Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Research

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis

Authors: Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja, Krishnamchari Janani, Kumar Chandan Srivastava, Deepti Shrivastava, Valentino Natoli, Marco Di Blasio, Macro Cicciu, Giuseppe Minervini

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

Background

The study aims to compare the synergistic antibacterial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis.

Material and methods

The current study included four hundred extracted human permanent mandibular premolar teeth. After complete chemo-mechanical preparation, the middle third of the root was sectioned using a rotary diamond disc and a total of 400 samples were obtained. The specimens were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. After that, specimens were divided into five groups (n = 80) based on materials used for the disinfection of samples: Group I, calcium hydroxide alone; Group II, calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel; Group III, calcium hydroxide + 2% chitosan gel; Group IV, calcium hydroxide + 0.02% silver nanoparticle gel; Group V, calcium hydroxide + Bioactive glass S53P4. Dentin shavings from the apical third were obtained from the inner third of dentin were obtained using gates glidden no.1 to the apical depth, followed by no.2, 3, 4 and 5 analyzed for E. faecalis using the culture method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis, followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple comparisons of means to check the difference in bacterial inhibition between the groups.

Results

ANOVA results revealed a significant reduction of bacterial counts in all the groups compared (p < 0.001). Intergroup comparison showed maximum bacterial reduction (p < 0.001) with calcium hydroxide + bioactive glass S53P4 compared with other groups.

Conclusion

Synergistic effect of calcium hydroxide showed better bacterial reduction compared to calcium hydroxide alone. Among the combinations evaluated, calcium hydroxide with bioactive glass, found to be most effective compared to other groups.

Alghamdi F, Shakir M. The influence of enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen on endodontic treatment: a systematic review. Cureus. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7257.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Barbosa-Ribeiro M. Microbiological investigation in teeth with persistent/secondary endodontic infection in different stages of endodontic retreatment. Eur Endod J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.14744/eej.2020.73626.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Amato M, Pantaleo G, Abtellatif D, Blasi A, Gagliani M, Iandolo A. An in vitro evaluation of the degree of pulp tissue dissolution through different root canal irrigation protocols. J Conserv Dent. 2018;21:175–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_49_18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Minervini G, Franco R, Marrapodi MM, Ronsivalle V, Shapira I, Cicciù M. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in subjects affected by parkinson disease: a systematic review and metanalysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13496.CrossRefPubMed

Teja KV, Janani K, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D, Jose J, Marya A, Karobari MI. Comparison of herbal agents with sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigant: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8967219.CrossRef

Cosan G, Ozverel CS, Yigit Hanoglu D, Baser KHC, Tunca YM. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal effects of calcium hydroxide mixed with two different essential oils. Molecules. 2022;27:2635. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092635.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Estrela C, Silva JA, Alencar AHGD, Leles CR, Decurcio DA. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against enterococcus faecalis: a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008;16:364–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572008000600002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Di Stasio D, Romano A, Gentile C, Maio C, Lucchese A, Serpico R, Paparella R, Minervini G, Candotto V, Laino L. Systemic and topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) on oral mucosa lesions: an overview. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2018;32(2 Suppl. 1):123–6.

Rathi S, Chaturvedi S, Abdullah S, Rajput G, Alqahtani NM, Chaturvedi M, Gurumurthy V, Saini R, Bavabeedu SS, Minervini G. Clinical Trial to Assess Physiology and Activity of Masticatory Muscles of Complete Denture Wearer Following Vitamin D Intervention. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(2):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59020410.

10.

Rico-Romano C, Zubizarreta-Macho A, Baquero-Artigao M, Mena-Alvarez J. An analysis in vivo of intracanal bacterial load before and after chemo-mechanical preparation: a comparative analysis of two irrigants and two activation techniques. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2015; 0–0, https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52585.

11.

Minervini G, Lucchese A, Perillo L, Serpico R, Minervini G. Unilateral superior condylar neck fracture with dislocation in a child treated with an acrylic splint in the upper arch for functional repositioning of the mandible. Cranio. 2017;35(5):337–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2016.1203560.

12.

Abdellatif D, Amato A, Calapaj M, Pisano M, Iandolo A. A novel modified obturation technique using biosealers: An ex vivo study. J Conserv Dent. 2021;24(4):369–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_142_21.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Siqueirajr J, Rocas I, Souto R, Deuzeda M, Colombo A. Actinomyces species, streptococci, and enterococcus faecalis in primary root canal infections. J Endod. 2002;28:168–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200203000-00006.CrossRef

14.

Ballal V, Kundabala M, Acharya S, Ballal M. Antimicrobial action of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine and their combination on endodontic pathogens. Aust Dent J. 2007;52:118–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00475.x.CrossRefPubMed

15.

George S, Kishen A, Song P. The role of environmental changes on monospecies Biofilm formation on root canal wall by enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2005;31:867–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000164855.98346.fc.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Haapasalo HK, Siren EK, Waltimo TMT, Orstavik D, Haapasalo MPP. Inactivation of local root canal medicaments by dentine: an in vitro study. Int Endod J. 2000;33:126–31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00291.x.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Wang Z, Shen Y, Ma J, Haapasalo M. The effect of detergents on the antibacterial activity of disinfecting solutions in dentin. J Endod. 2012;38:948–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Athanassiadis B, Abbott P, Walsh L. The use of calcium hydroxide, antibiotics and biocides as antimicrobial medicaments in endodontics. Aust Dent J. 2007;52:S64–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00527.x.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Nunes BD, Rosendo RA, Filho AA, Fook MV, de Sousa WJ, Barbosa RC, Pina HD, da Silva Neto JE, Amoah SK, et al. Chitosan-based biomaterial, calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine for potential use as intracanal medication. Materials 2021; 14: 488, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030488.

20.

Algazlan AS, Almuraikhi N, Muthurangan M, Balto H, Alsalleeh F. Silver nanoparticles alone or in combination with calcium hydroxide modulate the viability, attachment, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24:702. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010702.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Grazziotin-Soares R, Dourado LG, Gonçalves BLL, Ardenghi DM, Ferreira MC, Bauer J, Carvalho CN. Dentin microhardness and sealer bond strength to root dentin are affected by using bioactive glasses as intracanal medication. Materials. 2020;13:721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030721.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Souza-Filho FJD, Soares ADJ, Vianna ME, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Gomes BP. Antimicrobial effect and ph of chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide alone and associated with other materials. Braz. Dent. J. 2008; 19: 28–33, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402008000100005.

23.

Barbin LE, Saquy PC, Guedes DF, Sousa-Neto MD, Estrela C, Pécora JD. Determination of para-chloroaniline and reactive oxygen species in chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine associated with calcium hydroxide. J Endod. 2008;34:1508–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.032.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Del Carpio-Perochena A, Kishen A, Shrestha A, Bramante CM. Antibacterial properties associated with chitosan nanoparticle treatment on root dentin and 2 types of endodontic sealers. J Endod. 2015;41:1353–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.020.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Thienngern P, Panichuttra A, Ratisoontorn C, Aumnate C, Matangkasombut O. Efficacy of chitosan paste as intracanal medication against enterococcus faecalis and candida albicans biofilm compared with calcium hydroxide in an in vitro root canal infection model. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22:354. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02385-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Raura N, Garg A, Arora A, Roma M. Nanoparticle technology and its implications in endodontics: a review. Biomater Res. 2020;24:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00198-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Harshitha V, Ranjini M, Nadig R. Antibacterial efficacy of nisin, calcium hydroxide, and triple antibiotic paste in combination with chitosan as an intracanal medicament against enterococcus faecalis – an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25:504. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_125_22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Song W, Ge S. Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry. Molecules. 2019;24:1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061033.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Shrestha A, Kishen A. Antibacterial Nanoparticles in Endodontics: A Review. J Endod. 2016;42:1417–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.05.021.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Bapat RA, Chaubal TV, Joshi CP, Bapat PR, Choudhury H, Pandey M, Gorain B, Kesharwani P. An overview of application of silver nanoparticles for biomaterials in dentistry. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;91:881–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.069.CrossRef

31.

Espinosa-Cristóbal LF, Martínez-Castañón GA, Téllez-Déctor EJ, Niño-Martínez N, Zavala-Alonso NV, Loyola-Rodríguez JP. Adherence inhibition of streptococcus mutans on dental enamel surface using silver nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33:2197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.039.CrossRef

32.

Melo MAS, Cheng L, Zhang K, Weir MD, Rodrigues LKA, Xu HHK. Novel dental adhesives containing nanoparticles of silver and amorphous calcium phosphate. Dent Mater. 2013;29:199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.10.005.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Rodrigues CT, De Andrade FB, De Vasconcelos LRSM, Midena RZ, Pereira TC, Kuga MC, Duarte MAH, Bernardineli N. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles as a root canal irrigant against Enterococcus Faecalis biofilm and infected dentinal tubules. Int Endod J. 2018;51:901–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12904.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Wu D, Fan W, Kishen A, Gutmann JL, Fan B. Evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles against enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Endod. 2014;40:285–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.08.022.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Rücker VB, Balbinot GDS, Collares FM, De Araújo Neto VG, Giannini M, Leitune VCB. Synthesis of silver core‐shell nanoparticles and their influence on an experimental resin endodontic sealer: an in Vitro analysis. Int Endod J. 2023; 56:289–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13859.

36.

Guzman M, Dille J, Godet S. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Gram-Positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Nanomedicine Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2012;8:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.05.007.CrossRef

37.

Rai MK, Deshmukh SD, Ingle AP, Gade AK. Silver nanoparticles: the powerful nanoweapon against multidrug-resistant bacteria: activity of silver nanoparticles against MDR bacteria. J Appl Microbiol. 2012;112:841–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05253.x.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Akter M, Sikder MdT, Rahman MdM, Ullah AKMA, Hossain KFB, Banik S, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M. A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: physicochemical properties and perspectives. J Adv Res. 2018;9:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.10.008.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Munukka E, Leppäranta O, Korkeamäki M, Vaahtio M, Peltola T, Zhang D, Hupa L, Ylänen H, Salonen JI, Viljanen MK, et al. Bactericidal effects of bioactive glasses on clinically important aerobic bacteria. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3143-1.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Zehnder M, Soderling E, Salonen J, Waltimo T. Preliminary evaluation of bioactive glass S53P4 as an endodontic medication in vitro. J Endod. 2004;30:220–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200404000-00009.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Waltimo T, Brunner TJ, Vollenweider M, Stark WJ, Zehnder M. Antimicrobial effect of nanometric bioactive glass 45S5. J Dent Res. 2007;86:754–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600813.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Drago L, Toscano M, Bottagisio M. Recent evidence on bioactive glass antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity: a mini-review. Materials. 2018;11:326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020326.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Sujith IL, Teja KV, Ramesh S. Assessment of irrigant flow and apical pressure in simulated canals of single-rooted teeth with different root canal tapers and apical preparation sizes: an ex vivo study. J Conserv Dent. 2021;24:314–22. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_651_20.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Choudhari S, Teja KV, Ramesh S, Jose J, Janani K, Kumar R. Assessment of apical pressures at different automated irrigant flow rates: an ex vivo study based on computational fluid dynamic analysis. Braz Dent Sci. 2022; 25. https://doi.org/10.4322/bds.2022.e3463.

45.

Campello AF, Marceliano-Alves MF, Siqueira JF Jr, Marques FV, Guedes FR, Lopes RT, AlvarengaFO, Alves FRF. Determination of the initial apical canal diameter by the first file to bind or cone-beam computed tomographic measurements using micro-computed tomography as the gold standard: an ex vivo study in human cadavers. J Endod. 2019; 45: 619–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.020.

46.

Basrani B, Tjäderhane L, Santos JM, Pascon E, Grad H, Lawrence HP, Friedman S. Efficacy of chlorhexidine- and calcium hydroxide–containing medicaments against enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology 2003; 96: 618–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(03)00166-5.

47.

Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N, Gogulnath D, Kindo AJ. Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J. 2010;43:419–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01696.x.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Krithikadatta J, Indira R, Dorothykalyani AL. Disinfection of dentinal tubules with 2%, chlorhexidine, 2% metronidazole, bioactive glass when compared with calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicaments. J Endod. 2007;33:1473–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.08.016.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Choudhari S, Pradeep S, Teja KV. Antimicrobial efficacy of a novel automated irrigation device as compared to conventional needle irrigation against enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. Cureus. 2023; 15: 45200. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45200.

50.

Teja KV, Janani K, Kaligotla VA, Harini K. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of oregano oil, chlorhexidine, and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis: An: in vitro: study. Endodontol. 2021;33:97–101. https://doi.org/10.4103/endo.endo_124_20.CrossRef

51.

Janani K, Ajitha P, Sandhya R, Teja K. Chemical constituent, minimal inhibitory concentration, and antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil from oreganum vulgare against enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2019;22:538. https://doi.org/10.4103/JCD.JCD_80_19.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Kishen A. Advanced therapeutic options for endodontic biofilms: advanced therapeutic options for endodontic biofilms. Endod Top. 2010;22:99–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00284.x.CrossRef

53.

Jose J, Teja KV, Janani K, Alam MK, Khattak O, Salloum MG, Magar SS, Magar SP, Rajeshkumar S, Palanivelu A, et al. Preparation of a novel nanocomposite and its antibacterial effectiveness against enterococcus faecalis—an in vitro evaluation. Polymers. 2022;14:1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14081499.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Siqueirajr J, Rocas I. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: part 2—redefining the endodontic microbiota. J Endod. 2005;31:488–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000157990.86638.49.CrossRef

55.

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Present status and future directions: microbiology of endodontic infections. Int Endod J. 2022;55:512–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13677.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Gummuluri S, Kavalipurapu VT, Kaligotla AV. Antimicrobial efficacy of novel ethanolic extract of morinda citrifolia against enterococcus feacalis by agar well diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration- an invitro study. Braz Dent Sci. 2019;22:365–70.CrossRef

57.

Haapasalo M, Ørstavik D. In Vitro Infection and of Dentinal Tubules. J Dent Res. 1987;66:1375–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660081801.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Shetty S. An in-vitro evaluation of the ph change through root dentin using different calcium hydroxide preparations as an intracanal medicament. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/9374.4950.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Fernandes HR, Gaddam A, Rebelo A, Brazete D, Stan GE, Ferreira JMF. Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics for healthcare applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Materials. 2018;11:2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122530.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Stoor P, Söderling E, Salonen JI. Antibacterial Effects of a Bioactive Glass Paste on Oral Microorganisms. Acta Odontol Scand. 1998;56:161–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/000163598422901.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Mehrvarzfar P, Akhavan H, Rastgarian H, Mohammadzade Akhlagi N, Soleymanpour R, Ahmadi A. An in vitro comparative study on the antimicrobial effects of bioglass 45S5 vs. calcium hydroxide on enterococcus faecalis. Iran Endod J. 2011; 6:29–33.

62.

Gomes BPFA, Souza SFC, Ferraz CCR, Teixeira FB, Zaia AA, Valdrighi L, Souza-Filho FJ. Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium Hydroxide against Enterococcus Faecalis in bovine root dentine in Vitro: antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J. 2003;36:267–75. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2003.00634.x.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Siqueira JF, De Uzeda M. Intracanal medicaments: evaluation of the antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine, metronidazole, and calcium hydroxide associated with three vehicles. J Endod. 1997;23:167–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(97)80268-3.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Tandan M, Hegde M, Hegde P. Effect of four different intracanal medicaments on the apical seal of the root canal system: a dye extraction study. Indian J Dent Res. 2014;25:607. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.147104.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Tronstad L, Andreasen JO, Hasselgren G, Kristerson L, Riis I. PH Changes in dental tissues after root canal filling with calcium hydroxide. J Endod. 1981;7:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(81)80262-2.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Torneck CD, Moe H, Howley TP. The Effect of Calcium hydroxide on porcine pulp fibroblasts in vitro. J Endod. 1983;9:131–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(83)80031-4.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Safavi KE, Nichols FC. Alteration of biological properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by calcium hydroxide treatment. J Endod. 1994;20:127–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80057-9.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Putri FT, Caesarendra W, Królczyk G, Glowacz A, Prawibowo H, Ismail R, Indrawati RT. Human Walking Gait Classification Utilizing an Artificial Neural Network for the Ergonomics Study of Lower Limb Prosthetics. Prosthesis. 2023;5(3):647–65. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5030046.

69.

Savitha A, SriRekha A, Vijay R, Champa C, Jaykumar T. An in vivo comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan, chlorhexidine gluconate gel and their combination as an intracanal medicament against enterococcus faecalis in failed endodontic cases using real time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Saudi Dent J. 2019; 31: 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.03.003.

70.

Ghadirinejad K, Day CW, Milimonfared R, Taylor M, Solomon LB, Hashemi R. Fretting Wear and Corrosion-Related Risk Factors in Total Hip Replacement: A Literature Review on Implant Retrieval Studies and National Joint Replacement Registry Reports. Prosthesis. 2023;5(3):774–91. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5030055.

71.

Arnould A, Hendricusdottir R, Bergmann J. The complexity of medical device regulations has increased, as assessed through data-driven techniques. Prosthesis. 2021;3:314–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis3040029.CrossRef

72.

Chhikara K, Gupta S, Bose D, Kataria C, Chanda A. Development and Trial of a Multipurpose Customized Orthosis for Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. Prosthesis. 2023;5(2):467–79. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5020032.

73.

Arathi G, Rajakumaran A, Divya S, Malathi N, Saranya V, Kandaswamy D. Comparison of penetrating depth of chlorhexidine and chitosan into dentinal tubules with and without the effect of ultrasonic irrigation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019;23:389. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_194_19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Shaikh S, Jamdade B, Chanda A. Effects of Customized 3D-Printed Insoles in Patients with Foot-Related Musculoskeletal Ailments—A Survey-Based Study. Prosthesis. 2023;5(2):550–61. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5020038.

75.

Shi Z, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Wang W. antibacterial and mechanical properties of bone cement impregnated with chitosan nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2006;27:2440–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.036.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Inchingolo F, Tatullo M, Marrelli M, Inchingolo AM, Picciariello V, Inchingolo AD, Dipalma G, Vermesan D, Cagiano R. Clinical trial with bromelain in third molar exodontia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010;14(9):771–4.

77.

Adina S, Dipalma G, Bordea IR, Lucaciu O, Feurdean C, Inchingolo AD, Septimiu R, Malcangi G, Cantore S, Martin D, et al. Orthopedic joint stability influences growth and maxillary development: clinical aspects. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34:747–56. https://doi.org/10.23812/20-204-E-52.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Colombo S, Gallus S, Beretta M, Lugo A, Scaglioni S, Colombo P, Paglia M, Gatto R, Marzo G, Caruso S, Paglia L. Prevalence and determinants of early childhood caries in Italy. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2019;20(4):267–73. https://doi.org/10.23804/ejpd.2019.20.04.02.

79.

Wang X, Ji Z, Chang CH, Zhang H, Wang M, Liao Y-P, Lin S, Meng H, Li R, Sun B, et al. Use of coated silver nanoparticles to understand the relationship of particle dissolution and bioavailability to cell and lung toxicological potential. Small. 2014;10:385–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201301597.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Samiei M, Farjami A, Dizaj SM, Lotfipour F. Nanoparticles for antimicrobial purposes in endodontics: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;58:1269–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.070.CrossRef

81.

Afkhami F, Pourhashemi SJ, Sadegh M, Salehi Y, Fard MJK. Antibiofilm efficacy of silver nanoparticles as a vehicle for calcium hydroxide medicament against enterococcus faecalis. J Dent. 2015;43:1573–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.08.012.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Neelakantan P, Romero M, Vera J, Daood U, Khan AU, Yan A, Cheung GSP. Biofilms in endodontics-current status and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081748.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja
Krishnamchari Janani
Kumar Chandan Srivastava
Deepti Shrivastava
Valentino Natoli
Marco Di Blasio
Macro Cicciu
Giuseppe Minervini
Publication date: 01-12-2023
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03552-4

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis

Abstract

Background

Material and methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Material and methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

Efficacy of a four-curvature auxiliary arch at preventing maxillary central incisor linguoclination during orthodontic treatment: a finite element analysis

Remineralization effect of three different agents on initial caries and erosive lesions: a micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy analysis

Physical, mechanical, and biological properties of collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration: a comparative in vitro study

The effect of gum chewing on xerostomia and salivary flow rate in elderly and medically compromised subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Impact of oral diseases on 12- and 15-year-old children’s quality of life: condition-specific oral health related quality of life analysis

Does implant drill design influence the accuracy of dental implant placement using static computer-assisted implant surgery? An in vitro study