Skip to main content
Top
Published in: World Journal of Surgery 3/2005

01-03-2005

Abrogation of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer

Authors: Xia Lin, Ph.D., Xin-Hua Feng, Ph.D.

Published in: World Journal of Surgery | Issue 3/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) functions as a growth inhibitor for many cell types by inhibiting cell cycle progression. Loss of TGFβ responsiveness can lead to deregulated cell proliferation and ultimately tumor progression. For example, the TGFβ signaling pathway is a frequent target for inactivation in pancreatic cancer. Functional connection between the potent growth inhibitory activity of TGFβ and the tumor suppressor activity of Smads has been well documented. Smads directly modulate transcription of the genes involved in cell cycle progression in response to TGFβ, and that abrogation of this regulation leads to tumor progression. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on TGFβ signaling and pancreatic cancer.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hanahan, D, Weinberg, RA 2000The hallmarks of cancerCell1005770PubMed Hanahan, D, Weinberg, RA 2000The hallmarks of cancerCell1005770PubMed
3.
go back to reference Balmain, A, Gray, J, Ponder, B 2003The genetics and genomics of cancerNat. Genet.33 238244CrossRefPubMed Balmain, A, Gray, J, Ponder, B 2003The genetics and genomics of cancerNat. Genet.33 238244CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Evan, G, Vousden, K 2001Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancerNature411342348PubMed Evan, G, Vousden, K 2001Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancerNature411342348PubMed
6.
go back to reference Druker, BJ, Tamura, S, Buchdunger, E, et al. 1996Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cellsNat. Med.2561566CrossRefPubMed Druker, BJ, Tamura, S, Buchdunger, E,  et al. 1996Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cellsNat. Med.2561566CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference McNeil, C 1998Heceptin raises its sights beyond advanced breast cancerJ. Natl. Cancer Inst.90882883CrossRefPubMed McNeil, C 1998Heceptin raises its sights beyond advanced breast cancerJ. Natl. Cancer Inst.90882883CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Tamrakar, S, Rubin, E, Ludlow, JW 2000Role of pRB dephosphorylation in cell cycle regulationFront Biosci.5D121D137PubMed Tamrakar, S, Rubin, E, Ludlow, JW 2000Role of pRB dephosphorylation in cell cycle regulationFront Biosci.5D121D137PubMed
9.
go back to reference Sherr, CJ, Roberts, JM 1999CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progressionGenes Dev.1315011512PubMed Sherr, CJ, Roberts, JM 1999CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progressionGenes Dev.1315011512PubMed
10.
go back to reference Derynck, R, Choy, L 1998Transforming growth factor-β, its receptorsIn The Cytokine Handbook3AcademicSan Diego593636 Derynck, R, Choy, L 1998Transforming growth factor-β, its receptorsIn The Cytokine Handbook3AcademicSan Diego593636
11.
go back to reference Roberts, AB, Sporn, MB 1990The transforming growth factor-βRoberts, ABSporn, MB eds. Peptide Growth Factors and Their ReceptorsSpringer-VerlagBerlin Roberts, AB, Sporn, MB 1990The transforming growth factor-βRoberts, ABSporn, MB eds. Peptide Growth Factors and Their ReceptorsSpringer-VerlagBerlin
12.
go back to reference Derynck, R, Feng, XH 1997TGF-β receptor signalingBiochim. Biophys. Acta1333F105F150PubMed Derynck, R, Feng, XH 1997TGF-β receptor signalingBiochim. Biophys. Acta1333F105F150PubMed
13.
go back to reference Heldin, CH, Miyazono, K, ten Dijke, P 1997TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteinsNature390465471CrossRefPubMed Heldin, CH, Miyazono, K, ten Dijke, P 1997TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to nucleus through SMAD proteinsNature390465471CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Derynck, R, Zhang, Y, Feng, XH 1998Smads: transcriptional activators of TGF-β responsesCell95737740CrossRefPubMed Derynck, R, Zhang, Y, Feng, XH 1998Smads: transcriptional activators of TGF-β responsesCell95737740CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Shi, Y, Massague, J 2003Mechanisms of TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to the nucleusCell113685700CrossRefPubMed Shi, Y, Massague, J 2003Mechanisms of TGF-β signaling from cell membrane to the nucleusCell113685700CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Ten Dijke, P, Miyazono, K, Heldin, CH 2000Signaling inputs converge on nuclear effectors in TGF-β signalingTrends Biochem. Sci.256470CrossRefPubMed Ten Dijke, P, Miyazono, K, Heldin, CH 2000Signaling inputs converge on nuclear effectors in TGF-β signalingTrends Biochem. Sci.256470CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Massagué, J, Blain, S, Lo, R 2000TGFβ signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disordersCell103295309CrossRefPubMed Massagué, J, Blain, S, Lo, R 2000TGFβ signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disordersCell103295309CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Reynisdottir, I, Massague, J 1997The subcellular locations of p15(Ink4b) and p27(Kipl) coordinate their inhibitory interactions with cdk4 and cdk2Genes Dev.11492503PubMed Reynisdottir, I, Massague, J 1997The subcellular locations of p15(Ink4b) and p27(Kipl) coordinate their inhibitory interactions with cdk4 and cdk2Genes Dev.11492503PubMed
19.
go back to reference Laiho, M, DeCaprio, JA, Ludlow, JW, et al. 1990Growth inhibition by TGFβ linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylationCell62175185CrossRefPubMed Laiho, M, DeCaprio, JA, Ludlow, JW,  et al. 1990Growth inhibition by TGFβ linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylationCell62175185CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Herrera, RE, Makela, TP, Weinberg, RA 1996TGFβ-induced growth inhibition in primary fibroblasts requires the retinoblastoma proteinMol Biol Cell713351342PubMed Herrera, RE, Makela, TP, Weinberg, RA 1996TGFβ-induced growth inhibition in primary fibroblasts requires the retinoblastoma proteinMol Biol Cell713351342PubMed
21.
go back to reference Feng, XH, Lin, X, Derynck, R 2000Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 cooperate with Sp1 to induce p15Ink4B transcription in response to TGF-βEMBO J.1951785193PubMed Feng, XH, Lin, X, Derynck, R 2000Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 cooperate with Sp1 to induce p15Ink4B transcription in response to TGF-βEMBO J.1951785193PubMed
22.
go back to reference Iavarone, A, Massague, J 1997Repression of the CDK activator Cdc25A and cell-cycle arrest by cytokine TGF-β in cells lacking the CDK inhibitor p15Nature387417422CrossRefPubMed Iavarone, A, Massague, J 1997Repression of the CDK activator Cdc25A and cell-cycle arrest by cytokine TGF-β in cells lacking the CDK inhibitor p15Nature387417422CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Iavarone, A, Massague, J 1999E2F and histone deacetylase mediate transforming growth factor beta repression of cdc25A during keratinocyte cell cycle arrestMol. Cell. Biol.19916922PubMed Iavarone, A, Massague, J 1999E2F and histone deacetylase mediate transforming growth factor beta repression of cdc25A during keratinocyte cell cycle arrestMol. Cell. Biol.19916922PubMed
24.
go back to reference Landesman, Y, Pagano, M, Draetta, G, et al. 1992Modifications of cell cycle controlling nuclear proteins by transforming growth factor beta in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell lineOncogene716611665PubMed Landesman, Y, Pagano, M, Draetta, G,  et al. 1992Modifications of cell cycle controlling nuclear proteins by transforming growth factor beta in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell lineOncogene716611665PubMed
25.
go back to reference Geng, Y, Weinberg, RA 1993Transforming growth factor beta effects on expression of G1 cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinasesProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.901031510319PubMed Geng, Y, Weinberg, RA 1993Transforming growth factor beta effects on expression of G1 cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinasesProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.901031510319PubMed
26.
go back to reference Reddy, KB, Hocevar, BA, Howe, PH 1994Inhibition of G1 phase cyclin dependent kinases by transforming growth factor β1 JCell. Biochem.56418425 Reddy, KB, Hocevar, BA, Howe, PH 1994Inhibition of G1 phase cyclin dependent kinases by transforming growth factor β1 JCell. Biochem.56418425
27.
go back to reference Barlat, I, Fesquet, D, Brechot, C, et al. 1993Loss of the G1-S control of cyclin A expression during tumoral progression of Chinese hamster lung fibroblastsCell Growth Differ.4105113PubMed Barlat, I, Fesquet, D, Brechot, C,  et al. 1993Loss of the G1-S control of cyclin A expression during tumoral progression of Chinese hamster lung fibroblastsCell Growth Differ.4105113PubMed
28.
go back to reference Ralph, D, McClelland, M, Welsh, J 1993RNA fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed PCR identifies differentially regulated RNAs in mink lung (My1Lu) cells growth arrested by transforming growth factor β1 ProcNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.901071010714 Ralph, D, McClelland, M, Welsh, J 1993RNA fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed PCR identifies differentially regulated RNAs in mink lung (My1Lu) cells growth arrested by transforming growth factor β1 ProcNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.901071010714
29.
go back to reference Satterwhite, DJ, Aakre, ME, Gorska, AE, et al. 1994Inhibition of cell growth by TGFβ1 is associated with inhibition of B-myb and cyclin A in both BALB/MK and Mv1Lu cellsCell Growth Differ.5789799PubMed Satterwhite, DJ, Aakre, ME, Gorska, AE,  et al. 1994Inhibition of cell growth by TGFβ1 is associated with inhibition of B-myb and cyclin A in both BALB/MK and Mv1Lu cellsCell Growth Differ.5789799PubMed
30.
go back to reference Feng, XH, Filvaroff, EH, Derynck, R 1995Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-induced down-regulation of cyclin A expression requires a functional TGF-beta receptor complex: characterization of chimeric and truncated type I and type II receptorsJ Biol. Chem.2702423724245PubMed Feng, XH, Filvaroff, EH, Derynck, R 1995Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-induced down-regulation of cyclin A expression requires a functional TGF-beta receptor complex: characterization of chimeric and truncated type I and type II receptorsJ Biol. Chem.2702423724245PubMed
31.
go back to reference Eblen, ST, Fautsch, MP, Burnette, RJ, et al. 1994Cell cycle-dependent inhibition of p34cdc2 synthesis by transforming growth factor β1, in cycling epithelial cellsCell Growth Differ5109116PubMed Eblen, ST, Fautsch, MP, Burnette, RJ,  et al. 1994Cell cycle-dependent inhibition of p34cdc2 synthesis by transforming growth factor β1, in cycling epithelial cellsCell Growth Differ5109116PubMed
32.
go back to reference Ewen, ME, Sluss, HK, Whitehouse, LL, et al. 1993TGF-β inhibition of Cdk4 synthesis is linked to cell cycle arrestCell7410091020PubMed Ewen, ME, Sluss, HK, Whitehouse, LL,  et al. 1993TGF-β inhibition of Cdk4 synthesis is linked to cell cycle arrestCell7410091020PubMed
33.
go back to reference Koff, A, Ohtsuki, M, Polyak, K, et al. 1993Negative regulation of G1 in mammalian cells: inhibition of cyclin E-dependent kinase by TGF-betaScience260536539PubMed Koff, A, Ohtsuki, M, Polyak, K,  et al. 1993Negative regulation of G1 in mammalian cells: inhibition of cyclin E-dependent kinase by TGF-betaScience260536539PubMed
34.
go back to reference Zentella, A, Weis, FM, Ralph, DA, et al. 1991Early gene responses to transforming growth factor-beta in cells lacking growth-suppressive RB functionMol. Cell. Biol.1149524958PubMed Zentella, A, Weis, FM, Ralph, DA,  et al. 1991Early gene responses to transforming growth factor-beta in cells lacking growth-suppressive RB functionMol. Cell. Biol.1149524958PubMed
35.
go back to reference Alexandrow, MG, Kawabata, M, Aakre, M, et al. 1995Overexpression of the c-Myc oncoprotein blocks the growth-inhibitory response but is required for the mitogenic effects of transforming growth factor beta 1Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9232393243PubMed Alexandrow, MG, Kawabata, M, Aakre, M,  et al. 1995Overexpression of the c-Myc oncoprotein blocks the growth-inhibitory response but is required for the mitogenic effects of transforming growth factor beta 1Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9232393243PubMed
36.
go back to reference Warner, BJ, Blain, SW, Seoane, J, et al. 1999Myc downregulation by transforming growth factor beta required for activation of the p15(Ink4b) G(1) arrest pathwayMol. Cell Biol.1959135922PubMed Warner, BJ, Blain, SW, Seoane, J,  et al. 1999Myc downregulation by transforming growth factor beta required for activation of the p15(Ink4b) G(1) arrest pathwayMol. Cell Biol.1959135922PubMed
37.
go back to reference Claassen, GF, Hann, SR 2000A role for transcriptional repression of p21CIP1 by c-Myc in overcoming transforming growth factor beta-induced cell-cycle arrestProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9794989503PubMed Claassen, GF, Hann, SR 2000A role for transcriptional repression of p21CIP1 by c-Myc in overcoming transforming growth factor beta-induced cell-cycle arrestProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9794989503PubMed
38.
go back to reference Sun, P, Dong, P, Dai, K, et al. 1998p53-independent role of MDM2 in TGF-β1 resistanceScience28222702272PubMed Sun, P, Dong, P, Dai, K,  et al. 1998p53-independent role of MDM2 in TGF-β1 resistanceScience28222702272PubMed
39.
go back to reference Feng, XH, Liang, YY, Liang, M, et al. 2002Direct interaction of oncogenic c-Myc with tumor suppressors Smad2 and Smad3 to inhibit TGF-β-mediated induction of the CDK inhibitor p15INK4BMol. Cell9133143PubMed Feng, XH, Liang, YY, Liang, M,  et al. 2002Direct interaction of oncogenic c-Myc with tumor suppressors Smad2 and Smad3 to inhibit TGF-β-mediated induction of the CDK inhibitor p15INK4BMol. Cell9133143PubMed
40.
go back to reference Wang, J, Sun, L, Meyeroff, L, et al. 1995Demonstration that mutation of the type II TGF-β receptor inactivates its tumor suppressor activity in replication error-positive colon carcinoma cellsJ. Biol. Chem.2702204422049PubMed Wang, J, Sun, L, Meyeroff, L,  et al. 1995Demonstration that mutation of the type II TGF-β receptor inactivates its tumor suppressor activity in replication error-positive colon carcinoma cellsJ. Biol. Chem.2702204422049PubMed
41.
go back to reference Markowitz, S, Wang, J, Myeroff, L, et al. 1995Inactivation of the type II TGF-β receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instabilityScience26813361338PubMed Markowitz, S, Wang, J, Myeroff, L,  et al. 1995Inactivation of the type II TGF-β receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instabilityScience26813361338PubMed
42.
go back to reference Myeroff, L, Parsons, R, Kim, SJ, et al. 1995A TGF-β receptor type II gene mutation common in colon and gastric but rare in endometrial cancers with microsatellite instabilityCancer Res.5555455547PubMed Myeroff, L, Parsons, R, Kim, SJ,  et al. 1995A TGF-β receptor type II gene mutation common in colon and gastric but rare in endometrial cancers with microsatellite instabilityCancer Res.5555455547PubMed
43.
go back to reference Sun, L, Wu, G, Willson, JKV, et al. 1994Expression of transforming growth factor b type II receptor leads to reduced malignancy in human breast. cancer MCF-7 cellsJ. Biol. Chem.2692644926455PubMed Sun, L, Wu, G, Willson, JKV,  et al. 1994Expression of transforming growth factor b type II receptor leads to reduced malignancy in human breast. cancer MCF-7 cellsJ. Biol. Chem.2692644926455PubMed
44.
go back to reference Venkatasubbara, K, Ammanamanchi, S, Brattain, MG, et al. 2001Reversion of transcriptional repression of Sp1 by 5 aza-2′ deoxycytidine restores TGF-beta type II receptor expression in the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2Cancer Res.6162396247PubMed Venkatasubbara, K, Ammanamanchi, S, Brattain, MG,  et al. 2001Reversion of transcriptional repression of Sp1 by 5 aza-2′ deoxycytidine restores TGF-beta type II receptor expression in the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2Cancer Res.6162396247PubMed
45.
go back to reference Hansel, DE, Kern, SE, Hruban, RH 2003Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancerAnnu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet.4237256PubMed Hansel, DE, Kern, SE, Hruban, RH 2003Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancerAnnu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet.4237256PubMed
46.
go back to reference Sun, L, Wu, G, Willson, JKV, et al. 1994Expression of transforming growth factor b type II receptor leads to reduced malignancy in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells,J. Biol. Chem.2692644926455PubMed Sun, L, Wu, G, Willson, JKV,  et al. 1994Expression of transforming growth factor b type II receptor leads to reduced malignancy in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells,J. Biol. Chem.2692644926455PubMed
47.
go back to reference Su, GH, Bansal, R, Murphy, KM, et al. 2001ACVR1B (ALK4, activin receptor type 1B) gene mutations in pancreatic carcinomaProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9832543257PubMed Su, GH, Bansal, R, Murphy, KM,  et al. 2001ACVR1B (ALK4, activin receptor type 1B) gene mutations in pancreatic carcinomaProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9832543257PubMed
48.
go back to reference Hahn, SA, Hoque, AT, Moskaluk, CA, et al. 1996Homozygous deletion map at 18q21.1 in pancreatic cancerCancer Res.56490494PubMed Hahn, SA, Hoque, AT, Moskaluk, CA,  et al. 1996Homozygous deletion map at 18q21.1 in pancreatic cancerCancer Res.56490494PubMed
49.
go back to reference Hahn, SA, Schutte, M, Hoque, AT, et al. 1996DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q21.1Science271350353PubMed Hahn, SA, Schutte, M, Hoque, AT,  et al. 1996DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q21.1Science271350353PubMed
50.
go back to reference Riggins, GJ, Thiagalingam, S, Rozenblum, E, et al. 1996Mad-related genes in the humanNat. Genet.13347349CrossRefPubMed Riggins, GJ, Thiagalingam, S, Rozenblum, E,  et al. 1996Mad-related genes in the humanNat. Genet.13347349CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Schutte, M, Hruban, RH, Hedrick, L, et al. 1996DPC4 gene in various tumor typesCancer Res.5625272530PubMed Schutte, M, Hruban, RH, Hedrick, L,  et al. 1996DPC4 gene in various tumor typesCancer Res.5625272530PubMed
52.
go back to reference Riggins, GJ, Kinzler, KW, Vogelstein, B, et al. 1997Frequency of Smad gene mutations in human cancersCancer Res.5725782580PubMed Riggins, GJ, Kinzler, KW, Vogelstein, B,  et al. 1997Frequency of Smad gene mutations in human cancersCancer Res.5725782580PubMed
53.
go back to reference Thiagalingam, S, Lengauer, C, Leach, FS, et al. 1996Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancersNat. Genet.13343346CrossRefPubMed Thiagalingam, S, Lengauer, C, Leach, FS,  et al. 1996Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancersNat. Genet.13343346CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Hoque, AT, Hahn, SA, Schutte, M, et al. 1997DPC4 gene mutation in colitis associated neoplasiaGut40120122PubMed Hoque, AT, Hahn, SA, Schutte, M,  et al. 1997DPC4 gene mutation in colitis associated neoplasiaGut40120122PubMed
55.
go back to reference Kim, SK, Fan, Y, Papadimitrakopulou, V, et al. 1996DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, is altered infrequently in head and neck squamous carcinomaCancer Res.5625192521PubMed Kim, SK, Fan, Y, Papadimitrakopulou, V,  et al. 1996DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, is altered infrequently in head and neck squamous carcinomaCancer Res.5625192521PubMed
56.
go back to reference Nagatake, M, Takagi, Y, Osada, H, et al. 1996Somatic in vivo alterations of the DPC4 gene at 18q21 in human lung cancersCancer Res.5627182720PubMed Nagatake, M, Takagi, Y, Osada, H,  et al. 1996Somatic in vivo alterations of the DPC4 gene at 18q21 in human lung cancersCancer Res.5627182720PubMed
57.
go back to reference Takakura, S, Okamoto, A, Saito, M, et al. 1999Allelic imbalance in chromosome band 18q21 and SMAD4 mutations in ovarian cancersGenes Chromosomes Cancer24264271PubMed Takakura, S, Okamoto, A, Saito, M,  et al. 1999Allelic imbalance in chromosome band 18q21 and SMAD4 mutations in ovarian cancersGenes Chromosomes Cancer24264271PubMed
58.
go back to reference Xu, J, Attisano, L 2000Mutations in the tumor suppressors Smad2, Smad4 inactivate transforming growth factor beta signaling by targeting Smads to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathwayProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9748204825PubMed Xu, J, Attisano, L 2000Mutations in the tumor suppressors Smad2, Smad4 inactivate transforming growth factor beta signaling by targeting Smads to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathwayProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.9748204825PubMed
59.
go back to reference Lin, X, Liang, M, Liang, YY, et al. 2003SUMO/Ubc9 promotes nuclear accumulation and metabolic stability of tumor suppressor Smad4J. Biol. Chem.2783104331048PubMed Lin, X, Liang, M, Liang, YY,  et al. 2003SUMO/Ubc9 promotes nuclear accumulation and metabolic stability of tumor suppressor Smad4J. Biol. Chem.2783104331048PubMed
60.
go back to reference Jen, J, Harper, J, Bigner, S, et al. 1994Deletion of p16 and p15 genes in brain tumorsCancer Res.5463536358PubMed Jen, J, Harper, J, Bigner, S,  et al. 1994Deletion of p16 and p15 genes in brain tumorsCancer Res.5463536358PubMed
61.
go back to reference Nobori, T, Miura, K, Wu, DJ, et al. 1994Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancersNature368753756PubMed Nobori, T, Miura, K, Wu, DJ,  et al. 1994Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor gene in multiple human cancersNature368753756PubMed
62.
go back to reference Herman, JG, Jen, J, Merlo, A, et al. 1996Hypermethylation-associated inactivation indicates a tumor suppressor role for p15INK4BCancer Res.56722727PubMed Herman, JG, Jen, J, Merlo, A,  et al. 1996Hypermethylation-associated inactivation indicates a tumor suppressor role for p15INK4BCancer Res.56722727PubMed
63.
go back to reference Goretzki, PE, Gorelov, V, Dotzenrath, C, et al. 1996A frequent mutation/polymorphism in tumor suppressor gene INK4B (MTS-2) in papillary and medullary thyroid cancerSurgery12010811088PubMed Goretzki, PE, Gorelov, V, Dotzenrath, C,  et al. 1996A frequent mutation/polymorphism in tumor suppressor gene INK4B (MTS-2) in papillary and medullary thyroid cancerSurgery12010811088PubMed
64.
go back to reference Suzuki, H, Zhou, X, Yin, J, et al. 1995Intragenic mutations of CDKN2B and CDKN2A in preprimary human esophageal cancersHum. Mol. Genet.418831887PubMed Suzuki, H, Zhou, X, Yin, J,  et al. 1995Intragenic mutations of CDKN2B and CDKN2A in preprimary human esophageal cancersHum. Mol. Genet.418831887PubMed
65.
go back to reference Naumann, M, Savitskaia, N, Eilert, C, et al. 1996Frequent codeletion of p16/MTS1 and p15/MTS2 and genetic alterations in p16/MTS1 in pancreatic tumorsGastroenterology1012151224 Naumann, M, Savitskaia, N, Eilert, C,  et al. 1996Frequent codeletion of p16/MTS1 and p15/MTS2 and genetic alterations in p16/MTS1 in pancreatic tumorsGastroenterology1012151224
66.
go back to reference Villanueva, A, Garcia, C, Paules, AB, et al. 1998Disruption of the antiproliferative TGF-β signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancer cellsOncogene1719691978PubMed Villanueva, A, Garcia, C, Paules, AB,  et al. 1998Disruption of the antiproliferative TGF-β signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancer cellsOncogene1719691978PubMed
67.
go back to reference Washimi, O, Nagatake, M, Osada, H, et al. 1995In vivo occurrence of p16 (MTS1) and p15 (MTS2) alterations preferentially in non-small cell lung cancersCancer Res.55514517PubMed Washimi, O, Nagatake, M, Osada, H,  et al. 1995In vivo occurrence of p16 (MTS1) and p15 (MTS2) alterations preferentially in non-small cell lung cancersCancer Res.55514517PubMed
68.
go back to reference Batova, A, Diccianni, MB, Yu, JC, et al. 1997Frequent and selective methylation of p15 and deletion of both p15 and p16 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemiaCancer Res.57832836PubMed Batova, A, Diccianni, MB, Yu, JC,  et al. 1997Frequent and selective methylation of p15 and deletion of both p15 and p16 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemiaCancer Res.57832836PubMed
69.
go back to reference Nakashima, R, Fujita, M, Enomoto, T, et al. 1999Alteration of p16 and p15 genes in human uterine tumoursBr. J. Cancer80458467PubMed Nakashima, R, Fujita, M, Enomoto, T,  et al. 1999Alteration of p16 and p15 genes in human uterine tumoursBr. J. Cancer80458467PubMed
70.
go back to reference Xing, EP, Nie, Y, Song, Y, et al. 1999Mechanisms of inactivation of p14ARF, p15INK4b, and p16INK4a genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomaClin. Cancer Res.527042713PubMed Xing, EP, Nie, Y, Song, Y,  et al. 1999Mechanisms of inactivation of p14ARF, p15INK4b, and p16INK4a genes in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomaClin. Cancer Res.527042713PubMed
Metadata
Title
Abrogation of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors
Xia Lin, Ph.D.
Xin-Hua Feng, Ph.D.
Publication date
01-03-2005
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
World Journal of Surgery / Issue 3/2005
Print ISSN: 0364-2313
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2323
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7824-3

Other articles of this Issue 3/2005

World Journal of Surgery 3/2005 Go to the issue