Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2009

01-06-2009 | Review

What epidemiology has told us about risk factors and aetiopathogenesis in rheumatic diseases

Authors: Jacqueline E Oliver, Alan J Silman

Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Issue 3/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

This article will review how epidemiological studies have advanced our knowledge of both genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatic diseases over the past decade. The major rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, osteoarthritis, gout, and fibromyalgia, and chronic widespread pain, will be covered. Advances discussed will include how a number of large prospective studies have improved our knowledge of risk factors, including diet, obesity, hormones, and smoking. The change from small-scale association studies to genome-wide association studies using gene chips to reveal new genetic risk factors will also be reviewed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Naimark A, Weissman B, Aliabadi P, Levy D: Risk factors for incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 728-733. 10.1002/art.1780400420.PubMed Felson DT, Zhang Y, Hannan MT, Naimark A, Weissman B, Aliabadi P, Levy D: Risk factors for incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 728-733. 10.1002/art.1780400420.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD: Incidence and risk factors for radiographic knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged women: the Chingford Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 17-24. 10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<17::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-E.PubMed Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD: Incidence and risk factors for radiographic knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged women: the Chingford Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 17-24. 10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<17::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-E.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Karlson EW, Mandl LA, Aweh GN, Grodstein F: Coffee consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 3055-3060. 10.1002/art.11306.PubMed Karlson EW, Mandl LA, Aweh GN, Grodstein F: Coffee consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 3055-3060. 10.1002/art.11306.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Sanchez Guerrero J, Karlson EW, Liang MH, Hunter DJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA: Past use of oral contraceptives and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 804-808. 10.1002/art.1780400505.PubMed Sanchez Guerrero J, Karlson EW, Liang MH, Hunter DJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA: Past use of oral contraceptives and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 804-808. 10.1002/art.1780400505.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Day NE, Silman AJ: Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3804-3812. 10.1002/art.20731.PubMed Pattison DJ, Symmons DP, Lunt M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Day NE, Silman AJ: Dietary risk factors for the development of inflammatory polyarthritis: evidence for a role of high level of red meat consumption. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3804-3812. 10.1002/art.20731.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G: Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 1093-1103. 10.1056/NEJMoa035700.PubMed Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G: Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 1093-1103. 10.1056/NEJMoa035700.PubMed
7.
go back to reference The Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium: Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007, 447: 661-678. 10.1038/nature05911.PubMedCentral The Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium: Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007, 447: 661-678. 10.1038/nature05911.PubMedCentral
8.
go back to reference Oliver JE, Silman AJ: Risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006, 35: 169-174. 10.1080/03009740600718080.PubMed Oliver JE, Silman AJ: Risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006, 35: 169-174. 10.1080/03009740600718080.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Heliovaara M, Aho K, Knekt P, Impivaara O, Reunanen A, Aromaa A: Coffee consumption, rheumatoid factor, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000, 59: 631-635. 10.1136/ard.59.8.631.PubMedCentralPubMed Heliovaara M, Aho K, Knekt P, Impivaara O, Reunanen A, Aromaa A: Coffee consumption, rheumatoid factor, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000, 59: 631-635. 10.1136/ard.59.8.631.PubMedCentralPubMed
10.
go back to reference Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Merlino L, Mudano AS, Burma M, Folsom AR, Saag KG: Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa women's health study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 83-91. 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<83::AID-ART10042>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMed Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Merlino L, Mudano AS, Burma M, Folsom AR, Saag KG: Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa women's health study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 83-91. 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<83::AID-ART10042>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Skoldstam L, Hagfors L, Johansson G: An experimental study of a Mediterranean diet intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 208-214. 10.1136/ard.62.3.208.PubMedCentralPubMed Skoldstam L, Hagfors L, Johansson G: An experimental study of a Mediterranean diet intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 208-214. 10.1136/ard.62.3.208.PubMedCentralPubMed
12.
go back to reference Linos A, Kaklamani VG, Kaklamani E, Koumantaki Y, Giziaki E, Papazoglou S, Mantzoros CS: Dietary factors in relation to rheumatoid arthritis: a role for olive oil and cooked vegetables?. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70: 1077-1082.PubMed Linos A, Kaklamani VG, Kaklamani E, Koumantaki Y, Giziaki E, Papazoglou S, Mantzoros CS: Dietary factors in relation to rheumatoid arthritis: a role for olive oil and cooked vegetables?. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70: 1077-1082.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Pattison DJ, Harrison RA, Symmons DP: The role of diet in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1310-1319.PubMed Pattison DJ, Harrison RA, Symmons DP: The role of diet in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1310-1319.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Saag KG: Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 72-77. 10.1002/art.11434.PubMed Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Saag KG: Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 72-77. 10.1002/art.11434.PubMed
15.
go back to reference ito-Garcia E, Feskanich D, Hu FB, Mandl LA, Karlson EW: Protein, iron, and meat consumption and risk for rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R16-10.1186/ar2123. ito-Garcia E, Feskanich D, Hu FB, Mandl LA, Karlson EW: Protein, iron, and meat consumption and risk for rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007, 9: R16-10.1186/ar2123.
16.
go back to reference Criswell LA, Merlino LA, Cerhan JR, Mikuls TR, Mudano AS, Burma M, Folsom AR, Saag KG: Cigarette smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa women's health study. Am J Med. 2002, 112: 465-471. 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01051-3.PubMed Criswell LA, Merlino LA, Cerhan JR, Mikuls TR, Mudano AS, Burma M, Folsom AR, Saag KG: Cigarette smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa women's health study. Am J Med. 2002, 112: 465-471. 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01051-3.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Hutchinson D, Shepstone L, Moots R, Lear JT, Lynch MP: Heavy cigarette smoking is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in patients without a family history of RA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001, 60: 223-227. 10.1136/ard.60.3.223.PubMedCentralPubMed Hutchinson D, Shepstone L, Moots R, Lear JT, Lynch MP: Heavy cigarette smoking is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in patients without a family history of RA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001, 60: 223-227. 10.1136/ard.60.3.223.PubMedCentralPubMed
18.
go back to reference Uhlig T, Hagen KB, Kvien TK: Current tobacco smoking, formal education, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 47-54.PubMed Uhlig T, Hagen KB, Kvien TK: Current tobacco smoking, formal education, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 47-54.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Stolt P, Bengtsson C, Nordmark B, Lindblad S, Lundberg I, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L, EIRA study group: Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population based case-control study, using incident cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 835-841. 10.1136/ard.62.9.835.PubMedCentralPubMed Stolt P, Bengtsson C, Nordmark B, Lindblad S, Lundberg I, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L, EIRA study group: Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population based case-control study, using incident cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 835-841. 10.1136/ard.62.9.835.PubMedCentralPubMed
20.
go back to reference Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH: A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 910-917. 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMed Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH: A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 910-917. 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<910::AID-ANR9>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Harrison BJ, Silman AJ, Wiles NJ, Scott DG, Symmons DP: The association of cigarette smoking with disease outcome in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 323-330. 10.1002/1529-0131(200102)44:2<323::AID-ANR49>3.0.CO;2-C.PubMed Harrison BJ, Silman AJ, Wiles NJ, Scott DG, Symmons DP: The association of cigarette smoking with disease outcome in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 323-330. 10.1002/1529-0131(200102)44:2<323::AID-ANR49>3.0.CO;2-C.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Papadopoulos NG, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Epagelis EK, Tsifetaki N, Drosos AA: Does cigarette smoking influence disease expression, activity and severity in early rheumatoid arthritis patients?. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005, 23: 861-866.PubMed Papadopoulos NG, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Epagelis EK, Tsifetaki N, Drosos AA: Does cigarette smoking influence disease expression, activity and severity in early rheumatoid arthritis patients?. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005, 23: 861-866.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Symmons DP, Bankhead CR, Harrison BJ, Brennan P, Barrett EM, Scott DG, Silman AJ: Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based incident case-control study in Norfolk, England. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1955-1961. 10.1002/art.1780401106.PubMed Symmons DP, Bankhead CR, Harrison BJ, Brennan P, Barrett EM, Scott DG, Silman AJ: Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based incident case-control study in Norfolk, England. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1955-1961. 10.1002/art.1780401106.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Mandl LA, Costenbader KH, Simard J, Karlson EW: Is birth-weight associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis? Data from a large prospective Cohort Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Mandl LA, Costenbader KH, Simard J, Karlson EW: Is birth-weight associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis? Data from a large prospective Cohort Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008
25.
go back to reference Pikwer M, Bergström U, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson L, Berglund G, Turesson C: Breast-feeding, but not oral contraceptives, is associated with a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Pikwer M, Bergström U, Nilsson JA, Jacobsson L, Berglund G, Turesson C: Breast-feeding, but not oral contraceptives, is associated with a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008
26.
go back to reference Källberg H, Jacobsen S, Bengtsson C, Pedersen M, Padyukov L, Garred P, Frisch M, Karlson EW, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L: Alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from two Scandinavian case-control studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 222-227. 10.1136/ard.2007.086314.PubMedCentralPubMed Källberg H, Jacobsen S, Bengtsson C, Pedersen M, Padyukov L, Garred P, Frisch M, Karlson EW, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L: Alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from two Scandinavian case-control studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 222-227. 10.1136/ard.2007.086314.PubMedCentralPubMed
27.
go back to reference Cutolo M, Straub RH: Stress as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006, 13: 277-282. 10.1159/000104855.PubMed Cutolo M, Straub RH: Stress as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006, 13: 277-282. 10.1159/000104855.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Oliver JE, Worthington J, Silman AJ: Genetic epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006, 18: 141-146. 10.1097/01.bor.0000209425.84775.23.PubMed Oliver JE, Worthington J, Silman AJ: Genetic epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006, 18: 141-146. 10.1097/01.bor.0000209425.84775.23.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, Huang Q, Smith AM, Spoerke JM, Conn MT, Chang M, Chang SY, Saiki RK, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Garcia VE, McAllister LB, Jeffery DA, Lee AT, Batliwalla F, Remmers E, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Amos CI, Sninsky JJ, Gregersen PK: A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 330-337. 10.1086/422827.PubMedCentralPubMed Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, Huang Q, Smith AM, Spoerke JM, Conn MT, Chang M, Chang SY, Saiki RK, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Garcia VE, McAllister LB, Jeffery DA, Lee AT, Batliwalla F, Remmers E, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Amos CI, Sninsky JJ, Gregersen PK: A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 330-337. 10.1086/422827.PubMedCentralPubMed
30.
go back to reference Hinks A, Barton A, John S, Bruce I, Hawkins C, Griffiths CE, Donn R, Thomson W, Silman A, Worthington J: Association between the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population: further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 1694-1699. 10.1002/art.21049.PubMed Hinks A, Barton A, John S, Bruce I, Hawkins C, Griffiths CE, Donn R, Thomson W, Silman A, Worthington J: Association between the PTPN22 gene and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population: further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 1694-1699. 10.1002/art.21049.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Lee AT, Li W, Liew A, Bombardier C, Weisman M, Massarotti EM, Kent J, Wolfe F, Begovich AB, Gregersen PK: The PTPN22 R620W polymorphism associates with RF positive rheumatoid arthritis in a dose-dependent manner but not with HLA-SE status. Genes Immun. 2005, 6: 129-133. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364159.PubMed Lee AT, Li W, Liew A, Bombardier C, Weisman M, Massarotti EM, Kent J, Wolfe F, Begovich AB, Gregersen PK: The PTPN22 R620W polymorphism associates with RF positive rheumatoid arthritis in a dose-dependent manner but not with HLA-SE status. Genes Immun. 2005, 6: 129-133. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364159.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Laiho K, Li H, Saila H, Savolainen A, Leirisalo-Repo M, Aho K, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Kaarela K, Kauppi M, Alexander HC, Begovich AB, Tuomilehto J: Finnish case-control and family studies support PTPN22 R620W polymorphism as a risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis, but suggest only minimal or no effect in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Genes Immun. 2005, 6: 720-722.PubMed Seldin MF, Shigeta R, Laiho K, Li H, Saila H, Savolainen A, Leirisalo-Repo M, Aho K, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Kaarela K, Kauppi M, Alexander HC, Begovich AB, Tuomilehto J: Finnish case-control and family studies support PTPN22 R620W polymorphism as a risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis, but suggest only minimal or no effect in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Genes Immun. 2005, 6: 720-722.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Orozco G, Sánchez E, González-Gay MA, López-Nevot MA, Torres B, Cáliz R, Ortego-Centeno N, Jiménez-Alonso J, Pascual-Salcedo D, Balsa A, de Pablo R, Nuñez-Roldan A, González-Escribano MF, Martín J: Association of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, encoding lymphoid protein phosphatase, with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 219-224. 10.1002/art.20771.PubMed Orozco G, Sánchez E, González-Gay MA, López-Nevot MA, Torres B, Cáliz R, Ortego-Centeno N, Jiménez-Alonso J, Pascual-Salcedo D, Balsa A, de Pablo R, Nuñez-Roldan A, González-Escribano MF, Martín J: Association of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, encoding lymphoid protein phosphatase, with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 219-224. 10.1002/art.20771.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Suzuki A, Yamada R, Chang X, Tokuhiro S, Sawada T, Suzuki M, Nagasaki M, Nakayama-Hamada M, Kawaida R, Ono M, Ohtsuki M, Furukawa H, Yoshino S, Yukioka M, Tohma S, Matsubara T, Wakitani S, Teshima R, Nishioka Y, Sekine A, Iida A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K: Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet. 2003, 34: 395-402. 10.1038/ng1206.PubMed Suzuki A, Yamada R, Chang X, Tokuhiro S, Sawada T, Suzuki M, Nagasaki M, Nakayama-Hamada M, Kawaida R, Ono M, Ohtsuki M, Furukawa H, Yoshino S, Yukioka M, Tohma S, Matsubara T, Wakitani S, Teshima R, Nishioka Y, Sekine A, Iida A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K: Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet. 2003, 34: 395-402. 10.1038/ng1206.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Ikari K, Kuwahara M, Nakamura T, Momohara S, Hara M, Yamanaka H, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N: Association between PADI4 and rheumatoid arthritis: a replication study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3054-3057. 10.1002/art.21309.PubMed Ikari K, Kuwahara M, Nakamura T, Momohara S, Hara M, Yamanaka H, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N: Association between PADI4 and rheumatoid arthritis: a replication study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3054-3057. 10.1002/art.21309.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Barton A, Bowes J, Eyre S, Spreckley K, Hinks A, John S, Worthington J: A functional haplotype of the PADI4 gene associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a Japanese population is not associated in a United Kingdom population. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1117-1121. 10.1002/art.20169.PubMed Barton A, Bowes J, Eyre S, Spreckley K, Hinks A, John S, Worthington J: A functional haplotype of the PADI4 gene associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a Japanese population is not associated in a United Kingdom population. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1117-1121. 10.1002/art.20169.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Caponi L, Petit-Teixeira E, Sebbag M, Bongiorni F, Moscato S, Pratesi F, Pierlot C, Osorio J, Chapuy-Regaud S, Guerrin M, Cornelis F, Serre G, Migliorini P, ECRAF: A family based study shows no association between rheumatoid arthritis and the PADI4 gene in a white French population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 587-593. 10.1136/ard.2004.026831.PubMedCentralPubMed Caponi L, Petit-Teixeira E, Sebbag M, Bongiorni F, Moscato S, Pratesi F, Pierlot C, Osorio J, Chapuy-Regaud S, Guerrin M, Cornelis F, Serre G, Migliorini P, ECRAF: A family based study shows no association between rheumatoid arthritis and the PADI4 gene in a white French population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 587-593. 10.1136/ard.2004.026831.PubMedCentralPubMed
38.
go back to reference Martinez A, Valdivia A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Lamas JR, Fernández-Arquero M, Balsa A, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E: PADI4 polymorphisms are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Spanish population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44: 1263-1266. 10.1093/rheumatology/kei008. Martinez A, Valdivia A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Lamas JR, Fernández-Arquero M, Balsa A, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E: PADI4 polymorphisms are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Spanish population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005, 44: 1263-1266. 10.1093/rheumatology/kei008.
39.
go back to reference Lee YH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG: PADI4 polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2007, 27: 827-833. 10.1007/s00296-007-0320-y.PubMed Lee YH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG: PADI4 polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2007, 27: 827-833. 10.1007/s00296-007-0320-y.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Plenge RM, Padyukov L, Remmers EF, Purcell S, Lee AT, Karlson EW, Wolfe F, Kastner DL, Alfredsson L, Altshuler D, Gregersen PK, Klareskog L, Rioux JD: Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in > 4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. Am J Hum Genet. 2005, 77: 1044-1060. 10.1086/498651.PubMedCentralPubMed Plenge RM, Padyukov L, Remmers EF, Purcell S, Lee AT, Karlson EW, Wolfe F, Kastner DL, Alfredsson L, Altshuler D, Gregersen PK, Klareskog L, Rioux JD: Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in > 4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. Am J Hum Genet. 2005, 77: 1044-1060. 10.1086/498651.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
go back to reference Jawaheer D, Seldin MF, Amos CI, Chen WV, Shigeta R, Monteiro J, Kern M, Criswell LA, Albani S, Nelson JL, Clegg DO, Pope R, Schroeder HW, Bridges SL, Pisetsky DS, Ward R, Kastner DL, Wilder RL, Pincus T, Callahan LF, Flemming D, Wener MH, Gregersen PK: A genomewide screen in multiplex rheumatoid arthritis families suggests genetic overlap with other autoimmune diseases. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 927-936. 10.1086/319518.PubMedCentralPubMed Jawaheer D, Seldin MF, Amos CI, Chen WV, Shigeta R, Monteiro J, Kern M, Criswell LA, Albani S, Nelson JL, Clegg DO, Pope R, Schroeder HW, Bridges SL, Pisetsky DS, Ward R, Kastner DL, Wilder RL, Pincus T, Callahan LF, Flemming D, Wener MH, Gregersen PK: A genomewide screen in multiplex rheumatoid arthritis families suggests genetic overlap with other autoimmune diseases. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 927-936. 10.1086/319518.PubMedCentralPubMed
42.
go back to reference Liu C, Batliwalla F, Li W, Lee A, Roubenoff R, Beckman E, Khalili H, Damle A, Kern M, Furie R, Dupuis J, Plenge RM, Coenen MJ, Behrens TW, Carulli JP, Gregersen PK: Genome-wide association scan identifies candidate polymorphisms associated with differential response to anti-TNF treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Med. 2008, 14: 575-581.PubMedCentralPubMed Liu C, Batliwalla F, Li W, Lee A, Roubenoff R, Beckman E, Khalili H, Damle A, Kern M, Furie R, Dupuis J, Plenge RM, Coenen MJ, Behrens TW, Carulli JP, Gregersen PK: Genome-wide association scan identifies candidate polymorphisms associated with differential response to anti-TNF treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Med. 2008, 14: 575-581.PubMedCentralPubMed
43.
go back to reference Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L: A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3085-3092. 10.1002/art.20553.PubMed Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L: A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3085-3092. 10.1002/art.20553.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Costenbader KH, Chang SC, De VI, Plenge R, Karlson EW: Genetic polymorphisms in PTPN22, PADI-4, and CTLA-4 and risk for rheumatoid arthritis in two longitudinal cohort studies: evidence of gene-environment interactions with heavy cigarette smoking. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008, 10: R52-10.1186/ar2421.PubMedCentralPubMed Costenbader KH, Chang SC, De VI, Plenge R, Karlson EW: Genetic polymorphisms in PTPN22, PADI-4, and CTLA-4 and risk for rheumatoid arthritis in two longitudinal cohort studies: evidence of gene-environment interactions with heavy cigarette smoking. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008, 10: R52-10.1186/ar2421.PubMedCentralPubMed
45.
go back to reference Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, Pedersen BV, Wiik A, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R133-10.1186/ar2022.PubMedCentralPubMed Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, Pedersen BV, Wiik A, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R133-10.1186/ar2022.PubMedCentralPubMed
46.
go back to reference Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Garred P, Madsen HO, Klarlund M, Svejgaard A, Pedersen BV, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Strong combined gene-environment effects in anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-positive rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide case-control study in Denmark. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1446-1453. 10.1002/art.22597.PubMed Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Garred P, Madsen HO, Klarlund M, Svejgaard A, Pedersen BV, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Strong combined gene-environment effects in anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-positive rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide case-control study in Denmark. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1446-1453. 10.1002/art.22597.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Manners PJ, Bower C: Worldwide prevalence of juvenile arthritis: why does it vary so much?. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 1520-1530.PubMed Manners PJ, Bower C: Worldwide prevalence of juvenile arthritis: why does it vary so much?. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 1520-1530.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Saurenmann RK, Rose JB, Tyrrell P, Feldman BM, Laxer RM, Schneider R, Silverman ED: Epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a multiethnic cohort: ethnicity as a risk factor. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1974-1984. 10.1002/art.22709.PubMed Saurenmann RK, Rose JB, Tyrrell P, Feldman BM, Laxer RM, Schneider R, Silverman ED: Epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a multiethnic cohort: ethnicity as a risk factor. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1974-1984. 10.1002/art.22709.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Thompson SD, Moroldo MB, Guyer L, Ryan M, Tombragel EM, Shear ES, Prahalad S, Sudman M, Keddache MA, Brown WM, Giannini EH, Langefeld CD, Rich SS, Nichols WC, Glass DN: A genome-wide scan for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in affected sibpair families provides evidence of linkage. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2920-2930. 10.1002/art.20425.PubMed Thompson SD, Moroldo MB, Guyer L, Ryan M, Tombragel EM, Shear ES, Prahalad S, Sudman M, Keddache MA, Brown WM, Giannini EH, Langefeld CD, Rich SS, Nichols WC, Glass DN: A genome-wide scan for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in affected sibpair families provides evidence of linkage. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2920-2930. 10.1002/art.20425.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Donn R, Alourfi Z, De Benedetti F, Meazza C, Zeggini E, Lunt M, Stevens A, Shelley E, Lamb R, Ollier WE, Thomson W, Ray D, British Paediatric Rheumatology Study Group: Mutation screening of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene: positive association of a functional polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 2402-2409. 10.1002/art.10492.PubMed Donn R, Alourfi Z, De Benedetti F, Meazza C, Zeggini E, Lunt M, Stevens A, Shelley E, Lamb R, Ollier WE, Thomson W, Ray D, British Paediatric Rheumatology Study Group: Mutation screening of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene: positive association of a functional polymorphism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 2402-2409. 10.1002/art.10492.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Lee YH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG, Nath SK, Harley JB: The PTPN22 C1858T functional polymorphism and autoimmune diseases-a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007, 46: 49-56. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel170. Lee YH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG, Nath SK, Harley JB: The PTPN22 C1858T functional polymorphism and autoimmune diseases-a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007, 46: 49-56. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel170.
52.
go back to reference Sanjeevi CB, Miller EN, Dabadghao P, Rumba I, Shtauvere A, Denisova A, Clayton D, Blackwell JM: Polymorphism at NRAMP1 and D2S1471 loci associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1397-1404. 10.1002/1529-0131(200006)43:6<1397::AID-ANR25>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed Sanjeevi CB, Miller EN, Dabadghao P, Rumba I, Shtauvere A, Denisova A, Clayton D, Blackwell JM: Polymorphism at NRAMP1 and D2S1471 loci associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 1397-1404. 10.1002/1529-0131(200006)43:6<1397::AID-ANR25>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Humphries S, Woo P: The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1998, 102: 1369-1376. 10.1172/JCI2629.PubMedCentralPubMed Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Humphries S, Woo P: The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1998, 102: 1369-1376. 10.1172/JCI2629.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
go back to reference Pattison E, Harrison BJ, Griffiths CE, Silman AJ, Bruce IN: Environmental risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: results from a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 672-676. 10.1136/ard.2007.073932.PubMed Pattison E, Harrison BJ, Griffiths CE, Silman AJ, Bruce IN: Environmental risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: results from a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 672-676. 10.1136/ard.2007.073932.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Thumboo J, Uramoto K, Shbeeb MI, O'Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gibson LE, Michet CJ, Gabriel SE: Risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: a population based nested case control study. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 757-762.PubMed Thumboo J, Uramoto K, Shbeeb MI, O'Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gibson LE, Michet CJ, Gabriel SE: Risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: a population based nested case control study. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 757-762.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Rahman P, Bartlett S, Siannis F, Pellett FJ, Farewell VT, Peddle L, Schentag CT, Alderdice CA, Hamilton S, Khraishi M, Tobin Y, Hefferton D, Gladman DD: CARD15: a pleiotropic autoimmune gene that confers susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 73: 677-681. 10.1086/378076.PubMedCentralPubMed Rahman P, Bartlett S, Siannis F, Pellett FJ, Farewell VT, Peddle L, Schentag CT, Alderdice CA, Hamilton S, Khraishi M, Tobin Y, Hefferton D, Gladman DD: CARD15: a pleiotropic autoimmune gene that confers susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 73: 677-681. 10.1086/378076.PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
go back to reference Lascorz J, Burkhardt H, Hüffmeier U, Böhm B, Schürmeyer-Horst F, Lohmann J, Ständer M, Wendler J, Kelsch R, Baumann C, Küster W, Traupe H, Reis A: Lack of genetic association of the three more common polymorphisms of CARD15 with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis in a German cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 951-954. 10.1136/ard.2004.029157.PubMedCentralPubMed Lascorz J, Burkhardt H, Hüffmeier U, Böhm B, Schürmeyer-Horst F, Lohmann J, Ständer M, Wendler J, Kelsch R, Baumann C, Küster W, Traupe H, Reis A: Lack of genetic association of the three more common polymorphisms of CARD15 with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis in a German cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 951-954. 10.1136/ard.2004.029157.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
go back to reference Giardina E, Novelli G, Costanzo A, Nisticò S, Bulli C, Sinibaldi C, Sorgi ML, Chimenti S, Pallone F, Taccari E, Borgiani P: Psoriatic arthritis and CARD15 gene polymorphisms: no evidence for association in the Italian population. J Invest Dermatol. 2004, 122: 1106-1107. 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22524.x.PubMed Giardina E, Novelli G, Costanzo A, Nisticò S, Bulli C, Sinibaldi C, Sorgi ML, Chimenti S, Pallone F, Taccari E, Borgiani P: Psoriatic arthritis and CARD15 gene polymorphisms: no evidence for association in the Italian population. J Invest Dermatol. 2004, 122: 1106-1107. 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22524.x.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Nelson GW, Martin MP, Gladman D, Wade J, Trowsdale J, Carrington M: Cutting edge: heterozygote advantage in autoimmune disease: hierarchy of protection/susceptibility conferred by HLA and killer Ig-like receptor combinations in psoriatic arthritis. J Immunol. 2004, 173: 4273-4276.PubMed Nelson GW, Martin MP, Gladman D, Wade J, Trowsdale J, Carrington M: Cutting edge: heterozygote advantage in autoimmune disease: hierarchy of protection/susceptibility conferred by HLA and killer Ig-like receptor combinations in psoriatic arthritis. J Immunol. 2004, 173: 4273-4276.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J, Torre-Alonso JC, Gonzalez-Roces S, Sanchez del Río J, Rodriguez Pérez A, Brautbar C, López-Larrea C: The MICA-A9 triplet repeat polymorphism in the transmembrane region confers additional susceptibility to the development of psoriatic arthritis and is independent of the association of Cw*0602 in psoriasis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 1010-1016. 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<1010::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-H.PubMed Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J, Torre-Alonso JC, Gonzalez-Roces S, Sanchez del Río J, Rodriguez Pérez A, Brautbar C, López-Larrea C: The MICA-A9 triplet repeat polymorphism in the transmembrane region confers additional susceptibility to the development of psoriatic arthritis and is independent of the association of Cw*0602 in psoriasis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 1010-1016. 10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<1010::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-H.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Karason A, Gudjonsson JE, Upmanyu R, Antonsdottir AA, Hauksson VB, Runasdottir EH, Jonsson HH, Gudbjartsson DF, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Valdimarsson H, Gulcher JR: A susceptibility gene for psoriatic arthritis maps to chromosome 16q: evidence for imprinting. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 125-131. 10.1086/345646.PubMedCentralPubMed Karason A, Gudjonsson JE, Upmanyu R, Antonsdottir AA, Hauksson VB, Runasdottir EH, Jonsson HH, Gudbjartsson DF, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Valdimarsson H, Gulcher JR: A susceptibility gene for psoriatic arthritis maps to chromosome 16q: evidence for imprinting. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 125-131. 10.1086/345646.PubMedCentralPubMed
62.
go back to reference Balding J, Kane D, Livingstone W, Mynett-Johnson L, Bresnihan B, Smith O, FitzGerald O: Cytokine gene polymorphisms: association with psoriatic arthritis susceptibility and severity. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1408-1413. 10.1002/art.10935.PubMed Balding J, Kane D, Livingstone W, Mynett-Johnson L, Bresnihan B, Smith O, FitzGerald O: Cytokine gene polymorphisms: association with psoriatic arthritis susceptibility and severity. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1408-1413. 10.1002/art.10935.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Liu Y, Helms C, Liao W, Zaba LC, Duan S, Gardner J, Wise C, Miner A, Malloy MJ, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Saccone S, Worthington J, Bruce I, Kwok PY, Menter A, Krueger J, Barton A, Saccone NL, Bowcock AM: A genome-wide association study of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis identifies new disease loci. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4: e1000041-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000041.PubMedCentralPubMed Liu Y, Helms C, Liao W, Zaba LC, Duan S, Gardner J, Wise C, Miner A, Malloy MJ, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Saccone S, Worthington J, Bruce I, Kwok PY, Menter A, Krueger J, Barton A, Saccone NL, Bowcock AM: A genome-wide association study of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis identifies new disease loci. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4: e1000041-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000041.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
go back to reference Ho PY, Barton A, Worthington J, Plant D, Griffiths CE, Young HS, Bradburn P, Thomson W, Silman AJ, Bruce IN: Investigating the role of the HLA-Cw*06 and HLA-DRB1 genes in susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis: comparison with psoriasis and undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 677-682. 10.1136/ard.2007.071399.PubMedCentralPubMed Ho PY, Barton A, Worthington J, Plant D, Griffiths CE, Young HS, Bradburn P, Thomson W, Silman AJ, Bruce IN: Investigating the role of the HLA-Cw*06 and HLA-DRB1 genes in susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis: comparison with psoriasis and undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 677-682. 10.1136/ard.2007.071399.PubMedCentralPubMed
65.
go back to reference Pedersen OB, Svendsen AJ, Ejstrup L, Skytthe A, Harris JR, Junker P: Ankylosing spondylitis in Danish and Norwegian twins: occurrence and the relative importance of genetic vs. environmental effectors in disease causation. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008, 37: 120-126. 10.1080/03009740701824613.PubMed Pedersen OB, Svendsen AJ, Ejstrup L, Skytthe A, Harris JR, Junker P: Ankylosing spondylitis in Danish and Norwegian twins: occurrence and the relative importance of genetic vs. environmental effectors in disease causation. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008, 37: 120-126. 10.1080/03009740701824613.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Campbell D, Andrew L, March R, Shatford JL, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP: A genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 588-595. 10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<588::AID-ART5>3.0.CO;2-0.PubMed Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Campbell D, Andrew L, March R, Shatford JL, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP: A genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 588-595. 10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<588::AID-ART5>3.0.CO;2-0.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Brionez TF, Reveille JD: The contribution of genes outside the major histocompatibility complex to susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008, 20: 384-391. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32830460fe.PubMed Brionez TF, Reveille JD: The contribution of genes outside the major histocompatibility complex to susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008, 20: 384-391. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32830460fe.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium (TASC), Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, Craddock N, Deloukas P, Duncanson A, Kwiatkowski DP, McCarthy MI, Ouwehand WH, Samani NJ, Todd JA, Donnelly P, Barrett JC, Davison D, Easton D, Evans DM, Leung HT, Marchini JL, Morris AP, Spencer CC, Tobin MD, Attwood AP, Boorman JP, Cant B, Everson U, Hussey JM, Jolley JD, Knight AS, Koch K, et al: Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet. 2007, 39: 1329-1337. 10.1038/ng.2007.17. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium (TASC), Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, Craddock N, Deloukas P, Duncanson A, Kwiatkowski DP, McCarthy MI, Ouwehand WH, Samani NJ, Todd JA, Donnelly P, Barrett JC, Davison D, Easton D, Evans DM, Leung HT, Marchini JL, Morris AP, Spencer CC, Tobin MD, Attwood AP, Boorman JP, Cant B, Everson U, Hussey JM, Jolley JD, Knight AS, Koch K, et al: Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet. 2007, 39: 1329-1337. 10.1038/ng.2007.17.
69.
go back to reference Laval SH, Timms A, Edwards S, Bradbury L, Brophy S, Milicic A, Rubin L, Siminovitch KA, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA: Whole-genome screening in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of non-MHC genetic-susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 918-926. 10.1086/319509.PubMedCentralPubMed Laval SH, Timms A, Edwards S, Bradbury L, Brophy S, Milicic A, Rubin L, Siminovitch KA, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA: Whole-genome screening in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of non-MHC genetic-susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet. 2001, 68: 918-926. 10.1086/319509.PubMedCentralPubMed
70.
go back to reference Zhang G, Luo J, Bruckel J, Weisman MA, Schumacher HR, Khan MA, Inman RD, Mahowald M, Maksymowych WP, Martin TM, Yu DT, Stone M, Rosenbaum JT, Newman P, Lee J, McClain JA, West OC, Jin L, Reveille JD: Genetic studies in familial ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2246-2254. 10.1002/art.20308.PubMed Zhang G, Luo J, Bruckel J, Weisman MA, Schumacher HR, Khan MA, Inman RD, Mahowald M, Maksymowych WP, Martin TM, Yu DT, Stone M, Rosenbaum JT, Newman P, Lee J, McClain JA, West OC, Jin L, Reveille JD: Genetic studies in familial ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2246-2254. 10.1002/art.20308.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Carter KW, Pluzhnikov A, Timms AE, Miceli-Richard C, Bourgain C, Wordsworth BP, Jean-Pierre H, Cox NJ, Palmer LJ, Breban M, Reveille JD, Brown MA: Combined analysis of three whole genome linkage scans for ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007, 46: 763-771. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel443. Carter KW, Pluzhnikov A, Timms AE, Miceli-Richard C, Bourgain C, Wordsworth BP, Jean-Pierre H, Cox NJ, Palmer LJ, Breban M, Reveille JD, Brown MA: Combined analysis of three whole genome linkage scans for ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007, 46: 763-771. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel443.
72.
go back to reference Brown MA, Edwards S, Hoyle E, Campbell S, Laval S, Daly AK, Pile KD, Calin A, Ebringer A, Weeks DE, Wordsworth BP: Polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 gene increase susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9: 1563-1566. 10.1093/hmg/9.11.1563.PubMed Brown MA, Edwards S, Hoyle E, Campbell S, Laval S, Daly AK, Pile KD, Calin A, Ebringer A, Weeks DE, Wordsworth BP: Polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 gene increase susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Hum Mol Genet. 2000, 9: 1563-1566. 10.1093/hmg/9.11.1563.PubMed
73.
go back to reference Paardt van der M, Crusius JB, García-González MA, Baudoin P, Kostense PJ, Alizadeh BZ, Dijkmans BA, Peña AS, Horst-Bruinsma van der IE: Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 1419-1423. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.12.1419. Paardt van der M, Crusius JB, García-González MA, Baudoin P, Kostense PJ, Alizadeh BZ, Dijkmans BA, Peña AS, Horst-Bruinsma van der IE: Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 1419-1423. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.12.1419.
74.
go back to reference Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS: Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a population-based, case-control study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1830-1839. 10.1002/art.10365.PubMed Cooper GS, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS: Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a population-based, case-control study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1830-1839. 10.1002/art.10365.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Meier CR, Sturkenboom MCJM, Cohen AS, Jick H: Post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25: 1515-1519.PubMed Meier CR, Sturkenboom MCJM, Cohen AS, Jick H: Post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus. J Rheumatol. 1998, 25: 1515-1519.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Wang J, Kay AB, Fletcher J, Formica MK, McAlindon TE: Is lipstick associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?. Clin Rheumatol. 2008, 27: 1183-1187. 10.1007/s10067-008-0937-6.PubMedCentralPubMed Wang J, Kay AB, Fletcher J, Formica MK, McAlindon TE: Is lipstick associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?. Clin Rheumatol. 2008, 27: 1183-1187. 10.1007/s10067-008-0937-6.PubMedCentralPubMed
77.
go back to reference Bengtsson AA, Rylander L, Hagmar L, Nived O, Sturfelt G: Risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in southern Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 563-571. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.5.563. Bengtsson AA, Rylander L, Hagmar L, Nived O, Sturfelt G: Risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in southern Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 563-571. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.5.563.
78.
go back to reference Rhodes B, Vyse TJ: The genetics of SLE: an update in the light of genome-wide association studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 1603-1611. 10.1093/rheumatology/ken247. Rhodes B, Vyse TJ: The genetics of SLE: an update in the light of genome-wide association studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 1603-1611. 10.1093/rheumatology/ken247.
79.
go back to reference International Consortium for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Genetics (SLEGEN), Harley JB, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Criswell LA, Jacob CO, Kimberly RP, Moser KL, Tsao BP, Vyse TJ, Langefeld CD, Nath SK, Guthridge JM, Cobb BL, Mirel DB, Marion MC, Williams AH, Divers J, Wang W, Frank SG, Namjou B, Gabriel SB, Lee AT, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW, Taylor KE, Fernando M, Zidovetzki R, Gaffney PM, Edberg JC, Rioux JD, et al: Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 204-210. 10.1038/ng.81. International Consortium for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Genetics (SLEGEN), Harley JB, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Criswell LA, Jacob CO, Kimberly RP, Moser KL, Tsao BP, Vyse TJ, Langefeld CD, Nath SK, Guthridge JM, Cobb BL, Mirel DB, Marion MC, Williams AH, Divers J, Wang W, Frank SG, Namjou B, Gabriel SB, Lee AT, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW, Taylor KE, Fernando M, Zidovetzki R, Gaffney PM, Edberg JC, Rioux JD, et al: Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 204-210. 10.1038/ng.81.
80.
go back to reference Hom G, Graham RR, Modrek B, Taylor KE, Ortmann W, Garnier S, Lee AT, Chung SA, Ferreira RC, Pant PV, Ballinger DG, Kosoy R, Demirci FY, Kamboh MI, Kao AH, Tian C, Gunnarsson I, Bengtsson AA, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Petri M, Manzi S, Seldin MF, Rönnblom L, Syvänen AC, Criswell LA, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW: Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358: 900-909. 10.1056/NEJMoa0707865.PubMed Hom G, Graham RR, Modrek B, Taylor KE, Ortmann W, Garnier S, Lee AT, Chung SA, Ferreira RC, Pant PV, Ballinger DG, Kosoy R, Demirci FY, Kamboh MI, Kao AH, Tian C, Gunnarsson I, Bengtsson AA, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Petri M, Manzi S, Seldin MF, Rönnblom L, Syvänen AC, Criswell LA, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW: Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX. N Engl J Med. 2008, 358: 900-909. 10.1056/NEJMoa0707865.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Karassa FB, Trikalinos TA, Ioannidis JP: Role of the Fcgamma receptor IIa polymorphism in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1563-1571. 10.1002/art.10306.PubMed Karassa FB, Trikalinos TA, Ioannidis JP: Role of the Fcgamma receptor IIa polymorphism in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1563-1571. 10.1002/art.10306.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Graham DSC, Graham RR, Manku H, Wong AK, Whittaker JC, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Rioux JD, Altshuler D, Behrens TW, Vyse TJ: Polymorphism at the TNF superfamily gene TNFSF4 confers susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 83-89. 10.1038/ng.2007.47.PubMedCentralPubMed Graham DSC, Graham RR, Manku H, Wong AK, Whittaker JC, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Rioux JD, Altshuler D, Behrens TW, Vyse TJ: Polymorphism at the TNF superfamily gene TNFSF4 confers susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 83-89. 10.1038/ng.2007.47.PubMedCentralPubMed
83.
go back to reference Yang Y, Chung EK, Wu YL, Savelli SL, Nagaraja HN, Zhou B, Hebert M, Jones KN, Shu Y, Kitzmiller K, Blanchong CA, McBride KL, Higgins GC, Rennebohm RM, Rice RR, Hackshaw KV, Roubey RA, Grossman JM, Tsao BP, Birmingham DJ, Rovin BH, Hebert LA, Yu CY: Gene copy-number variation and associated polymorphisms of complement component C4 in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): low copy number is a risk factor for and high copy number is a protective factor against SLE susceptibility in European Americans. Am J Hum Genet. 2007, 80: 1037-1054. 10.1086/518257.PubMedCentralPubMed Yang Y, Chung EK, Wu YL, Savelli SL, Nagaraja HN, Zhou B, Hebert M, Jones KN, Shu Y, Kitzmiller K, Blanchong CA, McBride KL, Higgins GC, Rennebohm RM, Rice RR, Hackshaw KV, Roubey RA, Grossman JM, Tsao BP, Birmingham DJ, Rovin BH, Hebert LA, Yu CY: Gene copy-number variation and associated polymorphisms of complement component C4 in human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): low copy number is a risk factor for and high copy number is a protective factor against SLE susceptibility in European Americans. Am J Hum Genet. 2007, 80: 1037-1054. 10.1086/518257.PubMedCentralPubMed
84.
go back to reference Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Alarcón GS, Vilá LM, Reid J, Harris B, Li S, Kelly JA, Harley JB: Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 2511-2517. 10.1002/art.23701.PubMedCentralPubMed Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Alarcón GS, Vilá LM, Reid J, Harris B, Li S, Kelly JA, Harley JB: Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 2511-2517. 10.1002/art.23701.PubMedCentralPubMed
85.
go back to reference Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, Sanderson WT, Dement JM, Cohen PL, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Hoppin JA, Savitz DA: Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1840-1850. 10.1002/art.10368.PubMed Parks CG, Cooper GS, Nylander-French LA, Sanderson WT, Dement JM, Cohen PL, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Hoppin JA, Savitz DA: Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the southeastern United States. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1840-1850. 10.1002/art.10368.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Janowsky EC, Kupper LL, Hulka BS: Meta-analyses of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 781-790. 10.1056/NEJM200003163421105.PubMed Janowsky EC, Kupper LL, Hulka BS: Meta-analyses of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 781-790. 10.1056/NEJM200003163421105.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Nietert PJ, Sutherland SE, Silver RM, Pandey JP, Knapp RG, Hoel DG, Dosemeci M: Is occupational organic solvent exposure a risk factor for scleroderma?. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 1111-1118. 10.1002/1529-0131(199806)41:6<1111::AID-ART19>3.0.CO;2-J.PubMed Nietert PJ, Sutherland SE, Silver RM, Pandey JP, Knapp RG, Hoel DG, Dosemeci M: Is occupational organic solvent exposure a risk factor for scleroderma?. Arthritis Rheum. 1998, 41: 1111-1118. 10.1002/1529-0131(199806)41:6<1111::AID-ART19>3.0.CO;2-J.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Tan FK, Arnett FC: Genetic factors in the etiology of systemic sclerosis and Raynaud phenomenon. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000, 12: 511-519. 10.1097/00002281-200011000-00007.PubMed Tan FK, Arnett FC: Genetic factors in the etiology of systemic sclerosis and Raynaud phenomenon. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000, 12: 511-519. 10.1097/00002281-200011000-00007.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Arnett FC, Cho M, Chatterjee S, Aguilar MB, Reveille JD, Mayes MD: Familial occurrence frequencies and relative risks for systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in three United States cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 1359-1362. 10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1359::AID-ART228>3.0.CO;2-S.PubMed Arnett FC, Cho M, Chatterjee S, Aguilar MB, Reveille JD, Mayes MD: Familial occurrence frequencies and relative risks for systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in three United States cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 1359-1362. 10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1359::AID-ART228>3.0.CO;2-S.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Lambert NC, Distler O, Muller-Ladner U, Tylee TS, Furst DE, Nelson JL: HLA-DQA1*0501 is associated with diffuse systemic sclerosis in Caucasian men. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2005-2010. 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:9<2005::AID-ANR11>3.0.CO;2-#.PubMed Lambert NC, Distler O, Muller-Ladner U, Tylee TS, Furst DE, Nelson JL: HLA-DQA1*0501 is associated with diffuse systemic sclerosis in Caucasian men. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2005-2010. 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:9<2005::AID-ANR11>3.0.CO;2-#.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Fanning GC, Welsh KI, Bunn C, Du Bois R, Black CM: HLA associations in three mutually exclusive autoantibody subgroups in UK systemic sclerosis patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1998, 37: 201-207. 10.1093/rheumatology/37.2.201.PubMed Fanning GC, Welsh KI, Bunn C, Du Bois R, Black CM: HLA associations in three mutually exclusive autoantibody subgroups in UK systemic sclerosis patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1998, 37: 201-207. 10.1093/rheumatology/37.2.201.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Cotton SA, Herrick AL, Jayson MIV, Freemont AJ: TGF beta: a role in systemic sclerosis?. J Pathol. 1998, 184: 4-6. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199801)184:1<4::AID-PATH968>3.0.CO;2-0.PubMed Cotton SA, Herrick AL, Jayson MIV, Freemont AJ: TGF beta: a role in systemic sclerosis?. J Pathol. 1998, 184: 4-6. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199801)184:1<4::AID-PATH968>3.0.CO;2-0.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Denton CP, Abraham DJ: Transforming growth factor-beta and connective tissue growth factor: key cytokines in scleroderma pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001, 13: 505-511. 10.1097/00002281-200111000-00010.PubMed Denton CP, Abraham DJ: Transforming growth factor-beta and connective tissue growth factor: key cytokines in scleroderma pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001, 13: 505-511. 10.1097/00002281-200111000-00010.PubMed
94.
go back to reference Kawakami T, Ihn H, Xu W, Smith E, LeRoy C, Trojanowska M: Increased expression of TGF-beta receptors by scleroderma fibroblasts: evidence for contribution of autocrine TGF-beta signaling to scleroderma phenotype. J Invest Dermatol. 1998, 110: 47-51. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00073.x.PubMed Kawakami T, Ihn H, Xu W, Smith E, LeRoy C, Trojanowska M: Increased expression of TGF-beta receptors by scleroderma fibroblasts: evidence for contribution of autocrine TGF-beta signaling to scleroderma phenotype. J Invest Dermatol. 1998, 110: 47-51. 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00073.x.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Tan FK, Wang N, Kuwana M, Chakraborty R, Bona CA, Milewicz DM, Arnett FC: Association of fibrillin 1 single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes with systemic sclerosis in Choctaw and Japanese populations. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 893-901. 10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<893::AID-ANR146>3.0.CO;2-3.PubMed Tan FK, Wang N, Kuwana M, Chakraborty R, Bona CA, Milewicz DM, Arnett FC: Association of fibrillin 1 single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes with systemic sclerosis in Choctaw and Japanese populations. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 893-901. 10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<893::AID-ANR146>3.0.CO;2-3.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Evans PC, Lambert N, Maloney S, Furst DE, Moore JM, Nelson JL: Long-term fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in healthy women and women with scleroderma. Blood. 1999, 93: 2033-2037.PubMed Evans PC, Lambert N, Maloney S, Furst DE, Moore JM, Nelson JL: Long-term fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in healthy women and women with scleroderma. Blood. 1999, 93: 2033-2037.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Artlett CM, Smith JB, Jimenez SA: Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women with systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 1186-1191. 10.1056/NEJM199804233381704.PubMed Artlett CM, Smith JB, Jimenez SA: Identification of fetal DNA and cells in skin lesions from women with systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 1186-1191. 10.1056/NEJM199804233381704.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, Tucker M, Browning S, Shepstone L: The Bristol 'OA500 study': progression and impact of the disease after 8 years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000, 8: 63-68. 10.1053/joca.1999.0272.PubMed Dieppe P, Cushnaghan J, Tucker M, Browning S, Shepstone L: The Bristol 'OA500 study': progression and impact of the disease after 8 years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000, 8: 63-68. 10.1053/joca.1999.0272.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Thomas E, Wilkie R, Peat G, Hill S, Dziedzic K, Croft P: The North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project-NorStOP: prospective, 3-year study of the epidemiology and management of clinical osteoarthritis in a general population of older adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004, 5: 2-10.1186/1471-2474-5-2.PubMedCentralPubMed Thomas E, Wilkie R, Peat G, Hill S, Dziedzic K, Croft P: The North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project-NorStOP: prospective, 3-year study of the epidemiology and management of clinical osteoarthritis in a general population of older adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004, 5: 2-10.1186/1471-2474-5-2.PubMedCentralPubMed
100.
go back to reference Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon TE, Kellingray S, Stuart B, Coggon D, Dieppe PA: Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 995-1000. 10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<995::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-1.PubMed Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon TE, Kellingray S, Stuart B, Coggon D, Dieppe PA: Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 995-1000. 10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<995::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-1.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Cooper C, Inskip H, Croft P, Campbell L, Smith G, McLaren M, Coggon D: Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury and physical activity. Am J Epidemiol. 1998, 147: 516-522.PubMed Cooper C, Inskip H, Croft P, Campbell L, Smith G, McLaren M, Coggon D: Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury and physical activity. Am J Epidemiol. 1998, 147: 516-522.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Lohmander LS, Gerhardsson M, Rollof J, Nilsson PM, Engstrom G: Incidence of severe knee and hip osteoarthritis in relation to different measures of body mass. A population-based prospective cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Lohmander LS, Gerhardsson M, Rollof J, Nilsson PM, Engstrom G: Incidence of severe knee and hip osteoarthritis in relation to different measures of body mass. A population-based prospective cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008
103.
go back to reference Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Verhagen AP, van Baar ME, Verhaar JAN, Koes BW: Influence of obesity on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology. 2002, 41: 1155-1162. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.10.1155.PubMed Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Verhagen AP, van Baar ME, Verhaar JAN, Koes BW: Influence of obesity on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology. 2002, 41: 1155-1162. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.10.1155.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Manek NJ, Hart D, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ: The association of body mass index and osteoarthritis of the knee joint: an examination of genetic and environmental influences. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1024-1029. 10.1002/art.10884.PubMed Manek NJ, Hart D, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ: The association of body mass index and osteoarthritis of the knee joint: an examination of genetic and environmental influences. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1024-1029. 10.1002/art.10884.PubMed
105.
go back to reference McAlindon TE, Wilson PW, Aliabadi P, Weissman B, Felson DT: Level of physical activity and the risk of radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham study. Am J Med. 1999, 106: 151-157. 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00413-6.PubMed McAlindon TE, Wilson PW, Aliabadi P, Weissman B, Felson DT: Level of physical activity and the risk of radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham study. Am J Med. 1999, 106: 151-157. 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00413-6.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Lievense A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Verhagen A, Verhaar J, Koes B: Influence of work on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2001, 28: 2520-2528.PubMed Lievense A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Verhagen A, Verhaar J, Koes B: Influence of work on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2001, 28: 2520-2528.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Cheng YL, Macera CA, Davis DR, Ainsworth BE, Troped PJ, Blair SN: Physical activity and self-reported, physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis: is physical activity a risk factor?. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000, 53: 315-322. 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00168-7.PubMed Cheng YL, Macera CA, Davis DR, Ainsworth BE, Troped PJ, Blair SN: Physical activity and self-reported, physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis: is physical activity a risk factor?. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000, 53: 315-322. 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00168-7.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Chaisson CE, Zhang YQ, Sharma L, Kannel W, Felson DT: Grip strength and the risk of developing radiographic hand osteoarthritis: results from the Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 33-38. 10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<33::AID-ANR4>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed Chaisson CE, Zhang YQ, Sharma L, Kannel W, Felson DT: Grip strength and the risk of developing radiographic hand osteoarthritis: results from the Framingham Study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 33-38. 10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<33::AID-ANR4>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Fontana L, Neel S, Claise JM, Ughetto S, Catilina P: Osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint in women and occupational risk factors: a case-control study. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2007, 32: 459-465. 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.01.014. Fontana L, Neel S, Claise JM, Ughetto S, Catilina P: Osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint in women and occupational risk factors: a case-control study. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2007, 32: 459-465. 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.01.014.
110.
go back to reference Jones G, Cooley HM, Stankovich JM: A cross sectional study of the association between sex, smoking, and other lifestyle factors and osteoarthritis of the hand. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 1719-1724.PubMed Jones G, Cooley HM, Stankovich JM: A cross sectional study of the association between sex, smoking, and other lifestyle factors and osteoarthritis of the hand. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 1719-1724.PubMed
111.
go back to reference MacGregor AJ, Antoniades L, Matson M, Andrew T, Spector TD: The genetic contribution to radiographic hip osteoarthritis in women: results of a classic twin study. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2410-2416. 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2410::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-E.PubMed MacGregor AJ, Antoniades L, Matson M, Andrew T, Spector TD: The genetic contribution to radiographic hip osteoarthritis in women: results of a classic twin study. Arthritis Rheum. 2000, 43: 2410-2416. 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2410::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-E.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Peach CA, Carr AJ, Loughlin J: Recent advances in the genetic investigation of osteoarthritis. Trends Mol Med. 2005, 11: 186-191. 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.02.005.PubMed Peach CA, Carr AJ, Loughlin J: Recent advances in the genetic investigation of osteoarthritis. Trends Mol Med. 2005, 11: 186-191. 10.1016/j.molmed.2005.02.005.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Smith AJP, Keen LJ, Billingham MJ, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Sims JE, Doherty M, Spector TD, Bidwell JL: Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the IL1R1-IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis. Genes Immun. 2004, 5: 451-460. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364107.PubMed Smith AJP, Keen LJ, Billingham MJ, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Sims JE, Doherty M, Spector TD, Bidwell JL: Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the IL1R1-IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis. Genes Immun. 2004, 5: 451-460. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364107.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Loughlin J, Dowling B, Mustafa Z, Chapman K: Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster on chromosome 2q13 with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1519-1527. 10.1002/art.10260.PubMed Loughlin J, Dowling B, Mustafa Z, Chapman K: Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster on chromosome 2q13 with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1519-1527. 10.1002/art.10260.PubMed
115.
go back to reference Loughlin J, Dowling B, Chapman K, Marcelline L, Mustafa Z, Southam L, Ferreira A, Ciesielski C, Carson DA, Corr M: Functional variants within the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 gene are associated with hip osteoarthritis in females. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 9757-9762. 10.1073/pnas.0403456101.PubMedCentralPubMed Loughlin J, Dowling B, Chapman K, Marcelline L, Mustafa Z, Southam L, Ferreira A, Ciesielski C, Carson DA, Corr M: Functional variants within the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 gene are associated with hip osteoarthritis in females. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 9757-9762. 10.1073/pnas.0403456101.PubMedCentralPubMed
116.
go back to reference Meulenbelt I, Bijkerk C, Miedema HS, Breedveld FC, Hofman A, Valkenburg HA, Pols HA, Slagboom PE, van Duijn CM: A genetic association study of the IGF-1 gene and radiological osteoarthritis in a population-based cohort study (the Rotterdam study). Ann Rheum Dis. 1998, 57: 371-374. 10.1136/ard.57.6.371.PubMedCentralPubMed Meulenbelt I, Bijkerk C, Miedema HS, Breedveld FC, Hofman A, Valkenburg HA, Pols HA, Slagboom PE, van Duijn CM: A genetic association study of the IGF-1 gene and radiological osteoarthritis in a population-based cohort study (the Rotterdam study). Ann Rheum Dis. 1998, 57: 371-374. 10.1136/ard.57.6.371.PubMedCentralPubMed
117.
go back to reference Bergink AP, van Meurs JB, Loughlin J, Arp PP, Fang Y, Hofman A, van Leeuwen JP, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA: Estrogen receptor alpha gene haplotype is associated with radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee in elderly men and women. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1913-1922. 10.1002/art.11046.PubMed Bergink AP, van Meurs JB, Loughlin J, Arp PP, Fang Y, Hofman A, van Leeuwen JP, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HA: Estrogen receptor alpha gene haplotype is associated with radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee in elderly men and women. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1913-1922. 10.1002/art.11046.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Valdes AM, Van OM, Hart DJ, Surdulescu GL, Loughlin J, Doherty M, Spector TD: Reproducible genetic associations between candidate genes and clinical knee osteoarthritis in men and women. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 533-539. 10.1002/art.21621.PubMed Valdes AM, Van OM, Hart DJ, Surdulescu GL, Loughlin J, Doherty M, Spector TD: Reproducible genetic associations between candidate genes and clinical knee osteoarthritis in men and women. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 533-539. 10.1002/art.21621.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Valdes AM, Loughlin J, Timms KM, van Meurs JJ, Southam L, Wilson SG, Doherty S, Lories RJ, Luyten FP, Gutin A, Abkevich V, Ge D, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Hart DJ, Zhang F, Zhai G, Egli RJ, Doherty M, Lanchbury J, Spector TD: Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2008, 82: 1231-1240. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.006.PubMedCentralPubMed Valdes AM, Loughlin J, Timms KM, van Meurs JJ, Southam L, Wilson SG, Doherty S, Lories RJ, Luyten FP, Gutin A, Abkevich V, Ge D, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Hart DJ, Zhang F, Zhai G, Egli RJ, Doherty M, Lanchbury J, Spector TD: Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2008, 82: 1231-1240. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.006.PubMedCentralPubMed
120.
go back to reference Meulenbelt I, Min JL, Bos S, Riyazi N, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Wijk van der HJ, Kroon HM, Nakajima M, Ikegawa S, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JB, Deure van der WM, Visser TJ, Seymour AB, Lakenberg N, Breggen van der R, Kremer D, van Duijn CM, Kloppenburg M, Loughlin J, Slagboom PE: Identification of DIO2 as a new susceptibility locus for symptomatic osteoarthritis. Hum Mol Genet. 2008, 17: 1867-1875. 10.1093/hmg/ddn082.PubMed Meulenbelt I, Min JL, Bos S, Riyazi N, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Wijk van der HJ, Kroon HM, Nakajima M, Ikegawa S, Uitterlinden AG, van Meurs JB, Deure van der WM, Visser TJ, Seymour AB, Lakenberg N, Breggen van der R, Kremer D, van Duijn CM, Kloppenburg M, Loughlin J, Slagboom PE: Identification of DIO2 as a new susceptibility locus for symptomatic osteoarthritis. Hum Mol Genet. 2008, 17: 1867-1875. 10.1093/hmg/ddn082.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Chapman K, Takahashi A, Meulenbelt I, Watson C, Rodriguez-Lopez J, Egli R, Tsezou A, Malizos KN, Kloppenburg M, Shi D, Southam L, Breggen van der R, Donn R, Qin J, Doherty M, Slagboom PE, Wallis G, Kamatani N, Jiang Q, Gonzalez A, Loughlin J, Ikegawa S: A meta-analysis of European and Asian cohorts reveals a global role of a functional SNP in the 5' UTR of GDF5 with osteoarthritis susceptibility. Hum Mol Genet. 2008, 17: 1497-1504. 10.1093/hmg/ddn038.PubMed Chapman K, Takahashi A, Meulenbelt I, Watson C, Rodriguez-Lopez J, Egli R, Tsezou A, Malizos KN, Kloppenburg M, Shi D, Southam L, Breggen van der R, Donn R, Qin J, Doherty M, Slagboom PE, Wallis G, Kamatani N, Jiang Q, Gonzalez A, Loughlin J, Ikegawa S: A meta-analysis of European and Asian cohorts reveals a global role of a functional SNP in the 5' UTR of GDF5 with osteoarthritis susceptibility. Hum Mol Genet. 2008, 17: 1497-1504. 10.1093/hmg/ddn038.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Loughlin J: The genetic epidemiology of human primary osteoarthritis: current status. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2005, 7: 1-12. 10.1017/S1462399405009257.PubMed Loughlin J: The genetic epidemiology of human primary osteoarthritis: current status. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2005, 7: 1-12. 10.1017/S1462399405009257.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Riyazi N, Meulenbelt I, Kroon HM, Ronday KH, Hellio le Graverand MP, Rosendaal FR, Breedveld FC, Slagboom PE, Kloppenburg M: Evidence for familial aggregation of hand, hip, and spine but not knee osteoarthritis in siblings with multiple joint involvement: the GARP study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 438-443. 10.1136/ard.2004.024661.PubMedCentralPubMed Riyazi N, Meulenbelt I, Kroon HM, Ronday KH, Hellio le Graverand MP, Rosendaal FR, Breedveld FC, Slagboom PE, Kloppenburg M: Evidence for familial aggregation of hand, hip, and spine but not knee osteoarthritis in siblings with multiple joint involvement: the GARP study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 438-443. 10.1136/ard.2004.024661.PubMedCentralPubMed
125.
go back to reference Jonsson H, Manolescu I, Stefansson SE, Ingvarsson T, Jonsson HH, Manolescu A, Gulcher J, Stefansson K: The inheritance of hand osteoarthritis in Iceland. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 391-395. 10.1002/art.10785.PubMed Jonsson H, Manolescu I, Stefansson SE, Ingvarsson T, Jonsson HH, Manolescu A, Gulcher J, Stefansson K: The inheritance of hand osteoarthritis in Iceland. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 391-395. 10.1002/art.10785.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Livshits G, Kato BS, Zhai GJ, Hart DJ, Hunter D, MacGregor AJ, Williams FM, Spector TD: Genomewide linkage scan of hand osteoarthritis in female twin pairs showing replication of quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 2 and 19. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 623-627. 10.1136/ard.2006.060236.PubMedCentralPubMed Livshits G, Kato BS, Zhai GJ, Hart DJ, Hunter D, MacGregor AJ, Williams FM, Spector TD: Genomewide linkage scan of hand osteoarthritis in female twin pairs showing replication of quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 2 and 19. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 623-627. 10.1136/ard.2006.060236.PubMedCentralPubMed
127.
go back to reference Solovieva S, Hirvonen A, Siivola P, Vehmas T, Luoma K, Riihimäki H, Leino-Arjas P: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of hand osteoarthritis in Finnish women. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R20-10.1186/ar1874.PubMedCentralPubMed Solovieva S, Hirvonen A, Siivola P, Vehmas T, Luoma K, Riihimäki H, Leino-Arjas P: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of hand osteoarthritis in Finnish women. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R20-10.1186/ar1874.PubMedCentralPubMed
128.
go back to reference Hunter DJ, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Aliabadi P, Felson DT: A genome scan for joint-specific hand osteoarthritis susceptibility: the Framingham study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2489-2496. 10.1002/art.20445.PubMed Hunter DJ, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Aliabadi P, Felson DT: A genome scan for joint-specific hand osteoarthritis susceptibility: the Framingham study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 2489-2496. 10.1002/art.20445.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Stefánsson SE, Jónsson H, Ingvarsson T, Manolescu I, Jónsson HH, Olafsdóttir G, Pálsdóttir E, Stefánsdóttir G, Sveinbjörnsdóttir G, Frigge ML, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Stefánsson K: Genomewide scan for hand osteoarthritis: a novel mutation in matrilin-3. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 1448-1459. 10.1086/375556.PubMedCentralPubMed Stefánsson SE, Jónsson H, Ingvarsson T, Manolescu I, Jónsson HH, Olafsdóttir G, Pálsdóttir E, Stefánsdóttir G, Sveinbjörnsdóttir G, Frigge ML, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Stefánsson K: Genomewide scan for hand osteoarthritis: a novel mutation in matrilin-3. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 1448-1459. 10.1086/375556.PubMedCentralPubMed
130.
go back to reference Arromdee E, Michet CJ, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE: Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 2403-2406.PubMed Arromdee E, Michet CJ, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE: Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?. J Rheumatol. 2002, 29: 2403-2406.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Mikuls TR, Saag KG: New insights into gout epidemiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006, 18: 199-203. 10.1097/01.bor.0000209435.89720.7c.PubMed Mikuls TR, Saag KG: New insights into gout epidemiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006, 18: 199-203. 10.1097/01.bor.0000209435.89720.7c.PubMed
132.
go back to reference Choi HK, Ford ES, Li C, Curhan G: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57: 109-115. 10.1002/art.22466.PubMed Choi HK, Ford ES, Li C, Curhan G: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 57: 109-115. 10.1002/art.22466.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Zaka R, Williams CJ: New developments in the epidemiology and genetics of gout. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2006, 8: 215-223. 10.1007/s11926-996-0028-0.PubMed Zaka R, Williams CJ: New developments in the epidemiology and genetics of gout. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2006, 8: 215-223. 10.1007/s11926-996-0028-0.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G: Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet. 2004, 363: 1277-1281. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16000-5.PubMed Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G: Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet. 2004, 363: 1277-1281. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16000-5.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Choi HK, Curhan G: Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005, 17: 341-345. 10.1097/01.cco.0000152664.87204.3c.PubMed Choi HK, Curhan G: Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005, 17: 341-345. 10.1097/01.cco.0000152664.87204.3c.PubMed
136.
go back to reference Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Curhan G: Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: the health professionals follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 2005, 165: 742-748. 10.1001/archinte.165.7.742.PubMed Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Curhan G: Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: the health professionals follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 2005, 165: 742-748. 10.1001/archinte.165.7.742.PubMed
137.
go back to reference Choi HK, Curhan G: Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008, 336: 309-312. 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.BE.PubMedCentralPubMed Choi HK, Curhan G: Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008, 336: 309-312. 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.BE.PubMedCentralPubMed
138.
go back to reference Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G: Coffee consumption and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2049-2055. 10.1002/art.22712.PubMed Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G: Coffee consumption and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2049-2055. 10.1002/art.22712.PubMed
139.
go back to reference Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, Gray NK, Floyd J, Palmer CN, Knott SA, Kolcic I, Polasek O, Graessler J, Wilson JF, Marinaki A, Riches PL, Shu X, Janicijevic B, Smolej-Narancic N, Gorgoni B, Morgan J, Campbell S, Biloglav Z, Barac-Lauc L, Pericic M, Klaric IM, Zgaga L, Skaric-Juric T, Wild SH, Richardson WA, Hohenstein P, Kimber CH, Tenesa A, Donnelly LA, et al: SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 437-442. 10.1038/ng.106.PubMed Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C, Gray NK, Floyd J, Palmer CN, Knott SA, Kolcic I, Polasek O, Graessler J, Wilson JF, Marinaki A, Riches PL, Shu X, Janicijevic B, Smolej-Narancic N, Gorgoni B, Morgan J, Campbell S, Biloglav Z, Barac-Lauc L, Pericic M, Klaric IM, Zgaga L, Skaric-Juric T, Wild SH, Richardson WA, Hohenstein P, Kimber CH, Tenesa A, Donnelly LA, et al: SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout. Nat Genet. 2008, 40: 437-442. 10.1038/ng.106.PubMed
140.
go back to reference Chang SJ, Tsai PC, Chen CJ, Lai HM, Ko YC: The polymorphism-863C/A in tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene contributes an independent association to gout. Rheumatology. 2007, 46: 1662-1666. 10.1093/rheumatology/kem235.PubMed Chang SJ, Tsai PC, Chen CJ, Lai HM, Ko YC: The polymorphism-863C/A in tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene contributes an independent association to gout. Rheumatology. 2007, 46: 1662-1666. 10.1093/rheumatology/kem235.PubMed
141.
go back to reference Al-Allaf AW, Dunbar KL, Hallum NS, Nosratzadeh B, Templeton KD, Pullar T: A case-control study examining the role of physical trauma in the onset of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 450-453. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.4.450. Al-Allaf AW, Dunbar KL, Hallum NS, Nosratzadeh B, Templeton KD, Pullar T: A case-control study examining the role of physical trauma in the onset of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002, 41: 450-453. 10.1093/rheumatology/41.4.450.
142.
go back to reference Buskila D, Neumann L, Vaisberg G, Alkalay D, Wolfe F: Increased rates of fibromyalgia following cervical spine injury: a controlled study of 161 cases of traumatic injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 446-452. 10.1002/art.1780400310.PubMed Buskila D, Neumann L, Vaisberg G, Alkalay D, Wolfe F: Increased rates of fibromyalgia following cervical spine injury: a controlled study of 161 cases of traumatic injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 446-452. 10.1002/art.1780400310.PubMed
143.
go back to reference Gupta A, Silman AJ, Ray D, Morriss R, Dickens C, MacFarlane GJ, Chiu YH, Nicholl B, McBeth J: The role of psychosocial factors in predicting the onset of chronic widespread pain: results from a prospective population-based study. Rheumatology. 2007, 46: 666-671. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel363.PubMed Gupta A, Silman AJ, Ray D, Morriss R, Dickens C, MacFarlane GJ, Chiu YH, Nicholl B, McBeth J: The role of psychosocial factors in predicting the onset of chronic widespread pain: results from a prospective population-based study. Rheumatology. 2007, 46: 666-671. 10.1093/rheumatology/kel363.PubMed
144.
go back to reference McBeth J, Silman AJ, Gupta A, Chiu YH, Ray D, Morriss R, Dickens C, King Y, Macfarlane GJ: Moderation of psychosocial risk factors through dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis in the onset of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain: findings of a population-based prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 360-371. 10.1002/art.22336.PubMed McBeth J, Silman AJ, Gupta A, Chiu YH, Ray D, Morriss R, Dickens C, King Y, Macfarlane GJ: Moderation of psychosocial risk factors through dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis in the onset of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain: findings of a population-based prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 360-371. 10.1002/art.22336.PubMed
145.
go back to reference Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Hess EV, Ware AE, Fritz DA, Auchenbach MB, Starck LO, Keck PE: Family study of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 944-952. 10.1002/art.20042.PubMed Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Hess EV, Ware AE, Fritz DA, Auchenbach MB, Starck LO, Keck PE: Family study of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 944-952. 10.1002/art.20042.PubMed
146.
go back to reference Offenbaecher M, Bondy B, de Jonge S, Glatzeder K, Kruger M, Schoeps P, Ackenheil M: Possible association of fibromyalgia with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 2482-2488. 10.1002/1529-0131(199911)42:11<2482::AID-ANR27>3.0.CO;2-B.PubMed Offenbaecher M, Bondy B, de Jonge S, Glatzeder K, Kruger M, Schoeps P, Ackenheil M: Possible association of fibromyalgia with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 2482-2488. 10.1002/1529-0131(199911)42:11<2482::AID-ANR27>3.0.CO;2-B.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Yunus MB, Khan MA, Rawlings KK, Green JR, Olson JM, Shah S: Genetic linkage analysis of multicase families with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 408-412.PubMed Yunus MB, Khan MA, Rawlings KK, Green JR, Olson JM, Shah S: Genetic linkage analysis of multicase families with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 408-412.PubMed
148.
go back to reference Gursoy S, Erdal E, Herken H, Madenci E, Alasehirli B, Erdal N: Significance of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2003, 23: 104-107.PubMed Gursoy S, Erdal E, Herken H, Madenci E, Alasehirli B, Erdal N: Significance of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism in fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2003, 23: 104-107.PubMed
Metadata
Title
What epidemiology has told us about risk factors and aetiopathogenesis in rheumatic diseases
Authors
Jacqueline E Oliver
Alan J Silman
Publication date
01-06-2009
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Issue 3/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2585

Other articles of this Issue 3/2009

Arthritis Research & Therapy 3/2009 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.