Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Internal and Emergency Medicine 4/2020

01-06-2020 | Dyslipidemia | IM - REVIEW

Cardio-metabolic risk factors in Tunisia: state of the art

Published in: Internal and Emergency Medicine | Issue 4/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Cardiometabolic risk factors in Tunisia are growing fast. The main risk factor is metabolic syndrome which is a global health issue in both developing and developed countries. It is resulting from a new phase of epidemiological transition characterised by ageing and an increase in non-communicable diseases. It is common in both genders with some disparities between urban and rural regions, educational levels and social classes. Hypertension and diabetes are also additional risk factors predicting alarming mortality rates. We propose here a review of the determinants of metabolic syndrome in Tunisia and the overall cardiometabolic risk factors.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA et al (2005) Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112(17):2735–2752CrossRefPubMed Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA et al (2005) Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112(17):2735–2752CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsèn B, Lahti K, Nissèn M et al (2001) Cardio-vascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24(4):683–689CrossRefPubMed Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsèn B, Lahti K, Nissèn M et al (2001) Cardio-vascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24(4):683–689CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Mittal BV, Singh AK (2010) Hypertension in the developing world: challenges and opportunities. Am J Kidney Dis 55(3):590–598CrossRefPubMed Mittal BV, Singh AK (2010) Hypertension in the developing world: challenges and opportunities. Am J Kidney Dis 55(3):590–598CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Ben Romdhane H, Haouala H, Belhani A, Drissa H, Kafsi N, Boujnah R et al (2005) Epidemiological transition and health impact of cardiovascular disease in Tunisia. Tunis Med 83(Suppl 5):1–7PubMed Ben Romdhane H, Haouala H, Belhani A, Drissa H, Kafsi N, Boujnah R et al (2005) Epidemiological transition and health impact of cardiovascular disease in Tunisia. Tunis Med 83(Suppl 5):1–7PubMed
5.
go back to reference Allal-Elasmi M, Haj Taieb S, Hsairi M, Zayani Y, Omar S, Sanhaji H et al (2010) The metabolic syndrome: prevalence, main characteristics and association with socio-economic status in adults living in Great Tunis. Diabetes Metab 36(3):204–208CrossRefPubMed Allal-Elasmi M, Haj Taieb S, Hsairi M, Zayani Y, Omar S, Sanhaji H et al (2010) The metabolic syndrome: prevalence, main characteristics and association with socio-economic status in adults living in Great Tunis. Diabetes Metab 36(3):204–208CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference National Institute of Statistics (2015) Yearly statistics report. National Institute of Statistics, Tunis National Institute of Statistics (2015) Yearly statistics report. National Institute of Statistics, Tunis
7.
go back to reference Aounallah-Skhiri H, Romdhane HB, Traissac P, Eymard-Duvernay S, Delpeuch F, Achour N et al (2008) Nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents: associated gender, environmental and socio-economic factors. Public Health Nutr 11(12):1306–1317CrossRefPubMed Aounallah-Skhiri H, Romdhane HB, Traissac P, Eymard-Duvernay S, Delpeuch F, Achour N et al (2008) Nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents: associated gender, environmental and socio-economic factors. Public Health Nutr 11(12):1306–1317CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Institut National de la Nutrition et de la Technologie Alimentaire (1998) Evaluation de l’état nutritionnel de la population tunisienne 1996–1997. Rapport National. Tunis: INNTA Institut National de la Nutrition et de la Technologie Alimentaire (1998) Evaluation de l’état nutritionnel de la population tunisienne 1996–1997. Rapport National. Tunis: INNTA
9.
go back to reference Belfki H, Ben Ali S, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Traissac P, Bougatef S, Maire B et al (2013) Prevalence and determinants of the metabolic syndrome among Tunisian adults: results of the Transition and Health Impact in North Africa (TAHINA) project. Public Health Nutr 16(4):582–590CrossRefPubMed Belfki H, Ben Ali S, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Traissac P, Bougatef S, Maire B et al (2013) Prevalence and determinants of the metabolic syndrome among Tunisian adults: results of the Transition and Health Impact in North Africa (TAHINA) project. Public Health Nutr 16(4):582–590CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Harzallah F, Alberti H, Ben Khalifa F (2006) The metabolic syndrome in an Arab population: a first look at the new International Diabetes Federation criteria. Diabet Med 23(4):441–444CrossRefPubMed Harzallah F, Alberti H, Ben Khalifa F (2006) The metabolic syndrome in an Arab population: a first look at the new International Diabetes Federation criteria. Diabet Med 23(4):441–444CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Jaber LA, Brown MB, Hammad A, Zhu Q, Herman WH (2004) The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Arab Americans. Diabetes Care 27(1):234–238CrossRefPubMed Jaber LA, Brown MB, Hammad A, Zhu Q, Herman WH (2004) The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Arab Americans. Diabetes Care 27(1):234–238CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Tamashiro KL (2011) Metabolic syndrome: links to social stress and socioeconomic status. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1231:46–55CrossRefPubMed Tamashiro KL (2011) Metabolic syndrome: links to social stress and socioeconomic status. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1231:46–55CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Gannar F, de León AC, Díaz BB, Pérez MD, Rodríguez IM, Dahmen FB et al (2015) Social class and metabolic syndrome in populations from Tunisia and Spain. Diabetol Metab Syndr 7:88CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gannar F, de León AC, Díaz BB, Pérez MD, Rodríguez IM, Dahmen FB et al (2015) Social class and metabolic syndrome in populations from Tunisia and Spain. Diabetol Metab Syndr 7:88CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Aounallah-Skhiri H, El Ati J, Traissac P, Ben Romdhane H, Eymard-Duvernay S, Delpeuch F et al (2012) Blood pressure and associated factors in a North African adolescent population. A National Cross-Sectional Study in Tunisia. BMC Public Health 12:98CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aounallah-Skhiri H, El Ati J, Traissac P, Ben Romdhane H, Eymard-Duvernay S, Delpeuch F et al (2012) Blood pressure and associated factors in a North African adolescent population. A National Cross-Sectional Study in Tunisia. BMC Public Health 12:98CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
go back to reference Ben Romdhane H, Ben Ali S, Aissi W, Traissac P, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Bougatef S et al (2014) Prevalence of diabetes in Northern African countries: the case of Tunisia. BMC Public Health 14:86CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ben Romdhane H, Ben Ali S, Aissi W, Traissac P, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Bougatef S et al (2014) Prevalence of diabetes in Northern African countries: the case of Tunisia. BMC Public Health 14:86CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference El Ati J, Traissac P, Delpeuch F, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Béji C, Eymard-Duvernay S et al (2012) Gender obesity inequities are huge but differ greatly according to environment and socio-economics in North African setting: a national cross-sectional study in Tunisia. PLoS ONE 7(10):e48153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral El Ati J, Traissac P, Delpeuch F, Aounallah-Skhiri H, Béji C, Eymard-Duvernay S et al (2012) Gender obesity inequities are huge but differ greatly according to environment and socio-economics in North African setting: a national cross-sectional study in Tunisia. PLoS ONE 7(10):e48153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference Regaieg S, Charfi N, Kamoun S, Eulleuch M, Marrakchi R, Jamoussi K et al (2015) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among overweight and obese secondary school adolescent in SFAX, Tunisia. Int J Clin Nutr 3(1):1–6CrossRef Regaieg S, Charfi N, Kamoun S, Eulleuch M, Marrakchi R, Jamoussi K et al (2015) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among overweight and obese secondary school adolescent in SFAX, Tunisia. Int J Clin Nutr 3(1):1–6CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Jamoussi H, Mahjoub F, Sallemi H, Berriche O, Ounaissa K, Amrouche C et al (2012) Metabolic syndrome in Tunisian obese children and adolescents. Tunis Med 90(1):36–40PubMed Jamoussi H, Mahjoub F, Sallemi H, Berriche O, Ounaissa K, Amrouche C et al (2012) Metabolic syndrome in Tunisian obese children and adolescents. Tunis Med 90(1):36–40PubMed
19.
go back to reference Romdhane HB, Ali SB, Skhiri H, Traissac P, Bougatef S, Maire B et al (2012) Hypertension among Tunisian adults: results of the TAHINA project. Hypertens Res 35(3):341–347CrossRefPubMed Romdhane HB, Ali SB, Skhiri H, Traissac P, Bougatef S, Maire B et al (2012) Hypertension among Tunisian adults: results of the TAHINA project. Hypertens Res 35(3):341–347CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Allal-Elasmi M, Feki M, Zayani Y, Hsairi M, Taieb SH, Jemaa R et al (2012) Prehypertension among adults in Great Tunis region (Tunisia): a population-based study. Pathol Biol (Paris) 60(3):174–179CrossRef Allal-Elasmi M, Feki M, Zayani Y, Hsairi M, Taieb SH, Jemaa R et al (2012) Prehypertension among adults in Great Tunis region (Tunisia): a population-based study. Pathol Biol (Paris) 60(3):174–179CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Ibrahim MM, Rizk H, Appel LJ, el Aroussy W, Helmy S, Sharaf Y et al (1995) Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Egypt. Results from the Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP). NHP investigative team. Hypertension 26(6 Pt 1):886–890CrossRefPubMed Ibrahim MM, Rizk H, Appel LJ, el Aroussy W, Helmy S, Sharaf Y et al (1995) Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Egypt. Results from the Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP). NHP investigative team. Hypertension 26(6 Pt 1):886–890CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Mbanya JC, Minkoulou EM, Salah JN, Balkau B (1998) The prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon. Int J Epidemiol 27:181–185CrossRefPubMed Mbanya JC, Minkoulou EM, Salah JN, Balkau B (1998) The prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon. Int J Epidemiol 27:181–185CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Agyemang C (2006) Rural and urban differences in blood pressure and hypertension in Ghana, West Africa. Public Health 120:525–533CrossRefPubMed Agyemang C (2006) Rural and urban differences in blood pressure and hypertension in Ghana, West Africa. Public Health 120:525–533CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, Anna V, Xie G, Yao C et al (2008) Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 118(25):2679–2686CrossRefPubMed Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, Anna V, Xie G, Yao C et al (2008) Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 118(25):2679–2686CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Ahmad K, Jafar TH (2005) Prevalence and determinants of blood pressure screening in Pakistan. J Hypertens 23(11):1979–1984CrossRefPubMed Ahmad K, Jafar TH (2005) Prevalence and determinants of blood pressure screening in Pakistan. J Hypertens 23(11):1979–1984CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Al-Nozha MM, Abdullah M, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Mazrou YY et al (2007) Hypertension in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 28(1):77–84PubMed Al-Nozha MM, Abdullah M, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Mazrou YY et al (2007) Hypertension in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 28(1):77–84PubMed
27.
go back to reference Rampal L, Rampal S, Azhar MZ, Rahman AR (2008) Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Malaysia: a national study of 16,440 subjects. Public Health 122(1):11–18CrossRefPubMed Rampal L, Rampal S, Azhar MZ, Rahman AR (2008) Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Malaysia: a national study of 16,440 subjects. Public Health 122(1):11–18CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, Turner JL, Franco KD, Sorof JM, Portman RJ (2007) Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adolescents. J Pediatr 150(6):640–644 (644.e1) CrossRefPubMed McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, Turner JL, Franco KD, Sorof JM, Portman RJ (2007) Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adolescents. J Pediatr 150(6):640–644 (644.e1) CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Falkner B (2010) Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history. Pediatr Nephrol 25(7):1219–1224CrossRefPubMed Falkner B (2010) Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history. Pediatr Nephrol 25(7):1219–1224CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Pall D, Katona E, Paragh G, Zrinyi M, Zatik J, Fulesdi B (2005) Epidemiological data of 15–18 years adolescents and the prevalence of hypertension in Debrecen. The DebrecenHypertension Study. Orv Hetil 146(3):127–132PubMed Pall D, Katona E, Paragh G, Zrinyi M, Zatik J, Fulesdi B (2005) Epidemiological data of 15–18 years adolescents and the prevalence of hypertension in Debrecen. The DebrecenHypertension Study. Orv Hetil 146(3):127–132PubMed
32.
go back to reference Rosa ML, Fonseca VM, Oigman G, Mesquita ET (2006) Arterial prehypertension and elevated pulse pressure in adolescents: prevalence and associated factors. Arq Bras Cardiol 87(1):46–53CrossRefPubMed Rosa ML, Fonseca VM, Oigman G, Mesquita ET (2006) Arterial prehypertension and elevated pulse pressure in adolescents: prevalence and associated factors. Arq Bras Cardiol 87(1):46–53CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Kollias A, Antonodimitrakis P, Grammatikos E, Chatziantonakis N, Grammatikos EE, Stergiou GS (2009) Trends in high blood pressure prevalence in Greek adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 23(6):385–390CrossRefPubMed Kollias A, Antonodimitrakis P, Grammatikos E, Chatziantonakis N, Grammatikos EE, Stergiou GS (2009) Trends in high blood pressure prevalence in Greek adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 23(6):385–390CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Andrade H, Antonio N, Rodrigues D, Da Silva M, Pego M, Providencia LA (2010) High blood pressure in the pediatric age group. Rev Port Cardiol 29(3):413–432PubMed Andrade H, Antonio N, Rodrigues D, Da Silva M, Pego M, Providencia LA (2010) High blood pressure in the pediatric age group. Rev Port Cardiol 29(3):413–432PubMed
35.
go back to reference Drukteinis JS, Roman MJ, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Best LG, Russell M et al (2007) Cardiac and systemic hemodynamic characteristics of hypertension and prehypertension in adolescents and young adults: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation 115(2):221–227CrossRefPubMed Drukteinis JS, Roman MJ, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Best LG, Russell M et al (2007) Cardiac and systemic hemodynamic characteristics of hypertension and prehypertension in adolescents and young adults: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation 115(2):221–227CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Bouguerra R, Alberti H, Ben Salem L, Ben Rayana C, El Atti J, Gaigi S et al (2007) The global diabetes pandemic: the Tunisian experience. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(2):160–165CrossRefPubMed Bouguerra R, Alberti H, Ben Salem L, Ben Rayana C, El Atti J, Gaigi S et al (2007) The global diabetes pandemic: the Tunisian experience. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(2):160–165CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Al-Lawati JA, Al Riyami AM, Mohammed AJ, Jousi Lahti P (2002) Increasing prevalence of DM in Oman. Diabet Med 19(11):954–957CrossRefPubMed Al-Lawati JA, Al Riyami AM, Mohammed AJ, Jousi Lahti P (2002) Increasing prevalence of DM in Oman. Diabet Med 19(11):954–957CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Bener A, Zirie M, Janahi IM, Al-Hamaq A, Musallam M, Wareham NJ (2009) Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in a population-based study of Qatar. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 84(1):99–106CrossRefPubMed Bener A, Zirie M, Janahi IM, Al-Hamaq A, Musallam M, Wareham NJ (2009) Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in a population-based study of Qatar. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 84(1):99–106CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Ben Romdhane H, Khaldi R, Oueslati A, Skhiri H (2002) Epidemiologic and nutritional transition in Tunisia. Opt Méditerranéennes 41:278 Ben Romdhane H, Khaldi R, Oueslati A, Skhiri H (2002) Epidemiologic and nutritional transition in Tunisia. Opt Méditerranéennes 41:278
40.
go back to reference Harzallah F, Ncibi N, Alberti H, Ben Brahim A, Smadhi H, Kanoun F et al (2006) Clinical and metabolic characteristics of newly diagnosed diabetic patients: experience of a University Hospital in Tunis. Diabetes Metab 32(6):632–635CrossRefPubMed Harzallah F, Ncibi N, Alberti H, Ben Brahim A, Smadhi H, Kanoun F et al (2006) Clinical and metabolic characteristics of newly diagnosed diabetic patients: experience of a University Hospital in Tunis. Diabetes Metab 32(6):632–635CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Jomaa W, El Mhamdi S, Ali IB, Azaiez MA, El Hraiech A, Hamda KB et al (2018) Prognostic value of hyperglycemia on-admission in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients presenting for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Tunisia. Indian Heart J 70(6):772–776CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jomaa W, El Mhamdi S, Ali IB, Azaiez MA, El Hraiech A, Hamda KB et al (2018) Prognostic value of hyperglycemia on-admission in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients presenting for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Tunisia. Indian Heart J 70(6):772–776CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Saidi O, O'Flaherty M, Mansour NB, Aissi W, Lassoued O, Capewell S et al (2015) Forecasting Tunisian type 2 diabetes prevalence to 2027: validation of a simple model. BMC Public Health 15:104CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Saidi O, O'Flaherty M, Mansour NB, Aissi W, Lassoued O, Capewell S et al (2015) Forecasting Tunisian type 2 diabetes prevalence to 2027: validation of a simple model. BMC Public Health 15:104CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Saidi O, Malouche D, O’Flaherty O, Mansour NB, Skhiri HA, Romdhane HB et al (2016) Assessment of cardiovascular risk in Tunisia: applying the Framingham risk score to national survey data. BMJ Open 6:e009195CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Saidi O, Malouche D, O’Flaherty O, Mansour NB, Skhiri HA, Romdhane HB et al (2016) Assessment of cardiovascular risk in Tunisia: applying the Framingham risk score to national survey data. BMJ Open 6:e009195CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Yahia-Berrouiguet A, Benyoucef M, Meguenni K, Brouri M (2009) Enquête sur la prévalence des facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires à Tlemcen (Algérie). Médecine des maladies métaboliques 3:313–319CrossRef Yahia-Berrouiguet A, Benyoucef M, Meguenni K, Brouri M (2009) Enquête sur la prévalence des facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires à Tlemcen (Algérie). Médecine des maladies métaboliques 3:313–319CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Baynouna LM, Revel AD, Nagelkerke NJ, Jaber TM, Omar AO, Ahmed NM et al (2008) High prevalence of the cardiovascular risk factors in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med J 29(8):1173–1178PubMed Baynouna LM, Revel AD, Nagelkerke NJ, Jaber TM, Omar AO, Ahmed NM et al (2008) High prevalence of the cardiovascular risk factors in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med J 29(8):1173–1178PubMed
46.
go back to reference Galán AM, García FA, Taix MF, Ros XA, Martí EA, Gil AC (2004) Cardiovascular risk of SCORE compared to Framingham: consequences of the change proposed by the European Societies. Med Clin (Barc) 123:681–685CrossRef Galán AM, García FA, Taix MF, Ros XA, Martí EA, Gil AC (2004) Cardiovascular risk of SCORE compared to Framingham: consequences of the change proposed by the European Societies. Med Clin (Barc) 123:681–685CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CM, Leach R, James WP, Lopez AD et al (2005) Rethinking the “diseases of affluence” paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med 2(5):e133CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CM, Leach R, James WP, Lopez AD et al (2005) Rethinking the “diseases of affluence” paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med 2(5):e133CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Dallongeville J, Cottel D, Wagner A, Ducimetière P, Ruidavets J-B, Arveiler D et al (2008) The APOA5 Trp19 allele is associated with metabolicsyndrome via its association with plasma triglycerides. BMC Med Genet 9:84CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dallongeville J, Cottel D, Wagner A, Ducimetière P, Ruidavets J-B, Arveiler D et al (2008) The APOA5 Trp19 allele is associated with metabolicsyndrome via its association with plasma triglycerides. BMC Med Genet 9:84CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Demirdöğen BC, Şahin E, Özçelik AT, Bek S, Demirkaya Ş, Adali O (2012) Apolipopro-tein A5 polymorphisms in Turkish population: association with serum lipidprofile and risk of ischemic stroke. Mol Biol Rep 39(12):10459–10468CrossRef Demirdöğen BC, Şahin E, Özçelik AT, Bek S, Demirkaya Ş, Adali O (2012) Apolipopro-tein A5 polymorphisms in Turkish population: association with serum lipidprofile and risk of ischemic stroke. Mol Biol Rep 39(12):10459–10468CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Rosei EA, Azizi M, Burnier M et al (2018) The 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 39(33):3021–3104CrossRefPubMed Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Rosei EA, Azizi M, Burnier M et al (2018) The 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 39(33):3021–3104CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Takeuchi F, Isono M, Katsuya T, Yokota M, Yamamoto K, Nabika T et al (2012) Association of genetic variants influencing lipid levels with coronary arterydisease in Japanese individuals. PLoS ONE 7:9 Takeuchi F, Isono M, Katsuya T, Yokota M, Yamamoto K, Nabika T et al (2012) Association of genetic variants influencing lipid levels with coronary arterydisease in Japanese individuals. PLoS ONE 7:9
53.
go back to reference Tan A, Sun J, Xia N, Qin X, Hu Y, Zhang S et al (2012) A genome-wide associa-tion and gene-environment interaction study for serum triglycerides levelsin a healthy Chinese male population. Hum Mol Genet 21:1658–1664CrossRefPubMed Tan A, Sun J, Xia N, Qin X, Hu Y, Zhang S et al (2012) A genome-wide associa-tion and gene-environment interaction study for serum triglycerides levelsin a healthy Chinese male population. Hum Mol Genet 21:1658–1664CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Sarbakhsh P, Mehrabi Y, Daneshpour MS, Zayeri F, Zarkesh M (2013) Logicregression analysis of association of gene polymorphisms with low HDL: tehran lipid and glucose study. Gene 513:278–281CrossRefPubMed Sarbakhsh P, Mehrabi Y, Daneshpour MS, Zayeri F, Zarkesh M (2013) Logicregression analysis of association of gene polymorphisms with low HDL: tehran lipid and glucose study. Gene 513:278–281CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Kefi R, Hechmi M, Dallali H, Elouej S, Jmel H, Halima YB et al (2017) Association of apolipoprotein A5 gene variants with metabolic syndrome in Tunisian population. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 78(3):146–155CrossRef Kefi R, Hechmi M, Dallali H, Elouej S, Jmel H, Halima YB et al (2017) Association of apolipoprotein A5 gene variants with metabolic syndrome in Tunisian population. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 78(3):146–155CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Wu Y, Yu Y, Zhao T, Wang S, Fu Y, Qi Y et al (2016) Interactions of environmental factors and APOA1–APOC3–APOA4–APOA5 gene cluster genepolymorphisms with metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE 11:e0147946CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wu Y, Yu Y, Zhao T, Wang S, Fu Y, Qi Y et al (2016) Interactions of environmental factors and APOA1–APOC3–APOA4–APOA5 gene cluster genepolymorphisms with metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE 11:e0147946CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
go back to reference Cha S, Yu H, Park AY, Song KH (2014) Effects of apolipoprotein A5 haplotypeson the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and therisk for metabolic syndrome in Koreans. Lipids Health Dis 13:1–7CrossRefPubMedCentral Cha S, Yu H, Park AY, Song KH (2014) Effects of apolipoprotein A5 haplotypeson the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and therisk for metabolic syndrome in Koreans. Lipids Health Dis 13:1–7CrossRefPubMedCentral
58.
go back to reference Qi L, Liu S, Rifai N, Hunter D, Hu FB (2006) Associations of the apolipoproteinA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels inwomen with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 192(1):204–210CrossRefPubMed Qi L, Liu S, Rifai N, Hunter D, Hu FB (2006) Associations of the apolipoproteinA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels inwomen with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 192(1):204–210CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Grigorescu F (2012) New genetic approaches in understanding susceptibility for metabolic syndrome in immigrant populations around mediterranean area. Acta Endocrinol-Buch 8(1):87–98 Grigorescu F (2012) New genetic approaches in understanding susceptibility for metabolic syndrome in immigrant populations around mediterranean area. Acta Endocrinol-Buch 8(1):87–98
60.
go back to reference Elouej S, Rejeb I, Attaoua R, Nagara M, Sallem OK, Kamoun I et al (2016) Gender-specific associations of genetic variants with metabolic syndrome components in the Tunisian population. Endocr Res 41(4):300–309CrossRefPubMed Elouej S, Rejeb I, Attaoua R, Nagara M, Sallem OK, Kamoun I et al (2016) Gender-specific associations of genetic variants with metabolic syndrome components in the Tunisian population. Endocr Res 41(4):300–309CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Elouej S, Belfki-Benali H, Nagara M, Lasram K, Attaoua R, Sallem OK et al (2016) Association of rs9939609 polymorphism with metabolic parameters and FTO risk haplotype among Tunisian Metabolic Syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 14(2):121–128CrossRefPubMed Elouej S, Belfki-Benali H, Nagara M, Lasram K, Attaoua R, Sallem OK et al (2016) Association of rs9939609 polymorphism with metabolic parameters and FTO risk haplotype among Tunisian Metabolic Syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 14(2):121–128CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Elouej S, Nagara M, Attaoua R, Sallem OK, Rejeb I, Hsouna S et al (2016) Association of genetic variants in the FTO gene with metabolic syndrome: a case-control study in the Tunisian Population. J Diabetes Complications 30(2):206–211CrossRefPubMed Elouej S, Nagara M, Attaoua R, Sallem OK, Rejeb I, Hsouna S et al (2016) Association of genetic variants in the FTO gene with metabolic syndrome: a case-control study in the Tunisian Population. J Diabetes Complications 30(2):206–211CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Cardio-metabolic risk factors in Tunisia: state of the art
Publication date
01-06-2020
Published in
Internal and Emergency Medicine / Issue 4/2020
Print ISSN: 1828-0447
Electronic ISSN: 1970-9366
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-019-02164-7

Other articles of this Issue 4/2020

Internal and Emergency Medicine 4/2020 Go to the issue