Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
AIDS Research and Therapy
Published in: AIDS Research and Therapy 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Review

What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia?

Authors: Gabriella d’Ettorre, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Paolo Pavone, Pietro Vittozzi, Gabriella De Girolamo, Ivan Schietroma, Sara Serafino, Noemi Giustini, Vincenzo Vullo

Published in: AIDS Research and Therapy | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Despite the combined antiretroviral therapy has improved the length and quality of life of HIV infected patients, the survival of these patients is always decreased compared with the general population. This is the consequence of non-infectious illnesses including cardio vascular diseases. In fact large studies have indicated an increased risk of coronary atherosclerotic disease, myocardial infarction even in HIV patients on cART. In HIV infected patients several factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular problems: life-style, metabolic parameters, genetic predisposition, viral factors, immune activation, chronic inflammation and side effects of antiretroviral therapy. The same factors may also contribute to complicate the clinical management of these patients. Therefore, treatment of these non-infectious illnesses in HIV infected population is an emerging challenge for physicians. The purpose of this review is to focus on the new insights in non AIDS-related cardiovascular diseases in patients with suppressed HIV viremia.
Literature
1.
2.
Favre D, Mold J, Hunt PW, Kanwar B, Loke P, Seu L, et al. Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 alters the balance of TH17 to regulatory T cells in HIV disease. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:32.
3.
d’Ettorre G, Douek D, Paiardini M, Ceccarelli G, Vullo V. Microbial translocation and infectious diseases: what is the link? Int J Microbiol. 2012;2012:356981.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Vyboh K, Jenebian MA, Mehraj V, Routy JP. HIV and GUT microbiota, partners in crime: breaking the vicious cycle to unearth new therapeutic targets. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:614127.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Ancuta P, Monteiro P, Sekaly RP. TH17 lineage commitment and HIV-pathogenesis. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5:158–65.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Shaw JM, Hunt PW, Critchfield JW, McConnell DH, Garcia JC, Pollard RB, et al. Increased frequency of regulatory T cells accompanies increased immune activation in rectal mucose of HIV-positive noncontrollers. J Virol. 2011;85:11422–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
d’Ettorre G, Paiardini M, Ceccarelli G, Silvestri G, Vullo V. HIV-associated immune activation: from bench to bedside. AIDS Res Human Retrovir. 2011;4:355–64.CrossRef
8.
Freiberg MS, Chang CC, Kuller LH, Skanderson M, Lowy E, Kraemer KL, et al. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:614–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Silverberg MJ, Leyden WA, Xu L, Horberg MA, Chao CR, Towner WJ, et al. Immunodeficiency and risk of myocardial infarction among HIV-positive individuals with access to care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;65:160–6.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Klein DB, Leyden WA, Xu L, Chao CR, Horberg MA, Towner WJ, et al. Declining relative risk for myocardial infarction among HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative individuals with access to care. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1278–80.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Lifson AR, Nehaus J, Arribas JR, van den Berg-Wolf M, Labriola AM, Read TR, et al. Smoking-related health risks among persons with HIV in strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy clinical trial. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1896–903.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Kirk O, d’Arminio Monforte A, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS. 2003;17:1179–93.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Brown TT, Cole SR, Li X, Kingsley LA, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1179–84.CrossRefPubMed
14.
d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Zaccarelli M, Ascoli-Bartoli T, Bianchi L, Bellelli V, et al. Impact of switching from lopinavir/ritonavir to boosted and un-boosted atazanavir on glucose metabolism: ATAzanavir & GLUcose metabolism (ATAGLU) study. Int J STD AIDS. 2015.
15.
Deeks SG, Phillips AN. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity. BMJ. 2009;338:a3172.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Guaraldi G, Orlando G, Zona S, Menozzi M, Carli F, Garlassi E, et al. Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1120–6.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Burdo TH, Lo J, Abbara S, Wei J, DeLelys ME, Preffer F, et al. Soluble CD163, a novel marker of activated macrophages, is elevated and associated with noncalcified coronary plaque in HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1227–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Longenecker CT, Funderburg NT, Jiang Y, Debanne S, Storer N, Labbato DE, et al. Markers of inflammation and CD8 T-cell activation, but not monocyte activation, are associated with subclinical carotid artery disease in HIV-infected individuals. HIV Med. 2013;14:385–90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Martin GE, Gouillou M, Hearps AC, Angelovich TA, Cheng AC, Lynch F, et al. Age-associated changes in monocyte and innate immune activation markers occur more rapidly in HIV infected women. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e55279.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Fitch KV, Srinivasa S, Abbara S, Burdo TH, Williams KC, Eneh P, et al. Noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque and immune activation in HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:1737–46.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Arildsen H, Sørensen KE, Ingerslev JM, Østergaard LJ, Laursen AL. Endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation, and activated coagulation in HIV-infected patients improve after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2013;14:1–9.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Jiang J, Fu W, Wang X, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. HIV gp120 induces endothelial dysfunction in tumour necrosis factor-alpha-activated porcine and human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;87:366–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Graham SM, Mwilu R, Liles WC. Clinical utility of biomarkers of endothelial activation and coagulation for prognosis in HIV infection: a systematic review. Virulence. 2013;4:564–71.CrossRefPubMed
24.
López M, San Román J, Estrada V, Vispo E, Blanco F, Soriano V. Endothelial dysfunction in HIV infection–the role of circulating endothelial cells, microparticles, endothelial progenitor cells and macrophages. AIDS Rev. 2012;14:223–30.PubMed
25.
Lichtner M, Cicconi P, Vita S, Cozzi-Lepri A, Galli M, Lo Caputo S, ICONA Foundation Study. Cytomegalovirus coinfection is associated with an increased risk of severe non-AIDS-defining events in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:178–86.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Barrett L, Fowke KR, Grant MD. Cytomegalovirus, aging, and HIV: a perfect storm. AIDS Rev. 2012;14:159–67.PubMed
27.
Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2506–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Olalla J, Crespo E, De la Torre J, Sempere M, Del Arco A, Prada JL, et al. Factors related to NT-proBNP levels in HIV patients aged over 40 years. AIDS Res Ther. 2015;12:17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Blázquez D, Ramos-Amador JT, Saínz T, Mellado MJ, García-Ascaso M, De José MI, et al. Lipid and glucose alterations in perinatally-acquired HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:119.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Ceccarelli G, d’Ettorre G, Vullo V. The challenge of cardiovascular diseases in HIV-positive patients: it’s time for redrawing the maps of cardiovascular risk? Int J ClinPract. 2013;67:1–3.
31.
Friis-Moller N, Thiebaut R, Reiss P, Weber R, Monforte AD, De Wit S, et al. Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010;17:491–501.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Markowicz S, Delforge M, Necsoi C, De Wit S. Cardiovascular risk evaluation of HIV-positive patients in a case-control study: comparison of the D:A: D and Framingham equations. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(Suppl 3):19515.PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
34.
Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Leducq transatlantic network on atherothrombosis. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;1(54):2129–38.CrossRef
35.
36.
Volpe GE, Tang AM, Polak JF, Mangili A, Skinner SC, Wanke CA. Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium over 6 years in an HIV-infected cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64:51–7.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Mangili A, Gerrior J, Tang AM, O’Leary DH, Polak JK, Schaefer EJ, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of HIV-infected adults: a study using carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium score. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1482–9.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Longenecker CT, Jiang Y, Orringer CE, Gilkeson RC, Debanne S, Funderburg NT, et al. Soluble CD14 is independently associated with coronary calcification and extent of subclinical vascular disease in treated HIV infection. AIDS. 2014;28:969–77.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Olalla J, Salas D, De La Torre J, Del Arco A, Prada JL. García Alegría [Ankle-brachial index in the assessment of cardiovascular risk among HIV infected patients. J Rev Med Chil. 2011;139:1039–45.CrossRef
40.
Qaqa AY, Debari VA, El-Kersh K, Sison R, Isbitan A, Mohammad N, Slim J, Perez G, Shamoon FE. Epidemiologic aspects of abnormal ankle brachial index in the HIV infected population. Int Angiol. 2012;31:227–33.PubMed
41.
Knudsen A, Christensen TE, Ghotbi AA, Hasbak P, Lebech AM, Kjær A, et al. Normal myocardial flow reserve in HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study using Rubidium-82 PET/CT. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1886.CrossRef
42.
d’Ettorre G, Francone M, Mancone M, Ceccarelli G, Ascarelli A, Vullo F, et al. Significant coronary stenosis detected by coronary computed angiography in asymptomatic HIV infected subjects. J Infect. 2012;64:82–8.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Boccara F, Teiger E, Cohen A, Ederhy S, Janower S, Odi G, Di Angelantonio E, Barbarini G, Barbaro G. Percutaneous coronary intervention in HIV infected patients: immediate results and long term prognosis. Heart. 2006;92:543–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Martín-Reyes R, Galeote G, Moreno R, Sánchez-Recalde A, López De Sá E, López-Sendón JL. Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus admitted with an acute coronary syndrome: Case-control study. Med Clin (Barc). 2010;135(15):691–4.CrossRef
45.
Segev A, Cantor WJ, Strauss BH. Outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention in HIV-infected patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;68:879–81.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Matetzky S, Domingo M, Kar S, Noc M, Shah PK, Kaul S, Daar E, Cercek B. Acute myocardial infarction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:457–60.CrossRefPubMed
47.
De Lorenzo F, Collot-Teixeira S, Boffito M, Feher M, Gazzard B, McGregor JL. Metabolic-inflammatory changes, and accelerated atherosclerosis in HIV patients: rationale for preventative measures. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15:2991–9.CrossRefPubMed
48.
van Leuven SI, Sankatsing RR, Vermeulen JN, Kastelein JJ, Reiss P, Stroes ES. Atherosclerotic vascular disease in HIV: it is not just antiretroviral therapy that hurts the heart! Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2007;2:324–31.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Libby P, Okamoto Y, Rocha VZ, Folco E. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: transition from theory to practice. Circ J. 2010;74:213–20.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Murray SM, Down CM, Boulware DR, Stauffer WM, Cavert WP, Schacker TW, et al. Reduction of immune activation during chronic HIV infection with chloroquine therapy. J Virol. 2010;84:12082–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Hognestad A, Endresen K, Wergeland R, Mellembakken JR, Mollnes TE, Omland T, et al. Inflammatory response and re-stenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in heart transplant recipients and patients with native atherosclerosis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:1026–32.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Gonzalez VD, Falconer K, Blom KG, Reichard O, Mørn B, Laursen AL, et al. High levels of chronic immune activation in the T-cell compartments of patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and on highly active antiretroviral therapy are reverted by alpha interferon and ribavirin treatment. J Virol. 2009;83:11407–11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Ceccarelli G, d’Ettorre G, Mancone M, Francone M, Vullo V. Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis after execution of percutaneous coronary intervention in patient with HIV/HCV coinfection: case report and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2011;12:262–5.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–207.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Grover S. Role of statins in autoimmune disease. J Indian Rheumatol Assoc. 2003;11:76–8.
56.
Maki-Petaja KM, Booth AD, Hall FC, Wallace SM, Brown J, McEniery CM, Wilkinson IB. Ezetimibe and simvastatin reduce inflammation, disease activity, and aortic stiffness and improve endothelial function in rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:852–8.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Kanda H, Hamasaki K, Kubo K, Tateishi S, Yonezumi A, Kanda Y, Yamamoto K, Mimura T. Antiinflammatory effect of simvastatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:2024–6.PubMed
58.
McCarey DW, McInnes IB, Madhok R, Hampson R, Scherbakova O, Ford I, Capell HA, Sattar N. Trial of atorvastatin in rheumatoid arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:2015–21.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Okamoto H, Koizumi K, Kamitsuji S, Inoue E, Hara M, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N, Yamanaka H. Beneficial action of statins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a large observational cohort. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:964–8.PubMed
60.
Sheng X, Murphy MJ, Macdonald TM, Wei L. Effectiveness of statins on total cholesterol and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:32–40.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Palinsk W. New evidence for beneficial effects of statins unrelated to lipid lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(3–5):9.
62.
Weitz-Schimdt G, Welzenbach K, Brinkmann V, Kamata T, Kallen J, Bruns C, et al. Statins selectively inhibit leucocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nat Med. 2001;7(687–692):10.
63.
Wong B, Lumma WC, Smith AM, Sisko JT, Wright SD, Cai TQ. Statins suppress THP-1 cell migration and secrection of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by inhibiting geranylgeranylation. J LeukocBiol. 2001;69:952–62.
64.
65.
Drechsler H, Zhang S, Maalouf N, Cutrell J, Tebas P, Bedimo R. (2013) Impact of statin exposure on mortality and non-AIDS complications in HIV patients on HAART. 20th Conference on retroviruse and opportunistic infections (CROI). Atlanta; 2013.p. 3–6 poster#765.
66.
Overton ET, Kitch D, Benson CA, Hunt PW, Stein JH, Smurzynski M, et al. Effect of statin therapy in reducing the risk of serious non-AIDS-defining events and nonaccidental death. Clin Inf Dis. 2013;56:1471–9.CrossRef
67.
Gili S, Grosso Marra W, D’Ascenzo F, Lonni E, Calcagno A, Cannillo M, Ballocca F, Cerrato E, Pianelli M, Barbero U, Mancone M, Di Nicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, Omedè P, Montefusco A, Bonora S, Gasparini M, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, Gaita F. Comparative safety and efficacy of statins for primary prevention in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2016. pii: ehv734.
68.
Longenecker CT, Eckard AR, McComsey GA. Statins to improve cardiovascular outcomes in treated HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(1):1–9.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Weijma RG, Vos ER, Ten Oever J, Van Schilfgaarde M, Dijksman LM, Van Der Ven A, Van Den Berk GE, Brinkman K, Frissen JP, Leyte A, Schouten IW, Netea MG, Blok WL. The effect of rosuvastatin on markers of immune activation in treatment-naïve human immunodeficiency virus-patients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015;3(1):ofv201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Hileman CO, Turner R, Funderburg NT, Semba RD, McComsey GA. Changes in oxidized lipids drive the improvement in monocyte activation and vascular disease after statin therapy in HIV. AIDS. 2016;30(1):65–73.PubMed
71.
Nou E, Lu MT, Looby SE, Fitch KV, Kim EA, Lee H, Hoffmann U, Grinspoon SK, Lo J. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases in response to statin therapy and relates independently to reductions in coronary plaque in patients with HIV. AIDS. 2016;30(4):583–90.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Zidar DA, Juchnowski S, Ferrari B, Clagett B, PilchCooper HA, Rose S, Rodriguez B, McComsey GA, Sieg SF, Mehta NN, Lederman MM, Funderburg NT. Oxidized LDL levels are increased in HIV infection and may drive monocyte activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(2):154–60.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Gilbert JM, Fitch KV, Grinspoon SK. HIV-related cardiovascular disease, statins, and the REPRIEVE Trial. Top Antivir Med. 2015;23(4):146–9.PubMed
74.
Lichtenstein KA, Hart RL, Wood KC, Bozzette S, Buchacz K, Brooks JT. HIV outpatient study investigators. Statin use is associated with incident diabetes mellitus among patients in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr. 2015;69(3):306–11.CrossRef
75.
Bastida C, Also MA, Pericas JM, Letang E, Tuset M, Miró JM. Rhabdomyolysis and severe hepatotoxicity due to a drug-drug interaction between ritonavir and simvastatin. Could we use the most cost-effective statin in all human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2014;32(9):579–82.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Chanson N, Bossi P, Schneider L, Bourry E, Izzedine H. Rhabdomyolysis afterezetimibe/simvastatin therapy in an HIV-infected patient. NDT Plus. 2008;1(3):157–61.PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
de Kanter CT, Keuter M, van der Lee MJ, Koopmans PP, Burger DM. Rhabdomyolysis in an HIV-infected patient with impaired renal function concomitantly treated with rosuvastatin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(3):435–7.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Chauvin B, Drouot S, Barrail-Tran A, Taburet AM. Drug-drug interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and antiviral protease inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(10):815–31.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Gervasoni C, Riva A, Rizzardini G, Clementi E, Galli M, Cattaneo D. Potential association between rosuvastatin use and high atazanavir trough concentrations in ritonavir-treated HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2015;20(4):449–51.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Dinoso JB, Kim SY, Wiegand AM, Palmer SE, Gange SJ, Cranmer L, et al. Treatment intensification does not reduce residual HIV-1 viremia in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:9403–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Llibre JM, Buzón MJ, Massanella M, Esteve A, Dahl V, Puertas MC, et al. Treatment intensification with raltegravir in subjects with sustained HIV-1 viraemia suppression: a randomized 48-week study. Antivir Ther. 2012;17:355–64.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Hummelen R, Vos AP, van’t Land B, van Norren K, Reid G. Altered host-microbe interaction in HIV: a target for intervention with pro- and prebiotics. Int Rev Immunol. 2010;29:485–513.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Stiksrud B, Nowak P, Nwosu FC, Kvale D, Thalme A, Sonnerborg A, et al. Reduced levels of D-dimer and changes in gut microbiota composition after probiotic intervention in HIV-infected individuals on stable ART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70:329–37.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Villar-García J, Hernández JJ, Güerri-Fernández R, González A, Lerma E, Guelar A, et al. Effect of probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii) on microbial translocation and inflammation in HIV-treated patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:256–63.CrossRefPubMed
85.
González-Hernández LA, Jave-Suarez LF, Fafutis-Morris M, Montes-Salcedo KE, Valle-Gutierrez LG, Campos-Loza AE, et al. Synbiotic therapy decreases microbial translocation and inflammation and improves immunological status in HIV-infected patients: a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial. Nutr J. 2012;11:90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Giustini N, Serafino S, Calantone N, De Girolamo G, et al. Probiotics reduce inflammation in antiretroviral treated, HIV-infected individuals: results of the “Probio-HIV” clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0137200.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Longo V, Bonato M, Bossolasco S, et al. Brisk walking improves inflammatory markers in cART-treated patients. Abstract 763. 21st Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections (CROI). Boston; 2014.
88.
Ogalha C, Luz E, Sampaio E, Souza R, Zarife A, Neto MG, et al. A randomized, clinical trial to evaluate the impact of regular physical activity on the quality of life, body morphology and metabolic parameters of patients with AIDS in Salvador, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(Suppl 3):S179–85.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Fillipas S, Oldmeadow LB, Bailey MJ, et al. A six-month, supervised, aerobic and resistance exercise program improves self-efficacy in people with human immunodeficiency virus: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52:185–90.CrossRefPubMed
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Giustini N, Mastroianni CM, Silvestri G, Vullo V. Taming HIV-related inflammation with physical activity: a matter of timing. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2014;30:936–44.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Saumoy M, Alonso-Villaverde C, Navarro A, Olmo M, Vila R, Maria Ramon J, Yacovo SD, Ferrer E, Curto J, Vernet A, Vila A, Podzamczer D. Randomized trial of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention in HIV-infected patients with moderate-high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:301–8.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Tseng ZH, Secemsky EA, Dowdy D, Vittinghoff E, Moyers B, Wong JK, Havlir DV, Hsue PY. Sudden cardiac death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1891–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
97.
Esser S, Gelbrich G, Brockmeyer N, Goehler A, Schadendorf D, Erbel R, Neumann T, Reinsch N. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in HIV-infected outpatients: results from a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2013;102:203–13.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Esser S, Eisele L, Schwarz B, Schulze C, Holzendorf V, Brockmeyer NH, Hower M, Kwirant F, Rudolph R, Neumann T, Reinsch N. Rates of cardiovascular events and deaths are associated with advanced stages of HIV-infection: results of the HIV HEART study 7, 5 year follow-up. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(4 Suppl 3):19542.PubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Petoumenos K, Reiss P, Ryom L, Rickenbach M, Sabin CA, El-Sadr W, d’Arminio Monforte A, Phillips AN, De Wit S, Kirk O, Dabis F, Pradier C, Lundgren JD, Law MG, D:A:D study group. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with age in HIV-positive men: a comparison of the D:A:D CVD risk equation and general population CVD risk equations. HIV Med. 2014;15:595–603.PubMed
100.
Carballo D, Delhumeau C, Carballo S, Bähler C, Radovanovic D, Hirschel B, Clerc O, Bernasconi E, Fasel D, Schmid P, Cusini A, Fehr J, Erne P, Keller PF, Ledergerber B, Calmy A, Swiss HIV Cohort Study and AMIS registry. Increased mortality after a first myocardial infarction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients; a nested cohort study. AIDS Res Ther. 2015;12:4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
What happens to cardiovascular system behind the undetectable level of HIV viremia?
Authors
Gabriella d’Ettorre
Giancarlo Ceccarelli
Paolo Pavone
Pietro Vittozzi
Gabriella De Girolamo
Ivan Schietroma
Sara Serafino
Noemi Giustini
Vincenzo Vullo
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
AIDS Research and Therapy / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1742-6405
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-016-0105-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

AIDS Research and Therapy 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research

Assessing the sensitivity and specificity of First Response HIV-1-2 test kit with whole blood and serum samples: a cross-sectional study

Research

Early infant diagnosis of HIV infection using DNA-PCR at a referral center: an 8 years retrospective analysis

Research

HIV-1 genetic diversity and its distribution characteristics among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Hebei province, China

Review

Gut barrier structure, mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV infection

Review

Dolutegravir(DTG, S/GSK1349572) combined with other ARTs is superior to RAL- or EFV-based regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Review

Sexually transmitted infections and pre-exposure prophylaxis: challenges and opportunities among men who have sex with men in the US
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits