Top

Published in:

02-07-2022 | Vaccination | Original Investigation

SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity of the Kyrgyz population in 2021

Authors: Anna Y. Popova, Omor T. Kasymov, Vyacheslav Y. Smolenski, Vyacheslav S. Smirnov, Svetlana A. Egorova, Zuridin S. Nurmatov, Anzhelika M. Milichkina, Gulmira S. Suranbaeva, Tatiana E. Kuchuk, Irina V. Khamitova, Elena V. Zueva, Valery A. Ivanov, Zhanylai N. Nuridinova, Aisuluu A. Derkenbaeva, Victoria G. Drobyshevskaya, Gulsun Z. Sattarova, Marat T. Kaliev, Alexandra V. Gubanova, Oyuna B. Zhimbaeva, Alexandra P. Razumovskaya, Vyacheslav N. Verbov, Ivan V. Likhachev, Alexey V. Krasnov, Areg A. Totolian

Published in: Medical Microbiology and Immunology | Issue 4/2022

Abstract

In the fight against coronavirus infection, control of the immune response is of decisive importance, an important component of which is the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is formed either naturally or artificially through vaccination. The purpose of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of Kyrgyzstan. A cross-sectional randomized study of seroprevalence was carried out according to a program developed by Rospotrebnadzor and the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, taking into account WHO recommendations. The ethics committees of the Association of Preventive Medicine (Kyrgyzstan) and the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute (Russia) approved the study. Volunteers (9471) were recruited, representing 0.15% (95% CI 0.14–0.15) of the total population, randomized by age and region. Plasma antibodies (Abs) to the nucleocapsid antigen (Nag) were determined. In vaccinated individuals, Abs to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain antigen (RBDag) were determined. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. The SARS-CoV-2 Nag Ab seroprevalence was 48.7% (95% CI 47.7–49.7), with a maximum in the 60–69 age group [59.2% (95% CI 56.6–61.7)] and a minimum in group 1–17 years old [32.7% (95 CI: 29.4–36.1)]. The highest proportion of seropositive individuals was in the Naryn region [53.3% (95% CI 49.8–56.8)]. The lowest share was in Osh City [38.1% (95% CI 32.6–43.9)]. The maximum SARS-CoV-2 Nag seropositivity was found in the health-care sector [57.1% (95% CI 55.4–58.8)]; the minimum was seen among artists [38.6% (95% CI 26.0–52.4)]. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Nag seropositivity was 77.1% (95% CI 75.6–78.5). Vaccination with Sputnik V or Sinopharm produced comparable Ab seroprevalence. SARS-CoV-2 Nag seropositivity in the Kyrgyz population was 48.75% (95% CI 47.7–49.7), with the mass vaccination campaign undoubtedly benefitting the overall situation.

Available only for authorised users

Smirnov VS, Zarubaev VV, Petlenko SV (2020) Biology of pathogens and control of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections. Hyppocrates publishing, St-Petersburg (In Russian)

Coronavirus-monitor (2020) Available in Internet: https://coronavirus-monitor.info/ accessed 13 Sept 2021

Countrymeter (2021) https://countrymeters.info/ru/Kyrgyzstan accessed 13 Sept 2021

JHU CSSE COVID-19 Data (2020) Available in Internet: https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/ accessed 13 Sept 2021

URL: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=KGZ accessed 13 Sept 2021

Nainu F, Abidin RS, Bahar MA, Frediansyah A, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Harapan H (2020) SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and implications for vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 16(12):3061–3073. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1830683CrossRefPubMed

Soleimanpoura S, Yaghoubia A (2021) COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go? Expert Rev Vaccines. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2021.1875824CrossRef

Randolph HE, Barreiro L (2020) B herd immunity: understanding COVID-19. Immunity 52(5):737–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sette A, Crotty S (2021) Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell 184(4):861–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Gazit S, Shlezinger R, Perez G, Lotan R, Peretz A, Ben-Tov A, Cohen D, Muhsen K, Chodick G, Patalon T (2021) Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus breakthrough infections. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Syangtan G, Bista S, Dawadi P, Rayamajhee B, Shrestha LB, Tuladhar R, Joshi DR (2020) Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 8:587374. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.587374CrossRefPubMed

12.

WHO. Protocol for a Population‐Based Age‐Stratified Sero‐Epidemiological Study of COVID‐19 Infection in Humans. Version 2.0. 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332188/WHO‐2019‐nCoV‐Seroepidemiology‐2020.2‐rus.pdf accessed 13 Sept 2021

13.

Popova AY, Totolian AA (2021) Methodology for assessing herd immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity = Infektsiya i immunitet 11(4):609–616. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-MFA-1770CrossRef

14.

Calculation of the required sample size. In: Batrakova L.G. Statistics theory 2009. https://docplayer.com/28880846-L-g-batrakova-teoriya-statistiki.html accessed 09 Feb 2022 (in Russian)

15.

Valentini P, Sodero G, Buonsenso D (2021) The relationship between COVID-19 and innate immunity in children: a review. Children (Basel) 8(4):266. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040266CrossRef

16.

Lu W, Yang L, Li X, Sun M, Zhang A, Qi S, Chen Z, Zhang L, Li J, Xiong H (2021) Early immune responses and prognostic factors in children with COVID-19: a single-center retrospective analysis. BMC Pediatr 21:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02561-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Tukhvatulin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Dzharullaeva AS, Grousova DM, Erokhova AS, Kovyrshina AV, Botikov AG, Izhaeva FM, Popova O, Ozharovskaya TA, Esmagambetov IB, Favorskaya IA, Zrelkin DI, Voronina DV, Shcherbinin DN, Semikhin AS, Simakova YV, Tokarskaya EA, Lubenets NL, Egorova DA, Shmarov MM, Nikitenko NA, Morozova LF, Smolyarchuk EA, Kryukov EV, Babira VF, Borisevich SV, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL (2020) Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet 396(10255):887–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Ryzhikov AB, Ryzhikov EA, Bogryantseva MP, Usova SV, Danilenko ED, Nechaeva EA, Pyankov OV, Pyankova OG, Gudymo AS, Bodnev SA, Onkhonova GS, Sleptsova ES, Kuzubov VI, Ryndyuk NN, Ginko ZI, Petrov VN, Moiseeva AA, Torzhkova PY, Pyankov SA, Tregubchak TV, Antonec DV, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA (2021) A single blind, placebo-controlled randomized study of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the “EpiVacCorona” Vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, in volunteers aged 18–60 years (phase I-II). Russ J Infect Immun = Infektsiya i immunitet 11(2):283–296. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-ASB-1699CrossRef

19.

Wang H, Zhang Y, Huang B, Deng W, Quan Y, Wang W, Xu W, Zhao Y, Li N, Zhang J, Liang H, Bao L, Xu Y, Ding L, Zhou W, Gao H, Liu J, Niu P, Zhao L, Zhen W, Fu H, Yu S, Zhang Z, Xu G, Li C, Lou Z, Xu M, Qin C, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, Yang X (2020) Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell 182(3):713-721.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Gao GF, Tan W, Wu G, Xu M, Lou Z, Huang W, Xu W, Huang B, Wang H, Wang W, Zhang W, Li N, Xie Z, Ding L, You W, Zhao Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Yang Y, Xu G, Luo B, Wang W, Liu P, Guo W, Yang X (2021) Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 21(1):39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30831-8CrossRefPubMed

21.

Ikegame S, Siddiquey MNA, Hung C-T, Haas G, Brambilla L, Oguntuyo KY, Kowdle SS, Vilardo AE, Edelstein A, Perandones C, Kamil JP, Lee B (2021) Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants Version 3. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.31.21254660CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Ma ML, Shi DW, Li Y, Hong W, Lai DY, Xue JB, Jiang HW, Zhang HN, Qi H, Meng QF, Guo SJ, Xia DJ, Hu JJ, Liu S, Li HY, Zhou J, Wang W, Yang X, Fan XL, Lei Q, Chen WJ, Li CS, Yang XM, Xu SH, Wei HP, Tao SC (2021) Systematic profiling of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses elicited by an inactivated virus vaccine identifies peptides and proteins for predicting vaccination efficacy. Cell Discov 7(1):67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00309-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Wald A, Wolfowitz J (1939) Confidence limits for continuous distribution functions. Ann Math Stat 10(2):105–118CrossRef

24.

Agresti A, Coull BA (1998) Approximate is better than “exact” for interval estimation of binomial proportions. Am Stat 52:119–126

25.

Significant Difference Calculator (z-test). RADAR Research Company. 2020 https://radar-research.ru/software/z-test_calculator. accessed 07 Oct 2021(in Russian)

26.

Popova AY, Andreeva EE, Babura EA, Balakhonov SV, Bashketova NS, Bulanov MV, Valeullina NN, Goryaev DV, Detkovskaya NN, Ezhlova EB, Zaitseva NN, Istorik OA, Kovalchuk IV, Kozlovskikh DN, Kombarova SY, Kurganova OP, Kutyrev VV, Lomovtsev AE, Lukicheva LA, Lyalina LV, Melnikova AA, Mikailova OM, Noskov AK, Noskova LN, Oglezneva EE, Osmolovskaya TP, Patyashina MA, Penkovskaya NA, Samoilova LV, Smirnov VS, Stepanova TF, Trotsenko OE, Totolian AA (2021) Features of developing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein population-based seroprevalence during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity = Infektsiya i immunitet 11(2):297–323. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-FOD-1684CrossRef

27.

Popova AY, Andreeva EE, Babura EA, Balakhonov SV, Bashketova NS, Bugorkova SA, Bulanov MV, Valeullina NN, Goryaev DV, Detkovskaya NN, Ezhlova EB, Zaitseva NN, Istorik OA, Kovalchuk IV, Kozlovskikh DN, Kombarova SY, Kurganova OP, Lomovtsev AE, Lukicheva LA, Lyalina LV, Melnikova AA, Mikailova OM, Noskov AK, Noskova LN, Oglezneva EE, Osmolovskaya TP, Patyashina MA, Penkovskaya NA, Samoilova LV, Smirnov VS, Stepanova TF, Trotsenko OE, Totolian AA (2021) Peculiarities of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid in children during the COVID-19 epidemic of 2020. Pediatria 100(3):97–106. https://doi.org/10.24110/0031-403X-2021-100-3-97-106CrossRef

28.

Popova AY, Smirnov VS, Andreeva EE, Babura EA, Balakhonov SV, Bashketova NS, Bugorkova SA, Bulanov MV, Valeullina NN, Vetrov VV, Goryaev DV, Detkovskaya TN, Ezhlova EB, Zaitseva NN, Istorik OA, Kovalchuk IV, Kozlovskikh DN, Kombarova SY, Kurganova OP, Lomovtsev AE, Lukicheva LA, Lyalina LV, Melnikova AA, Mikailova OM, Noskov AK, Noskova LN, Oglezneva EE, Osmolovskaya TP, Patyashina MA, Penkovskaya NA, Samoilova LV, Stepanova TF, Trotsenko OE, Totolian AA (2021) SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence structure of the Russian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Viruses 13(8):1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081648.43CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Rostami A, Sepidarkish M, Leeflang MMG, Riahi SM, Shiadeh MN, Esfandyari S, Mokdad AH, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB (2020) SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 27(3):331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.020CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Smith M, Abdesselem HB, Mullins M, Tan T-M, Nel AJM, Al-Nesf MAY, Bensmail I, Majbour NK, Vaikath NN, Naik A, Ouararhni K, Mohamed-Ali V, Al-Maadheed M, Schell DT, Baros-Steyl SS, Anuar ND, Ismail NH, Morris PE, Mamat RNR, Rosli NSM, Anwar A, Ellan K, Zain RM, Burgers WA, Maine ES, El-Agnaf OMA, Blackburn JM (2021) Age, disease severity and ethnicity influence humoral responses in a multi-ethnic COVID-19. Cohort Viruses 13(5):786. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050786CrossRefPubMed

31.

Yang HS, Costa V, Racine-Brzostek SE, Acker KP, Yee J, Chen Z, Karbaschi M, Zuk R, Rand S, Sukhu A, Klasse PJ, Cushing MM, Chadburn A, Zhao Z (2021) Association of age with SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. JAMA Netw Open 4(3):e214302. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4302CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Galanis P, Vraka I, Fragkou D, Bilali A, Kaitelidoua D (2021) Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Infect 108:120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.008CrossRefPubMed

33.

Vitrat V, Maillard A, Raybaud A, Wackenheim C, Chanzy B, Nguyen S, Valran A, Bosch A, Noret M, Delory T (2021) Effect of professional and extra-professional exposure on seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers of the French Alps: a multicentric cross-sectional study. Vaccines (Basel) 9(8):824. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080824CrossRef

34.

Leister I, Ponocny-Seliger E, Kollaritsch H, Dunge P, Holzer B, Grillari J, Redl H, Ponocny I, Wilfing C, Aigner L, Exner M, Stainer M, Hack M, Hausner T, Mittermayr R, Schaden W (2021) Antibody seroprevalence and rate of asymptomatic infections with SARS-CoV-2 in Austrian hospital personnel. BMC Infect Dis 21:915. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06586-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Wu F, Wang A, Liu M, Wang Q, Chen J, Xia S, Ling Y, Zhang Y, Xun J, Lu L, Jiang S, Lu H, Wen Y, Huang J (2020) Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Calcagno A, Ghisetti V, Emanuele T, Trunfio M, Faraoni S, Boglione L, Burdino E, Audagnotto S, Lipani F, Nigra M, D’Avolio A, Bonora S, Di Perri G (2021) Risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers, Turin, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 27(1):303–305. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2701.203027CrossRefPubMedCentral

37.

Murongazvombo AS, Jones RS, Rayment M, Mughal N, Azadian B, Donaldson H, Davies GW, Moore LSP, Aiken AM (2021) Association between SARS-CoV-2 exposure and antibody status among healthcare workers in two London hospitals: a cross-sectional study. Infect Prev Pract 3(3):100157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2021.1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Popova AY, Ezhlova EB, Melnikova AA, Bashketova NS, Fridman RK, Lyalina LV, Smirnov VS, Chkhindzheriya IG, Grechaninova TA, Agapov KA, Arsenteva NA, Bazhenova NA, Batsunov OK, Danilova EM, Zueva EV, Komkova DV, Kuznetsova RN, Lyubimova NE, Markova AN, Khamitova IV, Lomonosova VI, Vetrov VV, Milichkina AM, Dedkov VG, Totolyan AA (2020) Herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population in Saint-Petersburg during the COVID-19 epidemic. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii 3:124–130. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-124-130CrossRef

39.

Popova AY, Ezhlova EB, Melnikova AA, Historik OA, Mosevich OS, Lyalina LV, Smirnov VS, Cherny MA, Balabysheva NS, Loginova IS, Vladimirova OS, Samoglyadova IS, Vasev NA, Rumyantseva SV, Chupalova EY, Selivanova GV, Muraviova MV, Timofeeva LV, Khankishieva EN, Tylchevskaya VD, Nikitenko ND, Kostenitskaya TI, Virkunen NV, Klimkina IM, Kuzmina TM, Degtyarenko NV, Bazunova AI, Filippova LA, Palchikova NA, Kukshkin AV, Arsentieva NA, Batsunov OK, Bogumilchik EA, Voskresenskaya EA, Drobyshevskaya VG, Zueva EV, Kokorina GI, Kurova NN, Lyubimova NE, Ferman RS, Khamdulaeva GN, Khamitova IV, Khorkova EV, Milichkina AM, Dedkov VG, Totolian AA (2020) Assessment of the herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Leningrad region during the COVID-19 epidemic. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii 3:114–123. https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-3-114-123CrossRef

40.

Luo C, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zheng D, Shao L, Jin J, He Q (2021) Intention to COVID-19 vaccination and associated factors among health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Rev Am J Infect Control 49(10):1295–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.06.020CrossRef

Title: SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity of the Kyrgyz population in 2021
Authors: Anna Y. Popova
Omor T. Kasymov
Vyacheslav Y. Smolenski
Vyacheslav S. Smirnov
Svetlana A. Egorova
Zuridin S. Nurmatov
Anzhelika M. Milichkina
Gulmira S. Suranbaeva
Tatiana E. Kuchuk
Irina V. Khamitova
Elena V. Zueva
Valery A. Ivanov
Zhanylai N. Nuridinova
Aisuluu A. Derkenbaeva
Victoria G. Drobyshevskaya
Gulsun Z. Sattarova
Marat T. Kaliev
Alexandra V. Gubanova
Oyuna B. Zhimbaeva
Alexandra P. Razumovskaya
Vyacheslav N. Verbov
Ivan V. Likhachev
Alexey V. Krasnov
Areg A. Totolian
Publication date: 02-07-2022
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Vaccination
SARS-CoV-2
Published in: Medical Microbiology and Immunology / Issue 4/2022
Print ISSN: 0300-8584
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1831
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-022-00744-7

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2022

Mitochondria: intracellular sentinels of infections

Child type 1 diabetes associated with mother vaginal bacteriome and mycobiome

Schistosoma mansoni infection decreases IL-33-mRNA expression and increases CXCL9 and CXCL10 production by peripheral blood cells

Blood and saliva SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in self-collected dried spot samples

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials