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Inflammation
Published in: Inflammation 1/2012

Open Access 01-02-2012

Vagal Stimulation Modulates Inflammation through a Ghrelin Mediated Mechanism in Traumatic Brain Injury

Authors: Vishal Bansal, Seok Yong Ryu, Nicole Lopez, Sarah Allexan, Michael Krzyzaniak, Brian Eliceiri, Andrew Baird, Raul Coimbra

Published in: Inflammation | Issue 1/2012

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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) releases a cascade of inflammatory cytokines. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and ghrelin have known anti-inflammatory effects; furthermore, ghrelin release is stimulated by acetylcholine. We hypothesized VNS decreases post-TBI inflammation through a ghrelin-mediated mechanism. TBI was created in five groups of mice: sham, TBI, TBI/ghrelin, TBI/VNS, and TBI/VNS/ghrelin receptor antagonist (GRa). Serum and tissue ghrelin, and serum TNF-α were measured. Ghrelin increased following VNS 2 h post-TBI compared to sham or TBI. At 6 h, TBI and TBI/VNS/GRa had increased TNF-α compared to sham while TBI/VNS and TBI/ghrelin had TNF-α level comparable to sham. The highest ghrelin was measured in stomach where TBI decreased ghrelin in contrast to an increase by VNS. In conclusion, VNS increased serum ghrelin and decreased TNF-α following TBI. This was abrogated with GRa. Our data suggests that ghrelin plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory effects of VNS following TBI.
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Metadata
Title
Vagal Stimulation Modulates Inflammation through a Ghrelin Mediated Mechanism in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors
Vishal Bansal
Seok Yong Ryu
Nicole Lopez
Sarah Allexan
Michael Krzyzaniak
Brian Eliceiri
Andrew Baird
Raul Coimbra
Publication date
01-02-2012
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Inflammation / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0360-3997
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-011-9307-7

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