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BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Vaccination | Research

Childhood immunization and age-appropriate vaccinations in Indonesia

Authors: Hoi Chu, Anu Rammohan

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2022

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Abstract

Background

Childhood immunization is a cost-effective way to protect individuals against communicable diseases. However, although there is a large literature on childhood immunization in Indonesia, there is a paucity of research on the age-appropriateness on measles and DTwP-3 vaccination, and the inequities in immunization coverage across Indonesia.

Methods

In this paper, using seven waves of data from the nationally representative Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) covering the period 1991- 2017, we empirically analyse the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing the uptake of four routine vaccines (BCG, Polio-3, DTwP-3, and Measles). Specifically, using multivariate regression analysis, we identify the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing childhood immunization coverage. We further analyse the socio-economic and demographic correlates of the age-appropriateness of the measles and DTwP-3 vaccination coverage.

Results

Our findings show that parental education and use of healthcare services are strong predictors of full immunization and age-appropriate vaccinations. This study also finds evidence of spatial heterogeneity in both full immunization rates and age-appropriate vaccinations for measles and DTwP-3 vaccines.

Conclusions

Our analysis finds that despite an improvement in the timing of vaccinations over the last two decades, a significant proportion of children continue to receive their measles and DTwP vaccinations age inappropriately. In particular, we find that maternal education and maternal engagement with healthcare services are critical in improving age appropriateness of vaccinations. From a policy perspective, these results call for concerted efforts by policy makers to address regional gaps in access to health services and immunization coverage, as well as to improve the age-appropriateness of vaccination.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
Table A1 in the Appendix presents information on vaccination status for all 7 rounds of the IDHS, based on whether the information came from mother’s recall or vaccination card.
 
2
For comparison purposes, Figure A1 in the Supplementary Appendix presents vaccination rates for DTwP dose 1,2 and 3, and Figure A2 in the Appendix presents the age-appropriateness of DTwP-2 and DTwP-3 vaccines.
 
3
This refers to those who were exposed to public/private hospitals, health centers, or had interacted with health professionals.
 
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Metadata
Title
Childhood immunization and age-appropriate vaccinations in Indonesia
Authors
Hoi Chu
Anu Rammohan
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keyword
Vaccination
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14408-x

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