, Greer MA (1965) Myrosinase activity in bacteria as demonstrated by conversion of progoitrin to goitrin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119(2):360–370CrossRefPubMed

20.

Bheemreddy RM, Jeffery EH (2007) The metabolic fate of purified glucoraphanin in F344 rats. J Agric Food Chem 55(8):2861–2866. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0633544CrossRefPubMed

21.

Shapiro TA, Fahey JW, Wade KL, Stephenson KK, Talalay P (1998) Human metabolism and excretion of cancer chemoprotective glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of cruciferous vegetables. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 7(12):1091–1100

22.

Li F, Hullar MAJ, Beresford SAA, Lampe JW (2011) Variation of glucoraphanin metabolism in vivo and ex vivo by human gut bacteria. Br J Nutr 106(3):408–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000274CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Luang-In V, Narbad A, Nueno-Palop C, Mithen R, Bennett M, Rossiter JT (2014) The metabolism of methylsulfinylalkyl- and methylthioalkyl-glucosinolates by a selection of human gut bacteria. Mol Nutr Food Res 58(4):875–883. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300377CrossRefPubMed

24.

Narbad A, Rossiter JT (2018) Gut glucosinolate metabolism and isothiocyanate production. Mol Nutr Food Res 62(18):1700991CrossRefPubMedCentral

25.

Saha S, Hollands W, Teucher B, Needs PW, Narbad A, Ortori CA, Barrett DA, Rossiter JT, Mithen RF, Kroon PA (2012) Isothiocyanate concentrations and interconversion of sulforaphane to erucin in human subjects after consumption of commercial frozen broccoli compared to fresh broccoli. Mol Nutr Food Res 56(12):1906–1916CrossRefPubMed

26.

Edmands WMB, Gooderham NJ, Holmes E, Mitchell SC (2013) S-Methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide: the Cinderella phytochemical? Toxicol Res 2(1):11–22. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2tx20030aCrossRef

27.

Hamamoto A, Mazelis M (1986) THE C-S lyases of higher-plants - isolation and properties of homogeneous Cystine lyase from broccoli (Brassica-oleracea var botrytis) buds. Plant Physiol 80(3):702–706. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.80.3.702CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Larsen GL (1985) Distribution of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in gastrointestinal bacteria and in the environment. Xenobiotica 15(3):199–209CrossRefPubMed

29.

Nomura J, Nishizuka Y, Hayaishi O (1963) S-alkylcysteinase—enzymatic cleavage of S-methyl-L-cysteine and its sulfoxide. J Biol Chem 238(4):1441–2000CrossRef

30.

Kim S-Y, Park K-W, Kim J-Y, Jeong I-Y, Byun M-W, Park J-E, Yee S-T, Kim K-H, Rhim JS, Yamada K, Seo K-I (2008) Thiosulfinates from Allium tuberosum L. induce apoptosis via caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18(1):199–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.099CrossRefPubMed

31.

Marks HS, Anderson JA, Stoewsand GS (1993) Effect of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide and its metabolite methyl methane thiosulfinate, both occurring naturally in brassica vegetables, on mouse genotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 31(7):491–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(93)90108-bCrossRefPubMed

32.

Reddy BS, Kawamori T, Lubet R, Steele V, Kelloff G, Rao CV (1999) Chemopreventive effect of S-methylmethane thiosulfonate and sulindac administered together during the promotion/progression stages of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 20(8):1645–1648. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/20.8.1645CrossRefPubMed

33.

Kumari K, Augusti KT (2002) Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from onions (Allium cepa Linn) as compared to standard drugs in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 40(9):1005–1009PubMed

34.

Kumari K, Augusti KT (2007) Lipid lowering effect of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide from Allium cepa Linn in high cholesterol diet fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol 109(3):367–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.045CrossRefPubMed

35.

Fujiwara M, Uchino H, Inoue K, Itokawa Y (1972) Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of a sulfur-containing amino-acid, S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, isolated from cabbage. Experientia 28(3):254. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01928671CrossRefPubMed

36.

Kellingray L, Tapp HS, Saha S, Doleman JF, Narbad A, Mithen RF (2017) Consumption of a diet rich in Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced abundance of sulphate‐reducing bacteria: a randomised crossover study. Mol Nutr Food Res 61(9):1600992CrossRefPubMedCentral

37.

Ellis RJ, Bruce KD, Jenkins C, Stothard JR, Ajarova L, Mugisha L, Viney ME (2013) Comparison of the distal gut microbiota from people and animals in Africa. PLoS ONE 8:1. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054783CrossRef

38.

Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, Fierer N, Pena AG, Goodrich JK, Gordon JI, Huttley GA, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koenig JE, Ley RE, Lozupone CA, McDonald D, Muegge BD, Pirrung M, Reeder J, Sevinsky JR, Tumbaugh PJ, Walters WA, Widmann J, Yatsunenko T, Zaneveld J, Knight R (2010) QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods 7(5):335–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.303CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR (2007) Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(16):5261–5267. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00062-07CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Le Gall G, Guttula K, Kellingray L, Tett AJ, Ten Hoopen R, Kemsley KE, Savva GM, Ibrahim A, Narbad A (2018) Metabolite quantification of faecal extracts from colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls. Oncotarget 9(70):33278CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Magrath R, Bano F, Morgner M, Parkin I, Sharpe A, Lister C, Dean C, Turner J, Lydiate D, Mithen R (1994) Genetics of aliphatic glucosinolates. 1. Side-chain elongation in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Heredity 72:290–299. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1994.39CrossRef

42.

Wang RF, Cao WW, Cerniglia CE (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of Fusobacterium prausnitzii based upon the 16S rRNA gene sequence and PCR confirmation. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46(1):341–343CrossRefPubMed

43.

Nueno-Palop C, Narbad A (2011) Probiotic assessment of Enterococcus faecalis CP58 isolated from human gut. Int J Food Microbiol 145(2–3):390–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.12.029CrossRefPubMed

44.

Cole JR, Wang Q, Fish JA, Chai B, McGarrell DM, Sun Y, Brown CT, Porras-Alfaro A, Kuske CR, Tiedje JM (2014) Ribosomal database project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 42(D1):D633–D642. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1244CrossRefPubMed

45.

Hanahan D (1983) Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. J Mol Biol 166(4):557–580CrossRefPubMed

46.

Filannino P, Bai Y, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M, Gaenzle MG (2015) Metabolism of phenolic compounds by Lactobacillus spp. during fermentation of cherry juice and broccoli puree. Food Microbiol 46:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.018CrossRefPubMed

47.

Costabile A, Klinder A, Fava F, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Leonard C, Gibson GR, Tuohy KM (2008) Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Nutr 99(1):110–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507793923CrossRefPubMed

48.

Costabile A, Kolida S, Klinder A, Gietl E, Baeuerlein M, Frohberg C, Landschuetze V, Gibson GR (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to establish the bifidogenic effect of a very-long-chain inulin extracted from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 104(7):1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510001571CrossRefPubMed

49.

Liu Z, Lin X, Huang G, Zhang W, Rao P, Ni L (2014) Prebiotic effects of almonds and almond skins on intestinal microbiota in healthy adult humans. Anaerobe 26:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.007CrossRefPubMed

50.

Dominika Ś, Arjan N, Karyn RP, Henryk K (2011) The study on the impact of glycated pea proteins on human intestinal bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 145(1):267–272CrossRefPubMed

51.

Houben K, Jolie RP, Fraeye I, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME (2011) Comparative study of the cell wall composition of broccoli, carrot, and tomato: structural characterization of the extractable pectins and hemicelluloses. Carbohyd Res 346(9):1105–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.014CrossRef

52.

Binder HJ (2010) Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea. In: Annual review of physiology, vol 72. Annual Review of Physiology. pp 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135817

53.

Guo T, Zhang L, Xin Y, Xu Z, He H, Kong J (2017) The oxygen-inducible conversion of lactate to acetate in heterofermentative Lactobacillus brevis ATCC367. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017:01659–11617

54.

Reichardt N, Duncan SH, Young P, Belenguer A, Leitch CM, Scott KP, Flint HJ, Louis P (2014) Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. ISME J 8(6):1323–1335. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.14CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Prabhu R, Altman E, Eiteman MA (2012) Lactate and Acrylate metabolism by Megasphaera elsdenii under batch and steady-state conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(24):8564–8570. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02443-12CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Marounek M, Fliegrova K, Bartos S (1989) Metabolism and some characteristics of ruminal strains of megasphaera-elsdenii. Appl Environ Microbiol 55(6):1570–1573CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

SimalaGrant JL, Weiner JH (1996) Kinetic analysis and substrate specificity of Escherichia coli dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. Microbiology-Uk 142:3231–3239CrossRef

58.

Unden G, Bongaerts J (1997) Alternative respiratory pathways of Escherichia coli: energetics and transcriptional regulation in response to electron acceptors. Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics 1320(3):217–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2728(97)00034-0CrossRef

59.

Ezraty B, Grimaud R, El Hassouni M, Moinier D, Barras F (2004) Methionine sulfoxide reductases protect Ffh from oxidative damages in Escherichia coli. EMBO J 23(8):1868–1877. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600172CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Gon S, Faulkner MJ, Beckwith J (2006) In vivo requirement for glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in the reduction of the ribonucleotide reductases of Escherichia coli. Antioxid Redox Signal 8(5–6):735–742. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2006.8.735CrossRefPubMed

Title: Effects of in vitro metabolism of a broccoli leachate, glucosinolates and S-methylcysteine sulphoxide on the human faecal microbiome
Authors: Lee Kellingray
Gwénaëlle Le Gall
Joanne F. Doleman
Arjan Narbad
Richard F. Mithen
Publication date: 01-06-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02405-y

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Habitual coffee intake and risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Correction to: Micronutrient intakes and status assessed by probability approach among the urban adult population of Hyderabad city in South India

Egg consumption and cardiovascular risk: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial

A key role for vitamin D binding protein in COVID-19?

Caffeine increases whole-body fat oxidation during 1 h of cycling at Fatmax

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage