Top

European Journal of Nutrition

Published in:

01-02-2021 | Mood Disorders | Original Contribution

Nutrient patterns and depressive symptoms among Australian adults

Authors: Prem R. Shakya, Yohannes A. Melaku, Amanda J. Page, Tiffany K. Gill

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Purpose

Much of the current literature on the associations between diet and depression focus on single nutrients rather than nutrient patterns (NPs). We investigated the association between NPs and depressive symptoms (DepS) in an Australian adult population.

Methods

DepS were examined at two different time points, in 2010 (Stage 3, n = 1743, 49.0% males) and 2015 [North West 2015 (NW15), n = 1,024, 46.6% males] of the North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS). Dietary habits were evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at Stage 3. DepS were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale at Stage 3 and NW15. Principal component analysis was used to identify NPs as well as the factor structure of the CES-D. Log- and negative binomial regression analyses were used to assess the association between NPs and DepS scores. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was undertaken between the NPs and identified factors of the CES-D score.

Results

Three NPs (from the FFQ) and two-factors (from the CES-D score) were obtained. After adjusting for known confounding variables, a ‘plant-sourced’ NP (β-carotene, fibre, vitamin C, potassium and α-carotene) was inversely associated with DepS at Stage 3 [prevalence ratio (PR)_Q4VsQ1, 0.78; 95% CI 0.66–0.92; p = 0.003], whereas an ‘animal-sourced’ (ω-3 fatty acid, monounsaturated fat, vitamin E and cholesterol) or ‘mixed-source’ (phosphorous, protein, vitamin B2, iodine and zinc) NP was not associated with DepS. There was an inverse relationship between the ‘plant-sourced’ NP and the ‘(absence of) positive-affect’ factor from the CES-D in both stages.

Conclusion

The ‘plant-sourced’ NP is consistently and inversely associated with DepS; however, longitudinal studies are recommended to confirm these results.

Available only for authorised users

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2017) Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2019/GBD_2017_Booklet.pdf

World Health Organization (2017) Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. WHO, Geneva

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2018) GBD compare data visualization. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. Accessed 12 Dec 2018

Belmaker RH, Agam G (2008) Mechanisms of disease: major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med 358(1):55–68. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra073096CrossRefPubMed

Quirk SE, Williams LJ, O’Neil A, Pasco JA, Jacka FN, Housden S, Berk M, Brennan SL (2013) The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 13(1):175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-175CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oddy WH, Hickling S, Smith MA, O'Sullivan TA, Robinson M, de Klerk NH, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Syrette J, Zubrick SR, Silburn SR (2011) Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and risk of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Depress Anxiety 28(7):582–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20822CrossRefPubMed

Li F, Liu X, Zhang D (2016) Fish consumption and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 70(3):299. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206278CrossRefPubMed

Grosso G, Micek A, Marventano S, Castellano S, Mistretta A, Pajak A, Galvano F (2016) Dietary n-3 PUFA, fish consumption and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Affect Disord 205:269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.011CrossRefPubMed

Milaneschi Y, Bandinelli S, Penninx BW, Corsi AM, Lauretani F, Vazzana R, Semba RD, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L (2012) The relationship between plasma carotenoids and depressive symptoms in older persons. World J Biol Psychiatry 13(8):588–598. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.597876CrossRefPubMed

10.

Kim N-R, Kim H-Y, Kim M-H, Kim H-M, Jeong H-J (2016) Improvement of depressive behavior by Sweetme Sweet Pumpkin™ and its active compound, β-carotene. Life Sci 147:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.036CrossRefPubMed

11.

Amr M, El-Mogy A, Shams T, Vieira K, Lakhan SE (2013) Efficacy of vitamin C as an adjunct to fluoxetine therapy in pediatric major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutr J. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-31CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Torres SJ, Nowson CA, Worsley A (2008) Dietary electrolytes are related to mood. Br J Nutr 100(5):1038–1045. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508959201CrossRefPubMed

13.

Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J (2018) Zinc, magnesium, selenium and depression: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050584CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

You HJ, Cho SE, Kang SG, Cho SJ, Na KS (2018) Decreased serum magnesium levels in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psych. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2018.1538388CrossRef

15.

Maes M, D'Haese PC, Scharpe S, D'Hondt P, Cosyns P, De Broe ME (1994) Hypozincemia in depression. J Affect Disord 31(2):135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(94)90117-1CrossRefPubMed

16.

Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L, Keshteli AH, Afshar H, Feizi A, Feinle-Bisset C, Adibi P (2018) Do patterns of nutrient intake predict self-reported anxiety, depression and psychological distress in adults? SEPAHAN study. Clin Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.002CrossRefPubMed

17.

Lai JS, Hiles S, Bisquera A, Hure AJ, McEvoy M, Attia J (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr 99(1):181–197. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.069880CrossRefPubMed

18.

Rahe C, Unrath M, Berger K (2014) Dietary patterns and the risk of depression in adults: a systematic review of observational studies. Eur J Nutr 53(4):997–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0652-9CrossRefPubMed

19.

Li Y, Lv MR, Wei YJ, Sun L, Zhang JX, Zhang HG, Li B (2017) Dietary patterns and depression risk: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 253:373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.020CrossRefPubMed

20.

Hu FB (2002) Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol 13(1):3–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002CrossRef

21.

Newby PK, Tucker KL (2004) Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: a review. Nutr Rev 62(5):177–203. https://doi.org/10.1301/nr.2004.may.177-203CrossRefPubMed

22.

Moskal A, Pisa PT, Ferrari P, Byrnes G, Freisling H, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Cadeau C, Nailler L, Wendt A, Kuehn T, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, Dahm CC, Chiuve SE, Quiros JR, Buckland G, Molina-Montes E, Amiano P, Huerta Castano JM, Barricarte Gurrea A, Khaw K-T, Lentjes MA, Key TJ, Romaguera D, Vergnaud A-C, Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Orfanos P, Palli D, Pala V, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, de Magistris MS, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Ocke MC, Beulens JWJ, Ericson U, Drake I, Nilsson LM, Winkvist A, Weiderpass E, Hjartaker A, Riboli E, Slimani N (2014) Nutrient patterns and their food sources in an international study setting: report from the EPIC study. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098647CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Freisling H, Fahey MT, Moskal A, Ocké MC, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Norat T, Naska A, Welch AA, Navarro C, Schulz M, Wirfält E, Casagrande C, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Parr C, Engeset D, Grioni S, Sera F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, van der Schouw YT, Touvier M, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Halkjær J, Dahm CC, Khaw K-T, Crowe F, Linseisen J, Kröger J, Huybrechts I, Deharveng G, Manjer J, Agren A, Trichopoulou A, Tsiotas K, Riboli E, Bingham S, Slimani N (2010) Region-specific nutrient intake patterns exhibit a geographical gradient within and between European countries. J Nutr 140(7):1280–1286. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.121152CrossRefPubMed

24.

Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L, Keshteli AH, Feizi A, Feinle-Bisset C, Adibi P (2016) Nutrient patterns and their relation to general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults: findings from the SEPAHAN study. Eur J Nutr 55(2):505–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0867-4CrossRefPubMed

25.

Shakya PR, Melaku YA, Page A, Gill TK (2019) Association between dietary patterns and adult depression symptoms based on principal component analysis, reduced-rank regression and partial least-squares. Clin Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.12.011CrossRefPubMed

26.

De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Ronco AL, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Acosta G, Pineyro Gutierrez L, Mendilaharsu M (2008) Nutrient patterns and risk of lung cancer: a factor analysis in Uruguayan men. Lung Cancer 61(3):283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.01.004CrossRefPubMed

27.

Edefonti V, Decarli A, La Vecchia C, Bosetti C, Randi G, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Ferraroni M (2008) Nutrient dietary patterns and the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Int J Cancer 122(3):609–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23064CrossRefPubMed

28.

Hajizadeh B, Jessri M, Akhoondan M, Moasheri SM, Rashidkhani B (2012) Nutrient patterns and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study. Dis Esophagus 25(5):442–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2050.2011.01272.xCrossRefPubMed

29.

Moskal A, Freisling H, Byrnes G, Assi N, Fahey MT, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Tjønneland A, Petersen KEN, Dahm CC, Hansen CP, Affret A, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Cadeau C, Kühn T, Katzke V, Iqbal K, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Naska A, Masala G, de Magistris MS, Sieri S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita BH, Engeset D, Licaj I, Skeie G, Ardanaz E, Buckland G, Castaño JMH, Quirós JR, Amiano P, Molina-Portillo E, Winkvist A, Myte R, Ericson U, Sonestedt E, Perez-Cornago A, Wareham N, Khaw K-T, Huybrechts I, Tsilidis KK, Ward H, Gunter MJ, Slimani N (2016) Main nutrient patterns and colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Br J Cancer 115:1430. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.334CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Melaku YA, Gill TK, Taylor AW, Adams R, Shi Z (2017) Association between nutrient patterns and bone mineral density among ageing adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 22:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.08.001CrossRefPubMed

31.

Melaku YA, Gill TK, Appleton SL, Taylor AW, Adams R, Shi Z (2017) Prospective associations of dietary and nutrient Patterns with fracture risk: A 20-year follow-up study. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111198CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Karamati M, Yousefian-Sanni M, Shariati-Bafghi S-E, Rashidkhani B (2014) Major nutrient patterns and bone mineral density among postmenopausal iranian women. Calcif Tissue Int 94(6):648–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-014-9848-5CrossRefPubMed

33.

Samieri C, Ginder Coupez V, Lorrain S, Letenneur L, Allès B, Féart C, Paineau D, Barberger-Gateau P (2012) Nutrient patterns and risk of fracture in older subjects: results from the Three-City Study. Osteoporos Int 24(4):1295–1305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2132-5CrossRefPubMed

34.

Pisa PT, Pedro TM, Kahn K, Tollman SM, Pettifor JM, Norris SA (2015) Nutrient patterns and their association with socio-demographic, lifestyle factors and obesity risk in rural South African adolescents. Nutrients 7(5):3464–3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053464CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Khayyatzadeh SS, Moohebati M, Mazidi M, Avan A, Tayefi M, Parizadeh SMR, Ebrahimi M, Heidari-Bakavoli A, Azarpazhooh MR, Esmaily H, Ferns GA, Nematy M, Safarian M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M (2016) Nutrient patterns and their relationship to metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults. Eur J Clin Invest 46(10):840–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12666CrossRefPubMed

36.

Prinelli F, Fratiglioni L, Musicco M, Johansson I, Adorni F, Shakersain B, Rizzuto D, Xu W (2018) The impact of nutrient-based dietary patterns on cognitive decline in older adults. Clin Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.012CrossRefPubMed

37.

Gu Y, Manly JJ, Mayeux RP, Brickman AM (2018) An inflammation-related nutrient pattern is associated with both brain and cognitive measures in a multiethnic elderly population. Curr Alzheimer Res 15(5):493–501. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666180101145619CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Cao Y, Wittert G, Taylor AW, Adams R, Appleton S, Shi Z (2017) Nutrient patterns and chronic inflammation in a cohort of community dwelling middle-aged men. Clin Nutr 36(4):1040–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.018CrossRefPubMed

39.

Grant JF, Taylor AW, Ruffin RE, Wilson DH, Phillips PJ, Adams RJ, Price K (2008) Cohort profile: the North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS). Int J Epidemiol 38(6):1479–1486. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn262CrossRefPubMed

40.

Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1(3):385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306CrossRef

41.

Vilagut G, Forero CG, Barbaglia G, Alonso J (2016) Screening for depression in the general population with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D): a systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11(5):e0155431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155431CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Carleton RN, Thibodeau MA, Teale MJ, Welch PG, Abrams MP, Robinson T, Asmundson GJ (2013) The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale: a review with a theoretical and empirical examination of item content and factor structure. PLoS ONE 8(3):e58067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058067CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Hebden L, Kostan E, O'Leary F, Hodge A, Allman-Farinelli M (2013) Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire as a measure of recent dietary intake in young adults. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75156–e75156. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075156CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Hodge A, Patterson AJ, Brown WJ, Ireland P, Giles G (2000) The Anti Cancer Council of Victoria FFQ: Relative validity of nutrient intakes compared with weighed food records in young to middle-aged women in a study of iron supplementation. Aust N Z J Public Health 24(6):576–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2000.tb00520.xCrossRefPubMed

45.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2010) NUTTAB 2010 Online Searchable Database. Accessed https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/science/monitoringnutrients/nutrientables/nuttab/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 11 Oct 2018

46.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) ABS catalogue No. 2033.0.55.001. 2016. https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/756EE3DBEFA869EFCA258259000BA746/$File/SEIFA%202016%20Technical%20Paper.pdf

47.

Armstrong T, Bauman AE, Davies J (2000) Physical activity patterns of Australian adults: results of the 1999 National Physical Activity Survey: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/physical-activity/physical-activity-patterns-of-australian-adults/contents/table-of-contents

48.

National Heart Foundation (1989) Risk factor prevalence study: survey no. 3. NHF, Canberra

49.

Emre N, Topal K, Edirne T, Gereklioğlu Ç (2018) Factors affecting risk of anxiety and depression among diabetic and hypertensive patients who refer to family health centers. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 38(3):305–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-017-0592-zCrossRef

50.

World Health Organization (1995) Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO expert committee, WHO technical report series no. 854. WHO, Geneva

51.

RAND Health Care Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-item short form survey (SF-36). https://www.rand.org/health-care/surveys_tools/mos/36-item-short-form.html. Accessed 12 July 2019

52.

Black CN, Penninx BWJH, Bot M, Odegaard AO, Gross MD, Matthews KA, Jacobs DR Jr (2016) Oxidative stress, anti-oxidants and the cross-sectional and longitudinal association with depressive symptoms: results from the CARDIA study. Transl Psych 6:e743. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.5CrossRef

53.

Huang X, Fan Y, Han X, Huang Z, Yu M, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Li X, Wang X, Lu C, Xia Y (2018) Association between serum vitamin levels and depression in US adults 20 years or older based on national health and nutrition examination survey 2005–2006. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061215CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Rienks J, Dobson AJ, Mishra GD (2013) Mediterranean dietary pattern and prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms in mid-aged women: results from a large community-based prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr 67(1):75–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.193CrossRefPubMed

55.

Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L, Baune BT, O’Dea K (2019) A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: a randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci 22(7):474–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1411320CrossRefPubMed

56.

Masana MF, Haro JM, Mariolis A, Piscopo S, Valacchi G, Bountziouka V, Anastasiou F, Zeimbekis A, Tyrovola D, Gotsis E, Metallinos G, Polystipioti A, Tur JA, Matalas AL, Lionis C, Polychronopoulos E, Sidossis LS, Tyrovolas S, Panagiotakos DB (2018) Mediterranean diet and depression among older individuals: the multinational MEDIS study. Exp Gerontol 110:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.05.012CrossRefPubMed

57.

Altun A, Brown H, Szoeke C, Goodwill AM (2019) The Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression risk: a systematic review. Neurol Psych Brain Res 33:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2019.05.007CrossRef

58.

Shafiei F, Salari-Moghaddam A, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A (2019) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Rev. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy070CrossRefPubMed

59.

Saghafian F, Malmir H, Saneei P, Milajerdi A, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A (2018) Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of depression: accumulative evidence from an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Br J Nutr 119(10):1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518000697CrossRefPubMed

60.

Liu XQ, Yan Y, Li F, Zhang DF (2016) Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis. Nutrition 32(3):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.009CrossRef

61.

Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Boueiz A, Shroff MR, Zonderman AB (2012) Antioxidant status and its association with elevated depressive symptoms among US adults: national health and nutrition examination surveys 2005–2006. Br J Nutr 109(9):1714–1729. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003467CrossRefPubMed

62.

Miki T, Eguchi M, Kurotani K, Kochi T, Kuwahara K, Ito R, Kimura Y, Tsuruoka H, Akter S, Kashino I, Kabe I, Kawakami N, Mizoue T (2016) Dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms in Japanese employees: the furukawa nutrition and health study. Nutrition 32(5):584–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.014CrossRefPubMed

63.

Palafox-Carlos H, Ayala-Zavala JF, González-Aguilar GA (2011) The role of dietary fiber in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit and vegetable antioxidants. J Food Sci 76(1):R6–R15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01957.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Pullar JM, Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Vissers MCM (2018) High vitamin C status is associated with elevated mood in male tertiary students. Antioxid (Basel Switz) 7(7):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7070091CrossRef

65.

Stringham NT, Holmes PV, Stringham JM (2018) Supplementation with macular carotenoids reduces psychological stress, serum cortisol, and sub-optimal symptoms of physical and emotional health in young adults. Nutr Neurosci 21(4):286–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1286445CrossRefPubMed

66.

Diplock AT, Charuleux JL, Crozier-Willi G, Kok FJ, Rice-Evans C, Roberfroid M, Stahl W, Viña-Ribes J (2007) Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. Br J Nutr 80(S1):S77–S112. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980106CrossRef

67.

Pandya CD, Howell KR, Pillai A (2013) Antioxidants as potential therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 46:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.017CrossRefPubMed

68.

Payne ME, Steck SE, George RR, Steffens DC (2012) Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intakes are lower in older adults with depression. J Acad Nutr Diet 112(12):2022–2027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.026CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Xu Y, Wang C, Klabnik JJ, O'Donnell JM (2014) Novel therapeutic targets in depression and anxiety: antioxidants as a candidate treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 12(2):108–119. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120231448CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT (2009) Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol 7(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602823CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Ford DE, Erlinger TP (2004) Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults—data from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch Intern Med 164(9):1010–1014. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010CrossRefPubMed

72.

Sairanen M, Lucas G, Ernfors P, Castrén M, Castrén E (2005) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepressant drugs have different but coordinated effects on neuronal turnover, proliferation, and survival in the adult dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 25(5):1089. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3741-04.2005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Xu H, Li S, Song X, Li Z, Zhang D (2018) Exploration of the association between dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms in adults. Nutrition 54:48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.009CrossRefPubMed

74.

Godos J, Castellano S, Ray S, Grosso G, Galvano F (2018) Dietary polyphenol intake and depression: results from the mediterranean healthy eating, lifestyle and aging (MEAL) study. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23050999CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Firth J, Marx W, Dash S, Carney R, Teasdale SB, Solmi M, Stubbs B, Schuch FB, Carvalho AF, Jacka F, Sarris J (2019) The effects of dietary improvement on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med 81(3):265–280. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000673CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Li Z, Li B, Song X, Zhang D (2017) Dietary zinc and iron intake and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 251:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.006CrossRefPubMed

77.

Banikazemi Z, Mokhber N, Safarian M, Mazidi M, Mirzaei H, Esmaily H, Azarpazhooh MR, Ghafouri-Taleghani F, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA (2015) Dietary vitamin E and fat intake are related to Beck's depression score. E Spen Eur E J Clin Nutr Metab 10(2):e61–e65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2014.12.001CrossRef

78.

Focker M, Antel J, Grasemann C, Fuhrer D, Timmesfeld N, Ozturk D, Peters T, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Libuda L (2018) Effect of an vitamin D deficiency on depressive symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric patients—a randomized controlled trial: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 18:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1637-7CrossRef

79.

Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD (2018) Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 202(2):100–107. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.106666CrossRef

80.

Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Porter K, Beversdorf DQ, Lemeshow S, Glaser R (2007) Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. Psychosom Med 69(3):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180313a45CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Husted KS, Bouzinova EV (2016) The importance of n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio in the major depressive disorder. Medicina 52(3):139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2016.05.003CrossRefPubMed

82.

Lai JS, Oldmeadow C, Hure AJ, McEvoy M, Hiles SA, Boyle M, Attia J (2016) Inflammation mediates the association between fatty acid intake and depression in older men and women. Nutr Res 36(3):234–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.017CrossRefPubMed

83.

Thesing CS, Bot M, Milaneschi Y, Giltay EJ, Penninx BWJH (2018) Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels in depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 87:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.005CrossRefPubMed

84.

Innes JK, Calder PC (2018) Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 132:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004CrossRefPubMed

85.

Ragland DR (1992) Dichotomizing continuous outcome variables: dependence of the magnitude of association and statistical power on the cutpoint. Epidemiology 3(5):434–440CrossRef

86.

Willett W (1998) Nutritional epidemiology. Oxford University Press, OxfordCrossRef

87.

Martínez ME, Marshall JR, Sechrest L (1998) Invited Commentary: factor analysis and the search for objectivity. Am J Epidemiol 148(1):17–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009552CrossRefPubMed

Title: Nutrient patterns and depressive symptoms among Australian adults
Authors: Prem R. Shakya
Yohannes A. Melaku
Amanda J. Page
Tiffany K. Gill
Publication date: 01-02-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Mood Disorders
Affective Disorder
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02243-y

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Dairy product intake modifies gut microbiota composition among hyperinsulinemic individuals

Dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk in a Korean population: a case–control study

Pre-pregnancy diet quality and its association with offspring behavioral problems

The association between antioxidant intake, dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in older Australian men: the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project

Dietary total antioxidant capacity during pregnancy and birth outcomes

Protective properties of grape-seed proanthocyanidins in human ex vivo acute colonic dysfunction induced by dextran sodium sulfate

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage