Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 5/2020

01-05-2020 | Vulvar Cancer | Review Article

Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar carcinoma: update from a European expert panel

Authors: Angela Collarino, Valentina Fuoco, Giorgia Garganese, Lenka M. Pereira Arias-Bouda, Germano Perotti, Gianpiero Manca, Sergi Vidal-Sicart, Francesco Giammarile, Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei, Giovanni Scambia, Alessandro Giordano, Renato A. Valdés-Olmos, Marco Maccauro

Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Issue 5/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to update the clinical practice applications and technical procedures of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in vulvar cancer from European experts.

Methods

A systematic data search using PubMed/MEDLINE database was performed up to May 29, 2019. Only original studies focused on SLN biopsy in vulvar cancer, published in the English language and with a minimum of nine patients were selected.

Results

Among 280 citations, 65 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. On the basis of the published evidences and consensus of European experts, this study provides an updated overview on clinical applications and technical procedures of SLN biopsy in vulvar cancer.

Conclusions

SLN biopsy is nowadays the standard treatment for well-selected women with clinically negative lymph nodes. Negative SLN is associated with a low groin recurrence rate and a good 5-year disease-specific survival rate. SLN biopsy is the most cost-effective approach than lymphadenectomy in early-stage vulvar cancer. However, future trials should focus on the safe extension of the indication of SLN biopsy in vulvar cancer. Although radiotracers and optical agents are widely used in the clinical routine, there is an increasing interest for hybrid tracers like indocyanine-99mTc-nanocolloid. Finally, it is essential to standardise the acquisition protocol including SPECT/CT images, and due to the low incidence of this type of malignancy to centralise this procedure in experienced centres for personalised approach.
Literature
1.
2.
Del Pino M, Rodriguez-Carunchio L, Ordi J. Pathways of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology. 2013;62(1):161–75.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Hacker NF, Eifel PJ, van der Velden J. Cancer of the vulva. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(2):S90–6.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
Burger MP, Hollema H, Emanuels AG, Krans M, Pras E, Bouma J. The importance of the groin node status for the survival of T1 and T2 vulval carcinoma patients. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;57(3):327–34.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Gaarenstroom KN, Kenter GG, Trimbos JB, Agous I, Amant F, Peters AA, et al. Postoperative complications after vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy using separate groin incisions. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003;13(4):522–7.CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
Oonk MHM, Planchamp F, Baldwin P, Bidzinski M, Brännström M, Landoni F, et al. European Society of Gynaecological Oncology Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Vulvar Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2017;27(4):832–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Van der Zee AG, Oonk MH, De Hullu JA, Ansink AC, Vergote I, Verheijen RH, et al. Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(6):884–9.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Moore RG, Robison K, Brown AK, DiSilvestro P, Steinhoff M, Noto R, et al. Isolated sentinel lymph node dissection with conservative management in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a prospective trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109(1):65–70.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Robison K, Roque D, McCourt C, Stuckey A, DiSilvestro PA, Sung CJ, et al. Long-term follow-up of vulvar cancer patients evaluated with sentinel lymph node biopsy alone. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;133(3):416–20.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Te Grootenhuis NC, van der Zee AG, van Doorn HC, van der Velden J, Vergote I, Zanagnolo V, et al. Sentinel nodes in vulvar cancer: long-term follow-up of the GROningen INternational study on sentinel nodes in vulvar cancer (GROINSS-V) I. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;140(1):8–14.CrossRef
13.
McCann GA, Cohn DE, Jewell EL, Havrilesky LJ. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node dissection compared to complete lymphadenectomy in the management of early-stage vulvar cancer: a cost-utility analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;136(2):300–4.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151(4):264–269.
15.
Sykes P, Eva L, van der Griend R, McNally O, Blomfield P, Brand A, et al. Pathological process has a crucial role in sentinel node biopsy for vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2019;153(2):292–6.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Nica A, Covens A, Vicus D, Kupets R, Osborne R, Cesari M, et al. Sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer: management dilemmas in patients with positive nodes and larger tumors. Gynecol Oncol. 2019;152(1):94–100.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Rodríguez-Trujillo A, Fusté P, Paredes P, Mensión E, Agustí N, Gil-Ibáñez B, et al. Long-term oncological outcomes of patients with negative sentinel lymph node in vulvar cancer. Comparative study with conventional lymphadenectomy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018;97(12):1427–37.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Soergel P, Hertel H, Nacke AK, Klapdor R, Derlin T, Hillemanns P. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in vulvar Cancer using near-infrared fluorescence from indocyanine green compared with technetium 99m nanocolloid. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2017;27(4):805–12.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Klapdor R, Hertel H, Soergel P, Hillemanns P. Groin recurrences in node negative vulvar cancer patients after sole sentinel lymph node dissection. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2017;27(1):166–70.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Klapdor R, Hillemanns P, Wölber L, Jückstock J, Hilpert F, de Gregorio N, et al. Outcome after sentinel lymph node dissection in vulvar cancer: a subgroup analysis of the AGO-CaRE-1 study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24(5):1314–21.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Garganese G, Collarino A, Fragomeni SM, Rufini V, Perotti G, Gentileschi S, et al. Groin sentinel node biopsy and (18)F-FDG PET/CT-supported preoperative lymph node assessment in cN0 patients with vulvar cancer currently unfit for minimally invasive inguinal surgery: the GroSNaPET study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2017;43(9):1776–83.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Woelber L, Eulenburg C, Grimm D, Trillsch F, Bohlmann I, Burandt E, et al. The risk of contralateral non-sentinel metastasis in patients with primary vulvar cancer and unilaterally positive sentinel node. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(8):2508–14.CrossRefPubMed
23.
van Doorn HC, van Beekhuizen HJ, Gaarenstroom KN, van der Velden J, van der Zee AG, Oonk MH, et al. Repeat sentinel lymph node procedure in patients with recurrent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is feasible. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;140(3):415–9.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Collarino A, Donswijk ML, van Driel WJ, Stokkel MP, Valdés Olmos RA. The use of SPECT/CT for anatomical mapping of lymphatic drainage in vulvar cancer: possible implications for the extent of inguinal lymph node dissection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42(13):2064–71.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Klapdor R, Länger F, Gratz KF, Hillemanns P, Hertel H. SPECT/CT for SLN dissection in vulvar cancer: improved SLN detection and dissection by preoperative three-dimensional anatomical localisation. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;138(3):590–6.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Verbeek FP, Tummers QR, Rietbergen DD, Peters AA, Schaafsma BE, van de Velde CJ, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer using combined radioactive and fluorescence guidance. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2015;25(6):1086–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Bogliolo S, Marchiole P, Sala P, Giardina E, Villa G, Fulcheri E, et al. Sentinel node mapping with radiotracer alone in vulvar cancer: a five year single-centre experience and literature review. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2015;36(1):10–5.PubMed
28.
Underwood M, Yap JK, Elattar A, Ganesan R, Notghi A, Crockett C, et al. The use of sentinel node sampling in vulval cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;33(8):892–7.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Mathéron HM, van den Berg NS, Brouwer OR, Kleinjan GH, van Driel WJ, Trum JW, et al. Multimodal surgical guidance towards the sentinel node in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;131(3):720–5.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Coleman RL, Ali S, Levenback CF, Gold MA, Fowler JM, Judson PL, et al. Is bilateral lymphadenectomy for midline squamous carcinoma of the vulva always necessary? An analysis from Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) 173. Gynecol Oncol. 2013;128(2):155–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Woelber L, Grimm D, Vettorazzi E, Wisotzki C, Trillsch F, Jaenicke F, et al. Secondary sentinel node biopsy after previous excision of the primary tumor in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(5):1701–6.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Schaafsma BE, Verbeek FP, Peters AA, van der Vorst JR, de Kroon CD, van Poelgeest MI, et al. Near-infrared fluorescence sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: a randomised comparison of lymphatic tracers. BJOG. 2013;120(6):758–64.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
García-Iglesias A, Rodríguez-Martín MO, Ruano R, Beltrán D, Peñalosa L, Hernández-Barreiro B, et al. Sentinel node dissection in the treatment of early stages of vulvar cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2012;33(2):151–4.PubMed
34.
35.
Levenback CF, Ali S, Coleman RL, Gold MA, Fowler JM, Judson PL, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(31):3786–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zekan J, Mutvar A, Huic D, Petrovic D, Karelovic D, Mitrovic L. Reliability of sentinel node assay in vulvar cancer: the first Croatian validation trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;126(1):99–102.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Devaja O, Mehra G, Coutts M, Adamson S, Montalto SA, Donaldson J, et al. A prospective study of sentinel lymph node detection in vulval carcinoma: is it time for a change in clinical practice? Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011;21(3):559–64.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Klar M, Bossart M, Stickeler E, Brink I, Orlowska-Volk M, Denschlag D. Sentinel lymph node detection in patients with vulvar carcinoma; feasibility of intra-operative mapping with technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37(9):818–23.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Akrivos N, Rodolakis A, Vlachos G, Sotiropoulou M, Papantoniou V, Biliatis I, et al. Detection and credibility of sentinel node in vulvar cancer: a single institutional study and short review of literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(6):1551–6.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Ennik TA, Allen DG, Bekkers RL, Hyde SE, Grant PT. Effects of previous surgery on the detection of sentinel nodes in women with vulvar cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011;21(9):1679–83.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Crane LM, Themelis G, Arts HJ, Buddingh KT, Brouwers AH, Ntziachristos V, et al. Intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging for sentinel lymph node detection in vulvar cancer: first clinical results. Gynecol Oncol. 2011;120(2):291–5.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Lindell G, Jonsson C, Ehrsson RJ, Jacobsson H, Danielsson KG, Källström BN, et al. Evaluation of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node procedure in vulvar cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;152(1):91–5.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Sawicki S, Romanowicz G, Wydra D, Lass P. The usefulness of sentinel lymph node detection in vulvar cancer - a short communication. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2010;13(2):81–3.PubMed
44.
Radziszewski J, Kowalewska M, Jedrzejczak T, Kozlowicz-Gudzinska I, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Bidzinski M, et al. The accuracy of the sentinel lymph node concept in early stage squamous cell vulvar carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;116(3):473–7.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Crosbie EJ, Winter-Roach B, Sengupta P, Sikand KA, Carrington B, Murby B, et al. The accuracy of the sentinel node procedure after excision biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Surg Oncol. 2010;19(4):e150–4.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Achimas-Cadariu P, Harter P, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, Beutel B, Traut A, Du Bois A. Assessment of the sentinel lymph node in patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(11):1209–14.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Klát J, Sevcík L, Simetka O, Gráf P, Waloschek T, Kraft O, et al. Characteristics of sentinel lymph nodes’ metastatic involvement in early stage of vulvar cancer. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;49(6):672–6.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Camara O, Gonnert H, Herrmann J, Egbe A, Diebolder H, Gajda M, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: a pilot study. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2009;30(6):622–4.PubMed
49.
Hampl M, Hantschmann P, Michels W, Hillemanns P, German Multicenter Study Group. Validation of the accuracy of the sentinel lymph node procedure in patients with vulvar cancer: results of a multicenter study in Germany. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;111(2):282–8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Brunner AH, Polterauer S, Tempfer C, Joura E, Reinthaller A, Horvat R, et al. The accuracy of intraoperative frozen section of the inguinal sentinel lymph node in vulvar cancer. Anticancer Res. 2008;28(6B):4091–4.PubMed
51.
Johann S, Klaeser B, Krause T, Mueller MD. Comparison of outcome and recurrence-free survival after sentinel lymph node biopsy and lymphadenectomy in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;110(3):324–8.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Beneder C, Fuechsel FG, Krause T, Kuhn A, Mueller MD. The role of 3D fusion imaging in sentinel lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109(1):76–80.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Hauspy J, Beiner M, Harley I, Ehrlich L, Rasty G, Covens A. Sentinel lymph node in vulvar cancer. Cancer. 2007;110(5):1015–23.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Nyberg RH, Iivonen M, Parkkinen J, Kuoppala T, Mäenpää JU. Sentinel node and vulvar cancer: a series of 47 patients. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(5):615–9.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Rob L, Robova H, Pluta M, Strnad P, Kacirek J, Skapa P, et al. Further data on sentinel lymph node mapping in vulvar cancer by blue dye and radiocolloid Tc99. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17(1):147–53.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Vidal-Sicart S, Puig-Tintoré LM, Lejárcegui JA, Paredes P, Ortega ML, Muñoz A, et al. Validation and application of the sentinel lymph node concept in malignant vulvar tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34(3):384–91.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Martínez-Palones JM, Pérez-Benavente MA, Gil-Moreno A, Díaz-Feijoo B, Roca I, García-Jiménez A, et al. Comparison of recurrence after vulvectomy and lymphadenectomy with and without sentinel node biopsy in early stage vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103(3):865–70.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Terada KY, Shimizu DM, Jiang CS, Wong JH. Outcomes for patients with T1squamous cell cancer of the vulva undergoing sentinel node biopsy. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;102(2):200–3.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Wydra D, Sawicki S, Emerich J, Romanowicz G. Evaluation of sentinel node detection in vulvar cancer. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2005;8(2):128–30.PubMed
60.
Merisio C, Berretta R, Gualdi M, Pultrone DC, Anfuso S, Agnese G, et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node detection in vulvar cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005;15(3):493–7.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Louis-Sylvestre C, Evangelista E, Leonard F, Itti E, Meignan M, Paniel BJ. Sentinel node localization should be interpreted with caution in midline vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97(1):151–4.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Frumovitz M, Ramirez PT, Tortolero-Luna G, Malpica A, Eifel P, Burke TW, et al. Characteristics of recurrence in patients who underwent lymphatic mapping for vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(1):205–10.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Moore RG, DePasquale SE, Steinhoff MM, Gajewski W, Steller M, Noto R, et al. Sentinel node identification and the ability to detect metastatic tumor to inguinal lymph nodes in squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89(3):475–9.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Puig-Tintoré LM, Ordi J, Vidal-Sicart S, Lejárcegui JA, Torné A, Pahisa J, et al. Further data on the usefulness of sentinel lymph node identification and ultrastaging in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;88(1):29–34.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Sliutz G, Reinthaller A, Lantzsch T, Mende T, Sinzinger H, Kainz C, et al. Lymphatic mapping of sentinel nodes in early vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2002;84(3):449–52.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Molpus KL, Kelley MC, Johnson JE, Martin WH, Jones HW 3rd. Sentinel lymph node detection and microstaging in vulvar carcinoma. J Reprod Med. 2001;46(10):863–9.PubMed
67.
Levenback C, Coleman RL, Burke TW, Bodurka-Bevers D, Wolf JK, Gershenson DM. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification with blue dye in patients with vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;83(2):276–81.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Sideri M, De Cicco C, Maggioni A, Colombo N, Bocciolone L, Trifirò G, et al. Detection of sentinel nodes by lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guided surgery in vulvar neoplasia. Tumori. 2000;86(4):359–63.CrossRefPubMed
69.
de Hullu JA, Hollema H, Piers DA, Verheijen RH, van Diest PJ, Mourits MJ, et al. Sentinel lymph node procedure is highly accurate in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(15):2811–6.CrossRefPubMed
70.
De Cicco C, Sideri M, Bartolomei M, Grana C, Cremonesi M, Fiorenza M, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in early vulvar cancer. Br J Cancer. 2000;82(2):295–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Ansink AC, Sie-Go DM, van der Velden J, Sijmons EA, de Barros LA, Monaghan JM, et al. Identification of sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar carcinoma patients with the aid of a patent blue V injection: a multicenter study. Cancer. 1999;86(4):652–6.CrossRefPubMed
72.
de Hullu JA, Doting E, Piers DA, Hollema H, Aalders JG, Koops HS, et al. Sentinel lymph node identification with technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid in squamous cell cancer of the vulva. J Nucl Med. 1998;39(8):1381–5.PubMed
73.
Decesare SL, Fiorica JV, Roberts WS, Reintgen D, Arango H, Hoffman MS, et al. A pilot study utilizing intraoperative lymphoscintigraphy for identification of the sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1997;66(3):425–8.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Levenback C, Burke TW, Morris M, Malpica A, Lucas KR, Gershenson DM. Potential applications of intraoperative lymphatic mapping in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1995;59(2):216–20.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Levenback C, Burke TW, Gershenson DM, Morris M, Malpica A, Ross MI. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for vulvar cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):163–7.PubMed
76.
Covens A, Vella ET, Kennedy EB, Reade CJ, Jimenez W, Le T. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline recommendations. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;137(2):351–61.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Collarino A, Garganese G, Valdés Olmos RA, Stefanelli A, Perotti G, Mirk P, et al. Evaluation of dual-timepoint (18)F-FDG PET/CT imaging for lymph node staging in vulvar Cancer. J Nucl Med. 2017;58(12):1913–8.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Giammarile F, Bozkurt MF, Cibula D, Pahisa J, Oyen WJ, Paredes P, et al. The EANM clinical and technical guidelines for lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in gynaecological cancers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(7):1463–77.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Meads C, Sutton AJ, Rosenthal AN, Małysiak S, Kowalska M, Zapalska A, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulval cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(12):2837–46.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Belhocine TZ, Prefontaine M, Lanvin D, Bertrand M, Rachinsky I, Ettler H, et al. Added-value of SPECT/CT to lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in gynaecological cancers. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;3(2):182–93.PubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Collarino A, Perotti G, Giordano A. Pitfall detected by SPECT/CT in vulvar cancer sentinel lymph node mapping. Case reports In: Herrmann K, Nieweg O E, Povoski SP Stephen P editors. Radioguided surgery: current applications and innovations directions in clinical practice. Switzerland: Springer; 2016. p 48394.
82.
Kraft O, Havel M. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gynecologic tumours by planar scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2012;21(2):47–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Bluemel C, Safak G, Cramer A, Wöckel A, Gesierich A, Hartmann E, et al. Fusion of freehand SPECT and ultrasound: first experience in preoperative localization of sentinel lymph nodes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(13):2304–12.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Garganese G, Bove S, Zagaria L, Moro F, Fragomeni SM, Ieria FP, et al. Fusion of ultrasound and 3D single-photon-emission computed tomography/computed tomography to identify sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer: feasibility study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​uog.​20364.
85.
Paredes P, Vidal-Sicart S. Preoperative and intraoperative lymphatic mapping for radioguided sentinel node biopsy in cancers of the female reproductive system. In: Mariani G, Manca G, Orsini P, Vidal-Sicart S, Valdés Olmos R, editors. Atlas of lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node mapping. Milan: Springer; 2012. p. 249–68.
86.
de Hullu JA, Oonk MH, Ansink AC, Hollema H, Jager PL, van der Zee AG. Pitfalls in the sentinel lymph node procedure in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;94(1):10–5.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Fons G, ter Rahe B, Sloof G, de Hullu J, van der Velden J. Failure in the detection of the sentinel lymph node with a combined technique of radioactive tracer and blue dye in a patient with cancer of the vulva and a single positive lymph node. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;92(3):981–4.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Oonk MH, van Hemel BM, Hollema H, de Hullu JA, Ansink AC, Vergote I, et al. Size of sentinel-node metastasis and chances of non-sentinel-node involvement and survival in early stage vulvar cancer: results from GROINSS-V, a multicentre observational study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(7):646–52.CrossRefPubMed
89.
90.
Sutton AJ, Barton P, Sundar S, Meads C, Rosenthal AN, Baldwin P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of sentinel lymph node biopsy vs inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy in women with vulval cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(10):2533–47.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Erickson BK, Divine LM, Leath CA 3rd, Straughn JM Jr. Cost-effectiveness analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24(8):1480–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar carcinoma: update from a European expert panel
Authors
Angela Collarino
Valentina Fuoco
Giorgia Garganese
Lenka M. Pereira Arias-Bouda
Germano Perotti
Gianpiero Manca
Sergi Vidal-Sicart
Francesco Giammarile
Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
Giovanni Scambia
Alessandro Giordano
Renato A. Valdés-Olmos
Marco Maccauro
Publication date
01-05-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Issue 5/2020
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Electronic ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04650-8

Other articles of this Issue 5/2020

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 5/2020 Go to the issue

Original Article

Usefulness of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT for evaluating the PD-L1 status in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Original Article

Biological correlates of tumor perfusion and its heterogeneity in newly diagnosed breast cancer using dynamic first-pass 18F-FDG PET/CT

Original Article

Textural features of hypoxia PET predict survival in head and neck cancer during chemoradiotherapy

Original Article

Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Original Article

Prognostic significance of semi-quantitative FDG-PET parameters in stage I non-small cell lung cancer treated with carbon-ion radiotherapy

Original Article

Correlative analyses between tissue-based hypoxia biomarkers and hypoxia PET imaging in head and neck cancer patients during radiochemotherapy—results from a prospective trial