Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1/2016

01-02-2016

Clinical Recommendations for the Use of Islet Cell Autoantibodies to Distinguish Autoimmune and Non-Autoimmune Gestational Diabetes

Authors: Kadri Haller-Kikkatalo, Raivo Uibo

Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM is highly variable, depending on the population studied, and reflects the underlying pattern of diabetes in the population. GDM manifests by the second half of pregnancy and disappears following delivery in most cases, but is associated with the risk of subsequent diabetes development. Normal pregnancy induces carbohydrate intolerance to favor the availability of nutrients for the fetus, which is compensated by increased insulin secretion from the maternal pancreas. Pregnancy shares similarities with adiposity in metabolism to save energy, and both conditions favor the development of insulin resistance (IR) and low-grade inflammation. A highly complicated network of modified regulatory mechanisms may primarily affect carbohydrate metabolism by promoting autoimmune reactions to pancreatic β cells and affecting insulin function. As a result, diabetes development during pregnancy is facilitated. Depending on a pregnant woman’s genetic susceptibility to diabetes, autoimmune mechanisms or IR are fundamental to the development autoimmune or non-autoimmune GDM, respectively. Pregnancy may facilitate the identification of women at risk of developing diabetes later in life; autoimmune and non-autoimmune GDM may be early markers of the risk of future type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The most convenient and efficient way to discriminate GDM types is to assess pancreatic β-cell autoantibodies along with diagnosing diabetes in pregnancy.
Literature
1.
O’Sullivan JB (1961) Gestational diabetes. Unsuspected, asymptomatic diabetes in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 264:1082–1085PubMedCrossRef
2.
Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M (2004) Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med: J B Diabet Assoc 21:103–113CrossRef
3.
Sunehag A, Berne C, Lindmark G, Ewald U (1991) Gestational diabetes-perinatal outcome with a policy of liberal and intensive insulin therapy. Ups J Med Sci 96:185–198PubMedCrossRef
4.
Murgia C, Berria R, Minerba L et al (2006) Gestational diabetes mellitus in Sardinia: results from an early, universal screening procedure. Diabetes Care 29:1713–1714PubMedCrossRef
5.
Gunton JE, Hitchman R, McElduff A (2001) Effects of ethnicity on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and beta cell function in 223 women with an abnormal glucose challenge test during pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 41:182–186PubMedCrossRef
6.
King H (1998) Epidemiology of glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes in women of childbearing age. Diabetes Care 21(Suppl 2):B9–B13PubMed
7.
Groop L, Pociot F (2014) Genetics of diabetes—are we missing the genes or the disease? Mol Cell Endocrinol 382:726–739PubMedCrossRef
8.
Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH (2002) Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 25:1862–1868PubMedCrossRef
9.
Collares CV, Evangelista AF, Xavier DJ et al (2013) Transcriptome meta-analysis of peripheral lymphomononuclear cells indicates that gestational diabetes is closer to type 1 diabetes than to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep 40:5351–5358PubMedCrossRef
10.
Lapolla A, Dalfra MG, Fedele D (2009) Diabetes related autoimmunity in gestational diabetes mellitus: is it important? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis : NMCD 19:674–682PubMedCrossRef
11.
Nilsson C, Ursing D, Torn C, Aberg A, Landin-Olsson M (2007) Presence of GAD antibodies during gestational diabetes mellitus predicts type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30:1968–1971PubMedCrossRef
12.
Jarvela IY, Juutinen J, Koskela P et al (2006) Gestational diabetes identifies women at risk for permanent type 1 and type 2 diabetes in fertile age: predictive role of autoantibodies. Diabetes Care 29:607–612PubMedCrossRef
13.
Brooks-Worrell, B. M., Boyko, E. J. and Palmer, J. P. (2014), Impact of islet autoimmunity on the progressive beta-cell functional decline in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care
14.
15.
Bartha JL, Martinez-del-Fresno P, Comino-Delgado R (2001) Postpartum metabolism and autoantibody markers in women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed in early pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:965–970PubMedCrossRef
16.
Borchers AT, Naguwa SM, Keen CL, Gershwin ME (2010) The implications of autoimmunity and pregnancy. J Autoimmun 34:J287–J299PubMedCrossRef
17.
Newbern D, Freemark M (2011) Placental hormones and the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 18:409–416PubMedCrossRef
18.
Carpenter MW (2007) Gestational diabetes, pregnancy hypertension, and late vascular disease. Diabetes Care 30(Suppl 2):S246–S250PubMedCrossRef
19.
Kuhl C (1998) Etiology and pathogenesis of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 21(Suppl 2):B19–B26PubMed
20.
Reece EA, Leguizamon G, Wiznitzer A (2009) Gestational diabetes: the need for a common ground. Lancet 373:1789–1797PubMedCrossRef
21.
Kirwan JP, Hauguel-De Mouzon S, Lepercq J et al (2002) TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Diabetes 51:2207–2213PubMedCrossRef
22.
Bardicef M, Bardicef O, Sorokin Y, Altura BM, Altura BT, Resnick LM (1996) Perinatal cellular ion metabolism: 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of intracellular free magnesium and pH in maternal and cord blood erythrocytes. J Soc Gynecol Investig 3:66–70PubMedCrossRef
23.
Karabulut AK, Layfield R, Pratten MK (2001) Growth promoting effects of human placental lactogen during early organogenesis: a link to insulin-like growth factors. J Anat 198:651–662PubMedCrossRef
24.
Luthman M, Stock S, Werner S, Bremme K (1994) Growth hormone-binding protein in plasma is inversely correlated to placental lactogen and augmented with increasing body mass index in healthy pregnant women and women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Obstet Investig 38:145–150CrossRef
25.
D’Ippolito S, Tersigni C, Scambia G, Di Simone N (2012) Adipokines, an adipose tissue and placental product with biological functions during pregnancy. BioFactors 38:14–23PubMedCrossRef
26.
Kuzmicki M, Telejko B, Szamatowicz J et al (2009) High resistin and interleukin-6 levels are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol : Off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol 25:258–263CrossRef
27.
Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (2001) Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E745–E751PubMed
28.
Mohamed-Ali V, Pinkney JH, Coppack SW (1998) Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord: J Int Assoc Study Obes 22:1145–1158CrossRef
29.
Yu J, Zhou Y, Gui J, Li AZ, Su XL, Feng L (2013) Assessment of the number and function of macrophages in the placenta of gestational diabetes mellitus patients. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao Yixue Yingdewen ban 33:725–729PubMedCrossRef
30.
Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA (2001) Interleukin 15: biology and relevance to human disease. Blood 97:14–32PubMedCrossRef
31.
Ramanathan S, Dubois S, Chen XL, Leblanc C, Ohashi PS, Ilangumaran S (2011) Exposure to IL-15 and IL-21 enables autoreactive CD8 T cells to respond to weak antigens and cause disease in a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. J Immunol 186:5131–5141PubMedCrossRef
32.
Klimkiewicz-Blok D, Florjanski J, Zalewski J, Blok R (2012) Analysis of the concentrations of interleukin 15 in amniotic fluid in the second and the third trimesters of pregnancy. Adv Clin Exp Med: Off Organ Wroclaw Med Univ 21:75–79
33.
Amash A, Huleihel M, Eyal S, Maor E, Myatt L, Holcberg G (2007) The expression of interleukin-15 and interleukin-18 by human term placenta is not affected by lipopolysaccharide. Eur Cytokine Netw 18:188–194PubMed
34.
Nair AV, Hocher B, Verkaart S et al (2012) Loss of insulin-induced activation of TRPM6 magnesium channels results in impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:11324–11329PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A et al (2003) Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X. Mol Asp Med 24:39–52CrossRef
36.
Jacovetti C, Abderrahmani A, Parnaud G et al (2012) MicroRNAs contribute to compensatory beta cell expansion during pregnancy and obesity. J Clin Invest 122:3541–3551PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
37.
Brelje TC, Parsons JA, Sorenson RL (1994) Regulation of islet beta-cell proliferation by prolactin in rat islets. Diabetes 43:263–273PubMedCrossRef
38.
Huynh, J., Xiong, G. and Bentley-Lewis, R. (2014), A systematic review of metabolite profiling in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetol
39.
Borchers AT, Uibo R, Gershwin ME (2010) The geoepidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev 9:A355–A365PubMedCrossRef
40.
Cox, A. J., West, N. P. and Cripps, A. W. (2014), Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota. Lancet. Diabetes Endocrinol
41.
Papadopoulou A, Lynch KF, Shaat N et al (2011) Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms independent of HLA-DQB1*0602 genotypes and islet cell autoantibodies. Diabet Med: J B Diabet Assoc 28:1018–1027CrossRef
42.
Torn C, Gupta M, Sanjeevi CB, Aberg A, Frid A, Landin-Olsson M (2004) Different HLA-DR-DQ and MHC class I chain-related gene A (MICA) genotypes in autoimmune and nonautoimmune gestational diabetes in a Swedish population. Hum Immunol 65:1443–1450PubMedCrossRef
43.
Toth B, Haufe T, Scholz C et al (2010) Placental interleukin-15 expression in recurrent miscarriage. Am J Reprod Immunol 64:402–410PubMedCrossRef
44.
Wender-Ozegowska E, Michalowska-Wender G, Zawiejska A, Pietryga M, Brazert J, Wender M (2008) Concentration of chemokines in peripheral blood in first trimester of diabetic pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:14–19PubMedCrossRef
45.
Sica A, Wang JM, Colotta F et al (1990) Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor gene expression induced in endothelial cells by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 144:3034–3038PubMed
46.
Ramhorst RE, Garcia VE, Corigliano A, Rabinovich GA, Fainboim L (2004) Identification of RANTES as a novel immunomodulator of the maternal allogeneic response. Clin Immunol 110:71–80PubMedCrossRef
47.
Roca V, Calafat M, Larocca L et al (2009) Potential immunomodulatory role of VIP in the implantation sites of prediabetic nonobese diabetic mice. Reproduction 138:733–742PubMedCrossRef
48.
Hauk V, Azzam S, Calo G et al (2014) Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces an immunosuppressant microenvironment in the maternal-fetal interface of non-obese diabetic mice and improves early pregnancy outcome. Am J Reprod Immunol 71:120–130PubMedCrossRef
49.
Schober L, Radnai D, Spratte J et al (2014) The role of regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets in gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Immunol 177:76–85PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
Sakaguchi S, Miyara M, Costantino CM, Hafler DA (2010) FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 10:490–500PubMedCrossRef
51.
52.
Winer DA, Winer S, Shen L et al (2011) B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies. Nat Med 17:610–617PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
53.
Deiuliis J, Shah Z, Shah N et al (2011) Visceral adipose inflammation in obesity is associated with critical alterations in tregulatory cell numbers. PLoS ONE 6:e16376PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
54.
Oztekin O (2007) New insights into the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus: possible role of human leukocyte antigen-G. Med Hypotheses 69:526–530PubMedCrossRef
55.
Le Bouteiller, P. (2014), HLA-G in human early pregnancy: control of uterine immune cell activation and likely vascular remodeling. Biomed J
56.
Baricordi OR, Stignani M, Melchiorri L, Rizzo R (2008) HLA-G and inflammatory diseases. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 7:67–74PubMedCrossRef
57.
Urosevic M, Willers J, Mueller B, Kempf W, Burg G, Dummer R (2002) HLA-G protein up-regulation in primary cutaneous lymphomas is associated with interleukin-10 expression in large cell T-cell lymphomas and indolent B-cell lymphomas. Blood 99:609–617PubMedCrossRef
58.
Solini A, Muscelli E, Stignani M et al (2010) Soluble human leukocyte antigen-g expression and glucose tolerance in subjects with different degrees of adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:3342–3346PubMedCrossRef
59.
Mapp CE, Ferrazzoni S, Rizzo R et al (2009) Soluble human leucocyte antigen-G and interleukin-10 levels in isocyanate-induced asthma. Clin Exp Allergy : J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 39:812–819CrossRef
60.
Chen J, Feigenbaum L, Awasthi P et al (2013) Insulin-dependent diabetes induced by pancreatic beta cell expression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:13534–13539PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
61.
Gupta S, Cerosaletti K, Long SA (2014) Renegade homeostatic cytokine responses in T1D: drivers of regulatory/effector T cell imbalance. Clin Immunol 151:146–154PubMedCrossRef
62.
Kalantar F, Rajaei S, Heidari AB et al (2013) Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-15 and interleukin-10 in patients with pre-eclampsia in comparison with normotensive pregnant women. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 18:463–466PubMedCentralPubMed
63.
Gysemans CA, Cardozo AK, Callewaert H et al (2005) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates expression of chemokines and cytokines in pancreatic islets: implications for prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Endocrinology 146:1956–1964PubMedCrossRef
64.
Liu NQ, Kaplan AT, Lagishetty V et al (2011) Vitamin D and the regulation of placental inflammation. J Immunol 186:5968–5974PubMedCrossRef
65.
Sanz-Salvador, L., Garcia-Perez, M. A., Tarin, J. J. and Cano, A. (2014), Endocrinology in pregnancy: bone metabolic changes during pregnancy: a period of vulnerability to osteoporosis and fracture. Eur J Endocrinol / Eur Fed Endocr Soc
66.
Aydogmus, S., Kelekci, S., Aydogmus, H., et al. (2014), High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in a Turkish population and impact on perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med : Off J Eur Assoc Perinat Med, Fed Asia Ocean Perinat Soc, Int Soc Perinat Obstetricians 1–23.
67.
Pihoker C, Gilliam LK, Hampe CS, Lernmark A (2005) Autoantibodies in diabetes. Diabetes 54(Suppl 2):S52–S61PubMedCrossRef
68.
Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS (2001) Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet 358:221–229PubMedCrossRef
69.
70.
Lapolla A, Fedele D, Pedini B et al (2002) Low frequency of autoantibodies to islet cell, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and second-islet antigen in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 958:263–266PubMedCrossRef
71.
Dereke J, Nilsson C, Landin-Olsson M, Hillman M (2012) Prevalence of zinc transporter 8 antibodies in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med : J Br Diabet Assoc 29:e436–e439CrossRef
72.
Yu SH, Park S, Kim HS et al (2009) The prevalence of GAD antibodies in Korean women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their clinical characteristics during and after pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 25:329–334PubMedCrossRef
73.
Palmer JP, Hampe CS, Chiu H, Goel A, Brooks-Worrell BM (2005) Is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults distinct from type 1 diabetes or just type 1 diabetes at an older age? Diabetes 54(Suppl 2):S62–S67PubMedCrossRef
74.
Fuchtenbusch M, Ferber K, Standl E, Ziegler AG (1997) Prediction of type 1 diabetes postpartum in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus by combined islet cell autoantibody screening: a prospective multicenter study. Diabetes 46:1459–1467PubMedCrossRef
75.
Wucher H, Lepercq J, Carette C et al (2011) Poor prognosis of pregnancy in women with autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus masquerading as gestational diabetes. Diabet Metab 37:47–51CrossRef
76.
Olivieri A, Valensise H, Magnani F et al (2000) High frequency of antithyroid autoantibodies in pregnant women at increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol / Eur Fed Endocr Soc 143:741–747CrossRef
77.
Weetman AP (2010) Immunity, thyroid function and pregnancy: molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 6:311–318PubMedCrossRef
78.
Berghout A, Wiersinga W (1998) Thyroid size and thyroid function during pregnancy: an analysis. Eur J Endocrinol / Eur Fed Endocr Soc 138:536–542CrossRef
79.
Karakosta P, Alegakis D, Georgiou V et al (2012) Thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies in early pregnancy are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes and adverse birth outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:4464–4472PubMedCrossRef
80.
Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Bishawi B, Zayed R (2006) Thyroid function abnormalities and antithyroid antibody prevalence in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol : Off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol 22:261–266CrossRef
81.
Kordonouri O, Charpentier N, Hartmann R (2011) GADA positivity at onset of type 1 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Pediatr Diabetes 12:31–33PubMedCrossRef
82.
Lambadiari V, Mitrou P, Maratou E et al (2011) Thyroid hormones are positively associated with insulin resistance early in the development of type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 39:28–32PubMedCrossRef
83.
Bech K, Hoier-Madsen M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Jensen BM, Molsted-Pedersen L, Kuhl C (1991) Thyroid function and autoimmune manifestations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during and after pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 124:534–539
84.
Hodgson E (2003) Combined spinal/epidural anesthesia. Middle East J Anesthesiol 17:103–112PubMed
85.
Myre M, Imbeault P (2014) Persistent organic pollutants meet adipose tissue hypoxia: does cross-talk contribute to inflammation during obesity? Obes Rev : Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 15:19–28CrossRef
86.
Lemoine AY, Ledoux S, Larger E (2013) Adipose tissue angiogenesis in obesity. Thromb Haemost 110:661–668PubMedCrossRef
87.
Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES et al (2001) Resistin / Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma action in humans. Diabetes 50:2199–2202PubMedCrossRef
88.
Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS et al (2004) Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 303:1195–1198PubMedCrossRef
89.
Palin MF, Bordignon VV, Murphy BD (2012) Adiponectin and the control of female reproductive functions. Vitam Horm 90:239–287PubMedCrossRef
90.
Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Raif N et al (2005) Adiponectin and beta cell dysfunction in gestational diabetes: pathophysiological implications. Diabetologia 48:993–1001PubMedCrossRef
91.
Tao C, Sifuentes A, Holland WL (2014) Regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis by adiponectin: effects on hepatocytes, pancreatic beta cells and adipocytes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:43–58PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
92.
Lacroix, M., Battista, M. C., Doyon, M., et al. (2013), Lower adiponectin levels at first trimester of pregnancy are associated with increased insulin resistance and higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care
93.
Wolf M, Sandler L, Hsu K, Vossen-Smirnakis K, Ecker JL, Thadhani R (2003) First-trimester C-reactive protein and subsequent gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:819–824PubMedCrossRef
94.
Morin-Papunen L, Rautio K, Ruokonen A, Hedberg P, Puukka M, Tapanainen JS (2003) Metformin reduces serum C-reactive protein levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4649–4654PubMedCrossRef
95.
96.
Wu HT, Chang CK, Tsao CW et al (2009) Insulin resistance without obesity induced by cotton pellet granuloma in mice. Lab Investig; J Tech Methods Pathol 89:362–369CrossRef
97.
Yu C, Chen Y, Cline GW et al (2002) Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle. J Biol Chem 277:50230–50236PubMedCrossRef
98.
99.
Penesova A, Rovensky J, Zlnay M et al (2005) Attenuated insulin response and normal insulin sensitivity in lean patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 25:107–114PubMed
100.
Sanchez-Jimenez R, Alvarado-Vasquez N (2013) IL-15 that a regulator of TNF-alpha in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Med Hypotheses 80:776–777PubMedCrossRef
101.
Ding C, Gao D, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C (2012) Vitamin D signalling in adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 108:1915–1923PubMedCrossRef
102.
Sun X, Zemel MB (2007) Calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of adipokine expression. Obesity 15:340–348PubMedCrossRef
103.
Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Raif N, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B (2003) C-reactive protein and gestational diabetes: the central role of maternal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3507–3512PubMedCrossRef
104.
Sokup A, Goralczyk B, Goralczyk K, Rosc D (2012) Triglycerides as an early pathophysiological marker of endothelial dysfunction in nondiabetic women with a previous history of gestational diabetes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 91:182–188PubMedCrossRef
105.
Morimitsu LK, Fusaro AS, Sanchez VH, Hagemann CC, Bertini AM, Dib SA (2007) Fibrinolytic dysfunction after gestation is associated to components of insulin resistance and early type 2 diabetes in Latino women with previous gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 78:340–348PubMedCrossRef
106.
Hanna FW, Peters JR (2002) Screening for gestational diabetes; past, present and future. Diabet Med: J B Diabet Assoc 19:351–358CrossRef
107.
Peng J, Narasimhan S, Marchesi JR, Benson A, Wong FS, Wen L (2014) Long term effect of gut microbiota transfer on diabetes development. J Autoimmun 53:85–94PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
108.
Munyaka PM, Khafipour E, Ghia JE (2014) External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications. Front Pediatr 2:109PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
109.
Van Belle TL, Pagni PP, Liao J et al (2014) Beta-cell specific production of IL6 in conjunction with a mainly intracellular but not mainly surface viral protein causes diabetes. J Autoimmun S0896-8411(14):00041–00049. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaut.​2014.​02.​002
110.
Chen, P., Wang, S., Ji, J., et al. (2014), Risk factors and management of gestational diabetes. Cell Biochem Biophys Oct 1.
111.
Skupien, J., Cyganek, K. and Malecki, M. T. (2014), Diabetic pregnancy: an overview of current guidelines and clinical practice. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol Sep 27.
112.
Sarikonda G, Pettus J, Phatak S et al (2014) CD8 T-cell reactivity to islet antigens is unique to type 1 while CD4 T-cell reactivity exists in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Autoimmun 50:77–82PubMedCrossRef
113.
Stefan M, Zhang W, Concepcion E, Yi Z, Tomer Y (2014) DNA methylation profiles in type 1 diabetes twins point to strong epigenetic effects on etiology. J Autoimmun 50:33–37PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
114.
Kachapati K, Bednar KJ, Adams DE et al (2013) Recombinant soluble CD137 prevents type one diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Autoimmun 47:94–103PubMedCrossRef
115.
Huang X, Wu H, Lu Q (2014) The mechanisms and applications of T cell vaccination for autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 47:219–233PubMedCrossRef
116.
Gravano DM, Hoyer KK (2013) Promotion and prevention of autoimmune disease by CD8+ T cells. J Autoimmun 45:68–79PubMedCrossRef
117.
118.
119.
Agmon-Levin N, Theodor E, Segal RM, Shoenfeld Y (2013) Vitamin D in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:256–266PubMedCrossRef
120.
Morton, S., Kirkwood, S. and Thangaratinam, S. (2014), Interventions to modify the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review of literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2014 Oct 21.
121.
122.
Bour-Jordan H, Thompson HL, Giampaolo JR, Davini D, Rosenthal W, Bluestone JA (2013) Distinct genetic control of autoimmune neuropathy and diabetes in the non-obese diabetic background. J Autoimmun 45:58–67PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
123.
Mitanchez D, Yzydorczyk C, Siddeek B, Boubred F, Benahmed M, Simeoni U (2014) The offspring of the diabetic mother—short- and long-term implications. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol S1521-6934(14):00163–1. doi:10.​1016/​j.​bpobgyn.​2014.​08.​004
124.
Boettler T, Pagni PP, Jaffe R, Cheng Y, Zerhouni P, von Herrath M (2013) The clinical and immunological significance of GAD-specific autoantibody and T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 44:40–48PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Clinical Recommendations for the Use of Islet Cell Autoantibodies to Distinguish Autoimmune and Non-Autoimmune Gestational Diabetes
Authors
Kadri Haller-Kikkatalo
Raivo Uibo
Publication date
01-02-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1080-0549
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0267
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-014-8461-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1/2016 Go to the issue

ReviewPaper

Toll-Like Receptor Pathways in Autoimmune Diseases

ReviewPaper

Cytokine-Mediated Immunopathogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus Infections

ReviewPaper

Histamine (Scombroid) Fish Poisoning: a Comprehensive Review

ReviewPaper

SCUBA Diving and Asthma: Clinical Recommendations and Safety

ReviewPaper

Updated Understanding of Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS)

OriginalPaper

Hereditary Angioedema Attacks: Local Swelling at Multiple Sites
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits