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Pediatric Nephrology
Published in: Pediatric Nephrology 3/2020

01-03-2020 | Urolithiasis | Educational Review

Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones

Authors: Carmen Inés Rodriguez Cuellar, Peter Zhan Tao Wang, Michael Freundlich, Guido Filler

Published in: Pediatric Nephrology | Issue 3/2020

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Abstract

Background

The incidence of nephrolithiasis in children and adolescents is increasing and appears to double every 10 years. The most important role of the pediatric nephrologist is to diagnose and modify various metabolic and non-metabolic risk factors, as well as prevent long-term complications especially in the case of recurrent nephrolithiasis.

Objective

The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature on the etiology and management of pediatric nephrolithiasis.

Results

The incidence of kidney stones is increasing; dietary and environmental factors are probably the main causes for this increased incidence. In most pediatric patients, the etiology for the kidney stones can be identified. Metabolic factors, such as hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia, urinary tract infection, and urinary stasis, constitute leading causes. Herein, we review the etiologies, diagnostic work-up, and treatment options for the most prevalent causes of kidney stones. The detrimental effects of excessive dietary sodium, reduced fluid intake, and the benefits of plant-based over animal-based protein consumption on urinary crystal formation are discussed. We also review the long-term complications.

Conclusions

Pediatric nephrologists have an important role in the diagnostic work-up and prevention of recurring nephrolithiasis.
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Metadata
Title
Educational review: role of the pediatric nephrologists in the work-up and management of kidney stones
Authors
Carmen Inés Rodriguez Cuellar
Peter Zhan Tao Wang
Michael Freundlich
Guido Filler
Publication date
01-03-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keyword
Urolithiasis
Published in
Pediatric Nephrology / Issue 3/2020
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4179-9

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