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Archives of Virology
Published in: Archives of Virology 8/2016

01-08-2016 | Review

Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways leading to nitric oxide-mediated antiviral responses

Authors: Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader, Aruna Amarasinghe, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

Published in: Archives of Virology | Issue 8/2016

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Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), well-characterized pattern-recognizing receptors of the innate arm of the immune system, are vital in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The TLR-PAMP interaction initiates an intracellular signaling cascade, predominantly culminating in upregulation of antiviral components, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). After activation, various TLR pathways can promote iNOS production via the myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD-88) adapter protein. Subsequently, iNOS facilitates production of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive and potent antiviral molecule that can inhibit replication of RNA and DNA viruses. Furthermore, NO can diffuse freely across cell membranes and elicit antiviral mechanisms in various ways, including direct and indirect damage to viral genomes. This review emphasizes current knowledge of NO-mediated antiviral responses elicited after activation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Metadata
Title
Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways leading to nitric oxide-mediated antiviral responses
Authors
Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
Aruna Amarasinghe
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Publication date
01-08-2016
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
Archives of Virology / Issue 8/2016
Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Electronic ISSN: 1432-8798
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2904-x

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