Top

Published in:

01-02-2018 | Computed Tomography

Controversies on lung cancers manifesting as part-solid nodules

Authors: Rowena Yip, Kunwei Li, Li Liu, Dongming Xu, Kathleen Tam, David F. Yankelevitz, Emanuela Taioli, Betsy Becker, Claudia I. Henschke

Published in: European Radiology | Issue 2/2018

Abstract

Purpose

Summarise survival of patients with resected lung cancers manifesting as part-solid nodules (PSNs).

Methods

PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for all studies/clinical trials on CT-detected lung cancer in English before 21 December 2015 to identify surgically resected lung cancers manifesting as PSNs. Outcome measures were lung cancer-specific survival (LCS), overall survival (OS), or disease-free survival (DFS). All PSNs were classified by the percentage of solid component to the entire nodule diameter into category PSNs <80% or category PSNs ≥80%.

Results

Twenty studies reported on PSNs <80%: 7 reported DFS and 2 OS of 100%, 6 DFS 96.3-98.7%, and 11 OS 94.7-98.9% (median DFS 100% and OS 97.5%). Twenty-seven studies reported on PSNs ≥80%: 1 DFS and 2 OS of 100%, 19 DFS 48.0%-98.0% (median 82.6%), and 16 reported OS 43.0%-98.0% (median DFS 82.6%, OS 85.5%). Both DFS and OS were always higher for PSNs <80%.

Conclusion

A clear definition of the upper limit of solid component of a PSN is needed to avoid misclassification because cell-types and outcomes are different for PSN and solid nodules. The workup should be based on the size of the solid component.

Key points

• Lung cancers manifesting as PSNs are slow growing with high cure rates.

• Upper limits of the solid component are important for correct interpretation.

• Consensus definition is important for the management of PSNs.

• Median disease-free-survival (DFS) increased with decreasing size of the nodule.

Available only for authorised users

Yankelevitz DF, Yip R, Smith JP, Liang M, Liu Y, Xu DM et al (2015) CT screening for lung cancer: nonsolid nodules in baseline and annual repeat rounds. Radiology 277(2):555–564CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yip R, Yankelevitz DF, Hu M, Li K, Xu DM, Jirapatnakul A et al (2016) Lung cancer deaths in the National Lung Screening Trial attributed to nonsolid nodules. Radiology 281(2):589–596CrossRefPubMed

Yip R, Wolf A, Tam K, Taioli E, Olkin I, Flores R et al (2016) Outcomes of lung cancers manifesting as nonsolid nodules. Lung Cancer 97:35–42CrossRefPubMed

Henschke CI, Yip R, Smith JP, Wolf AS, Flores RM, Liang M et al (2016) CT screening for lung cancer: part-solid nodules in baseline and annual repeat rounds. AJR Am J Roentgenol 207(6):1176–1184CrossRefPubMed

Yip R, Yankelevitz D, Li K, Xu D, Jirapatnakul A, Henschke C (2016) Lung cancer deaths in the National Lung Screening Trial attributed to cancers manifesting as part-solid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. doi:10.2214/ajr.16.16930

Noguchi M, Morikawa A, Kawasaki M, Matsuno Y, Yamada T, Hirohashi S et al (1995) Small adenocarcinoma of the lung. Histologic characteristics and prognosis. Cancer 75(12):2844–2852CrossRefPubMed

Noguchi M, Shimosato Y (1995) The development and progression of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Res 72:131–142CrossRefPubMed

Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, Nicholson AG, Geisinger K, Yatabe Y et al (2011) International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society: international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma: executive summary. Proc Am Thorac Soc 8(5):381–385CrossRefPubMed

Travis W, Brambilla E, Burke A, Marx A, Nicholson A (2015) WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart, 4th edn. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

10.

Travis WD, Asamura H, Bankier AA, Beasley MB, Detterbeck F, Flieder DB et al (2016) The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for coding T categories for subsolid nodules and assessment of tumor size in part-solid tumors in the forthcoming Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification of Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 11(8):1204–1223CrossRefPubMed

11.

Kuriyama K, Seto M, Kasugai T, Higashiyama M, Kido S, Sawai Y et al (1999) Ground-glass opacity on thin-section CT: value in differentiating subtypes of adenocarcinoma of the lung. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173(2):465–469CrossRefPubMed

12.

Henschke C, Yankelevitz D, Mirtcheva R, McGuinness G, McCauley D, Miettinen O (2002) CT screening for lung cancer: frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178(5):1053–1057CrossRefPubMed

13.

Sone S, Nakayama T, Honda T, Tsushima K, Li F, Haniuda M et al (2007) Long-term follow-up study of a population-based 1996-1998 mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography. Lung Cancer 58(3):329–341CrossRefPubMed

14.

Hasegawa M, Sone S, Takashima S, Li F, Yang ZG, Maruyama Y et al (2000) Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Br J Radiol 73(876):1252–1259CrossRefPubMed

15.

Naidich DP, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, Schaefer-Prokop CM, Pistolesi M, Goo JM et al (2013) Recommendations for the management of subsolid pulmonary nodules detected at CT: a statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology 266(1):304–317CrossRefPubMed

16.

MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, Lee KS, Leung AN, Mayo JR et al (2017) Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: From the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology 161659

17.

Callister ME, Baldwin DR, Akram AR, Barnard S, Cane P, Draffan J et al (2015) British Thoracic Society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules. Thorax 70(Suppl 2):ii1–ii54CrossRefPubMed

18.

Miettinen OS, Henschke CI, Smith JP, Yankelevitz DF (2014) Is ground glass descriptive of a type of pulmonary nodule? Radiology 270(1):311–312CrossRefPubMed

19.

Sugi K, Kobayashi S, Sudou M, Sakano H, Matsuda E, Okabe K (2010) Long-term prognosis of video-assisted limited surgery for early lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 37(2):456–460PubMed

20.

Matsuguma H, Mori K, Nakahara R, Suzuki H, Kasai T, Kamiyama Y et al (2013) Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow-up with CT scanning. Chest 143(2):436–443CrossRefPubMed

21.

Kim EA, Johkoh T, Lee KS, Han J, Fujimoto K, Sadohara J et al (2001) Quantification of ground-glass opacity on high-resolution CT of small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung: pathologic and prognostic implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177(6):1417–1422CrossRefPubMed

22.

Nakamura H, Saji H, Ogata A, Saijo T, Okada S, Kato H (2004) Lung cancer patients showing pure ground-glass opacity on computed tomography are good candidates for wedge resection. Lung Cancer 44(1):61–68CrossRefPubMed

23.

Tateishi U, Muller NL, Johkoh T, Maeshima A, Asamura H, Satake M et al (2005) Mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the lung: thin-section computed tomography findings in 48 patients and their effect on prognosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 29(3):361–368CrossRefPubMed

24.

Fukui T, Katayama T, Ito S, Abe T, Hatooka S, Mitsudomi T (2009) Clinicopathological features of small-sized non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Lung Cancer 66(3):309–313CrossRefPubMed

25.

Vazquez M, Carter D, Brambilla E, Gazdar A, Noguchi M, Travis WD et al (2009) Solitary and multiple resected adenocarcinomas after CT screening for lung cancer: histopathologic features and their prognostic implications. Lung Cancer 64(2):148–154CrossRefPubMed

26.

Tsutani Y, Miyata Y, Nakayama H, Okumura S, Adachi S, Yoshimura M et al (2012) Prognostic significance of using solid versus whole tumor size on high-resolution computed tomography for predicting pathologic malignant grade of tumors in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma: a multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143(3):607–612CrossRefPubMed

27.

Nakamura S, Fukui T, Taniguchi T, Usami N, Kawaguchi K, Ishiguro F et al (2013) Prognostic impact of tumor size eliminating the ground glass opacity component: modified clinical T descriptors of the tumor, node, metastasis classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 8(12):1551–1557CrossRefPubMed

28.

Gierada DS, Pinsky P, Nath H, Chiles C, Duan F, Aberle DR (2014) Projected outcomes using different nodule sizes to define a positive CT lung cancer screening examination. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(11)

29.

Iwata H, Shirahashi K, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H, Takemura H (2014) Feasibility of segmental resection in non-small-cell lung cancer with ground-glass opacity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 46(3):375–379, discussion 9CrossRefPubMed

30.

Hattori A, Suzuki K, Takamochi K, Oh S (2015) Clinical features of multiple lung cancers based on thin-section computed tomography: what are the appropriate surgical strategies for second lung cancers? Surg Today 45(2):189–196CrossRefPubMed

31.

Kobayashi Y, Sakao Y, Deshpande GA, Fukui T, Mizuno T, Kuroda H et al (2014) The association between baseline clinical-radiological characteristics and growth of pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity. Lung Cancer 83(1):61–66CrossRefPubMed

32.

Kodama H, Yamakado K, Hasegawa T, Takao M, Taguchi O, Fukai I et al (2014) Radiofrequency ablation for ground-glass opacity-dominant lung adenocarcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 25(3):333–339CrossRefPubMed

33.

Nakata M, Sawada S, Saeki H, Takashima S, Mogami H, Teramoto N et al (2003) Prospective study of thoracoscopic limited resection for ground-glass opacity selected by computed tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 75(5):1601–1605, discussion 5-6CrossRefPubMed

34.

Henschke CI, Shaham D, Yankelevitz DF, Kramer A, Kostis WJ, Reeves AP et al (2006) CT screening for lung cancer: significance of diagnoses in its baseline cycle. Clin Imaging 30(1):11–15CrossRefPubMed

35.

Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Miettinen OS (2006) International Early Lung Cancer Action Program I. Computed tomographic screening for lung cancer: the relationship of disease stage to tumor size. Arch Intern Med 166(3):321–325CrossRefPubMed

36.

Kodama K, Higashiyama M, Takami K, Oda K, Okami J, Maeda J et al (2008) Treatment strategy for patients with small peripheral lung lesion(s): intermediate-term results of prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34(5):1068–1074CrossRefPubMed

37.

Carretta A, Ciriaco P, Melloni G, Bandiera A, Libretti L, Puglisi A et al (2009) Surgical treatment of multiple primary adenocarcinomas of the lung. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 57(1):30–34CrossRefPubMed

38.

Kohno T, Fujimori S, Kishi K, Fujii T (2010) Safe and effective minimally invasive approaches for small ground glass opacity. Ann Thorac Surg 89(6):S2114–S2117CrossRefPubMed

39.

Zhou Q, Suzuki K, Anami Y, Oh S, Takamochi K (2010) Clinicopathologic features in resected subcentimeter lung cancer − status of lymph node metastases. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 10(1):53–57CrossRefPubMed

40.

Matsunaga T, Suzuki K, Hattori A, Fukui M, Kitamura Y, Miyasaka Y et al (2013) Lung cancer with scattered consolidation: detection of new independent radiological category of peripheral lung cancer on thin-section computed tomography. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 16(4):445–449CrossRefPubMed

41.

Ambrosini-Spaltro A, Ruiu A, Seebacher C, Vattemi E, Gentile L, Feil B et al (2014) Impact of the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification in pN0 pulmonary adenocarcinomas: a study with radiological-pathological comparisons and survival analyses. Pathol Res Pract 210(1):40–46CrossRefPubMed

42.

Ye B, Cheng M, Ge XX, Geng JF, Li W, Feng J et al (2014) Factors that predict lymph node status in clinical stage T1aN0M0 lung adenocarcinomas. World J Surg Oncol 12:42CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Ye B, Cheng M, Li W, Ge XX, Geng JF, Feng J et al (2014) Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 98(1):217–223CrossRefPubMed

44.

Kudo Y, Matsubayashi J, Saji H, Akata S, Shimada Y, Kato Y et al (2015) Association between high-resolution computed tomography findings and the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification of small lung adenocarcinomas in Japanese patients. Lung Cancer 90(1):47–54CrossRefPubMed

45.

Yoshioka M, Ichiguchi O (2009) Selection of sublobar resection for c-stage IA non-small cell lung cancer based on a combination of structural imaging by CT and functional imaging by FDG PET. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 15(2):82–88PubMed

46.

Matsuguma H, Yokoi K, Anraku M, Kondo T, Kamiyama Y, Mori K et al (2002) Proportion of ground-glass opacity on high-resolution computed tomography in clinical T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma of the lung: A predictor of lymph node metastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124(2):278–284CrossRefPubMed

47.

Matsuguma H, Nakahara R, Anraku M, Kondo T, Tsuura Y, Kamiyama Y et al (2004) Objective definition and measurement method of ground-glass opacity for planning limited resection in patients with clinical stage IA adenocarcinoma of the lung. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25(6):1102–1106CrossRefPubMed

48.

Sagawa M, Higashi K, Usuda K, Aikawa H, Machida Y, Tanaka M et al (2009) Curative wedge resection for non-invasive bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Tohoku J Exp Med 217(2):133–137CrossRefPubMed

49.

Kim TJ, Park CM, Goo JM, Lee KW (2012) Is there a role for FDG PET in the management of lung cancer manifesting predominantly as ground-glass opacity? AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(1):83–88CrossRefPubMed

50.

Seok Y, Cho S, Kim K, Jheon S (2014) Partly solid pulmonary nodules: waiting for change or surgery outright? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 19(4):556–560CrossRefPubMed

51.

Yoshida J, Ishii G, Hishida T, Aokage K, Tsuboi M, Ito H et al (2015) Limited resection trial for pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodules: case selection based on high-resolution computed tomography-interim results. Jpn J Clin Oncol 45(7):677–681CrossRefPubMed

52.

Ohta Y, Shimizu Y, Kobayashi T, Matsui O, Minato H, Matsumoto I et al (2006) Pathologic and biological assessment of lung tumors showing ground-glass opacity. Ann Thorac Surg 81(4):1194–1197CrossRefPubMed

53.

Suzuki K, Kusumoto M, Watanabe S, Tsuchiya R, Asamura H (2006) Radiologic classification of small adenocarcinoma of the lung: radiologic-pathologic correlation and its prognostic impact. Ann Thorac Surg 81(2):413–419CrossRefPubMed

54.

Asamura H, Suzuki K, Watanabe S, Matsuno Y, Maeshima A, Tsuchiya R (2003) A clinicopathological study of resected subcentimeter lung cancers: a favorable prognosis for ground glass opacity lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 76(4):1016–1022CrossRefPubMed

55.

Ohde Y, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Takahashi K, Suzuki K et al (2003) The proportion of consolidation to ground-glass opacity on high resolution CT is a good predictor for distinguishing the population of non-invasive peripheral adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 42(3):303–310CrossRefPubMed

56.

Aokage K, Yoshida J, Ishii G, Matsumura Y, Haruki T, Hishida T et al (2013) Identification of early t1b lung adenocarcinoma based on thin-section computed tomography findings. J Thorac Oncol 8(10):1289–1294CrossRefPubMed

57.

Duann CW, Hung JJ, Hsu PK, Huang CS, Hsieh CC, Hsu HS et al (2013) Surgical outcomes in lung cancer presenting as ground-glass opacities of 3 cm or less: a review of 5 years' experience. J Chin Med Assoc 76(12):693–697CrossRefPubMed

58.

Tsutani Y, Miyata Y, Nakayama H, Okumura S, Adachi S, Yoshimura M et al (2014) Segmentectomy for clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma showing solid dominance on radiology. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 46(4):637–642CrossRefPubMed

59.

Yanagawa M, Tanaka Y, Leung AN, Morii E, Kusumoto M, Watanabe S et al (2014) Prognostic importance of volumetric measurements in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Radiology 272(2):557–567CrossRefPubMed

60.

Cho JH, Choi YS, Kim J, Kim HK, Zo JI, Shim YM (2015) Long-term outcomes of wedge resection for pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodules. Ann Thorac Surg 99(1):218–222CrossRefPubMed

61.

Hattori A, Suzuki K, Matsunaga T, Miyasaka Y, Takamochi K, Oh S (2015) What is the appropriate operative strategy for radiologically solid tumours in subcentimetre lung cancer patients?dagger. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 47(2):244–249CrossRefPubMed

62.

Li Z, Ye B, Bao M, Xu B, Chen Q, Liu S et al (2015) Radiologic predictors for clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma with ground glass components: a multi-center study of long-term outcomes. PLoS One 10(9), e0136616CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Nakamura S, Fukui T, Kawaguchi K, Fukumoto K, Hirakawa A, Yokoi K (2015) Does ground glass opacity-dominant feature have a prognostic significance even in clinical T2aN0M0 lung adenocarcinoma? Lung Cancer 89(1):38–42CrossRefPubMed

64.

Sakurai H, Nakagawa K, Watanabe S, Asamura H (2015) Clinicopathologic features of resected subcentimeter lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 99(5):1731–1738CrossRefPubMed

65.

Yano M, Yoshida J, Koike T, Kameyama K, Shimamoto A, Nishio W et al (2015) Survival of 1737 lobectomy-tolerable patients who underwent limited resection for cStage IA non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 47(1):135–142CrossRefPubMed

66.

Kodama K, Higashiyama M, Yokouchi H, Takami K, Kuriyama K, Mano M et al (2001) Prognostic value of ground-glass opacity found in small lung adenocarcinoma on high-resolution CT scanning. Lung Cancer 33(1):17–25CrossRefPubMed

67.

Aoki T, Tomoda Y, Watanabe H, Nakata H, Kasai T, Hashimoto H et al (2001) Peripheral lung adenocarcinoma: correlation of thin-section CT findings with histologic prognostic factors and survival. Radiology 220(3):803–809CrossRefPubMed

68.

Takashima S, Maruyama Y, Hasegawa M, Saito A, Haniuda M, Kadoya M (2003) High-resolution CT features: prognostic significance in peripheral lung adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma components. Respiration 70(1):36–42CrossRefPubMed

69.

Ikeda N, Maeda J, Yashima K, Tsuboi M, Kato H, Akada S et al (2004) A clinicopathological study of resected adenocarcinoma 2 cm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 78(3):1011–1016CrossRefPubMed

70.

Sakao Y, Nakazono T, Sakuragi T, Natsuaki M, Itoh T (2004) Predictive factors for survival in surgically resected clinical IA peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg 77(4):1157–1161, discussion 61-2CrossRefPubMed

71.

Seki N, Sawada S, Nakata M, Inoue T, Nishimura R, Segawa Y et al (2008) Lung cancer with localized ground-glass attenuation represents early-stage adenocarcinoma in nonsmokers. J Thorac Oncol 3(5):483–490CrossRefPubMed

72.

Higashi K, Sakuma T, Ito K, Niho S, Ueda Y, Kobayashi T et al (2009) Combined evaluation of preoperative FDG uptake on PET, ground-glass opacity area on CT, and serum CEA level: identification of both low and high risk of recurrence in patients with resected T1 lung adenocarcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36(3):373–381CrossRefPubMed

73.

Inoue M, Minami M, Sawabata N, Utsumi T, Kadota Y, Shigemura N et al (2010) Clinical outcome of resected solid-type small-sized c-stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 37(6):1445–1449CrossRefPubMed

74.

Shi CL, Zhang XY, Han BH, He WZ, Shen J, Chu TQ (2011) A clinicopathological study of resected non-small cell lung cancers 2 cm or less in diameter: a prognostic assessment. Med Oncol 28(4):1441–1446CrossRefPubMed

75.

Lederlin M, Puderbach M, Muley T, Schnabel PA, Stenzinger A, Kauczor HU et al (2013) Correlation of radio- and histomorphological pattern of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir J 41(4):943–951CrossRefPubMed

76.

Matsuguma H, Oki I, Nakahara R, Suzuki H, Kasai T, Kamiyama Y et al (2013) Comparison of three measurements on computed tomography for the prediction of less invasiveness in patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 95(6):1878–1884CrossRefPubMed

77.

Shiono S, Yanagawa N, Abiko M, Sato T (2014) Detection of non-aggressive stage IA lung cancer using chest computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 19(4):637–643CrossRefPubMed

78.

Tsutani Y, Miyata Y, Nakayama H, Okumura S, Adachi S, Yoshimura M et al (2014) Appropriate sublobar resection choice for ground glass opacity-dominant clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma: wedge resection or segmentectomy. Chest 145(1):66–71CrossRefPubMed

79.

Hwang EJ, Park CM, Ryu Y, Lee SM, Kim YT, Kim YW et al (2015) Pulmonary adenocarcinomas appearing as part-solid ground-glass nodules: is measuring solid component size a better prognostic indicator? Eur Radiol 25(2):558–567CrossRefPubMed

80.

Kakinuma R, Kodama K, Yamada K, Yokoyama A, Adachi S, Mori K et al (2008) Performance evaluation of 4 measuring methods of ground-glass opacities for predicting the 5-year relapse-free survival of patients with peripheral nonsmall cell lung cancer: a multicenter study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 32(5):792–798CrossRefPubMed

81.

Okada M, Nakayama H, Okumura S, Daisaki H, Adachi S, Yoshimura M et al (2011) Multicenter analysis of high-resolution computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings to choose therapeutic strategies for clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141(6):1384–1391CrossRefPubMed

82.

Dong B, Sato M, Sagawa M, Endo C, Usuda K, Sakurada A et al (2002) Computed tomographic image comparison between mediastinal and lung windows provides possible prognostic information in patients with small peripheral lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124(5):1014–1020CrossRefPubMed

83.

Murakawa T, Konoeda C, Ito T, Inoue Y, Sano A, Nagayama K et al (2013) The ground glass opacity component can be eliminated from the T-factor assessment of lung adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 43(5):925–932CrossRefPubMed

84.

Hashizume T, Yamada K, Okamoto N, Saito H, Oshita F, Kato Y et al (2008) Prognostic significance of thin-section CT scan findings in small-sized lung adenocarcinoma. Chest 133(2):441–447CrossRefPubMed

85.

Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Libby DM, Pasmantier MW, Smith JP, Miettinen OS (2006) Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N Engl J Med. 1763–1771. United States: 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society

86.

Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Yip R, Reeves AP, Farooqi A, Xu D et al (2012) Lung cancers diagnosed at annual CT screening: volume doubling times. Radiology 263(2):578–583CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Network NCC. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Version 1.2014 Lung Cancer Screening. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/lung_screening.pdf. Accessed March 27, 2015

88.

Higashiyama M, Kodama K, Yokouchi H, Takami K, Mano M, Kido S et al (1999) Prognostic value of bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma component of small lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 68(6):2069–2073CrossRefPubMed

89.

International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Protocol http://www.ielcap.org/sites/default/files/I-ELCAP%20protocol-v21-3-1-14.pdf. Accessed May 30, 2017

90.

Henschke C, Yankelevitz D, Naidich D, McCauley D, McGuinness G, Libby D et al (2004) CT screening for lung cancer: suspiciousness of nodules according to size on baseline scans. Radiology 231(1):164–168CrossRefPubMed

91.

Henschke C, Yip R, Yankelevitz D, Smith J (2013) Definition of a positive test result in computed tomography screening for lung cancer: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 158(4):246–252CrossRefPubMed

92.

Yip R, Henschke C, Yankelevitz D, Boffetta P, Smith J (2015) The International Early Lung Cancer Investigators. The impact of the regimen of screening on lung cancer cure: a comparison of I-ELCAP and NLST. Eur J Cancer Prev 24(3):201–208CrossRefPubMed

93.

Ettinger DS, Wood DE, Akerley W, Bazhenova LA, Borghaei H, Camidge DR et al (2016) NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 4.2016. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14(3):255–264CrossRefPubMed

94.

Pinsky PF, Gierada DS, Black W, Munden R, Nath H, Aberle D et al (2015) Performance of Lung-RADS in the National Lung Screening Trial: a retrospective assessment. Ann Intern Med 162(7):485–491CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

Kazerooni E, Austin J, Black W, Dyer D, Hazelton T, Leung A et al (2014) ACR-STR practice parameter for the performance and reporting of lung cancer screening thoracic computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 29(5):310–316CrossRefPubMed

96.

American College of Radiology. http://www.acr.org/Quality-Safety/Resources/LungRADS. Accessed May 30, 2017

Title: Controversies on lung cancers manifesting as part-solid nodules
Authors: Rowena Yip
Kunwei Li
Li Liu
Dongming Xu
Kathleen Tam
David F. Yankelevitz
Emanuela Taioli
Betsy Becker
Claudia I. Henschke
Publication date: 01-02-2018
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Radiology / Issue 2/2018
Print ISSN: 0938-7994
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1084
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4975-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Controversies on lung cancers manifesting as part-solid nodules

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Key points

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Key points

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2018

Erratum to: Effects of radiation dose reduction in volume perfusion CT imaging of acute ischaemic stroke

Reperfusion facilitates reversible disruption of the human blood–brain barrier following acute ischaemic stroke

Imaging features of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma developed after direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV-related cirrhosis

How to differentiate acute pelvic inflammatory disease from acute appendicitis ? A decision tree based on CT findings

Greater occipital nerve infiltration under MR guidance: Feasibility study and preliminary results

Could new reconstruction CT techniques challenge MRI for the detection of brain metastases in the context of initial lung cancer staging?