Cholera is an infectious diarrheal disease, which if not treated timely, can be fatal [ 1 ]. The disease has been endemic in the Ganges Delta of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and India for centuries [ 2 ]. The etiological agent of the disease is a …

Vibrio cholerae are curved gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteria that are oxidase positive. They are classified into various serotypes based on the O surface antigen. V. cholerae serotypes are divided into two main groups: the O1 and O139 group and the …

Globally, WHO reported about 2.9 million new cases of cholera in 69 cholera-endemic countries and 21,000–143,000 cholera-associated deaths to occur every year worldwide [ 1 ]. Also, more than one million new cases and 5654 deaths were reported from …

Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the potent diarrheal disease cholera, responsible for 1.2–4.3 million infections and 28,000–142,000 deaths worldwide every year [ 1 ]. All seven cholera pandemics throughout history were caused by either …

Cholera has been present and recurring in Zambia since 1977 [ 1 ]. In Zambia and in most sub-Saharan countries, cholera is diagnosed using stool culture, serology and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) [ 2 ]. However, culture and RDTs do not provide the …

Cholera is an ancient infectious disease mainly affecting developing countries. The disease is capable to spread across many countries leading to vast pandemics and becoming a major public health concern throughout the world [ 1 ].

Vibrio cholerae is a facultative anaerobic gram-negative comma-shaped bacillus that exists ubiquitously in marine and estuarine environments. Exposure to contaminated water and ingestion of raw seafood are crucial routes of infection that causes …

Cholera has continued to be a major threat to the wellbeing of communities globally and an important indicator for poor social progress [ 1 , 2 ]. About 3–5 million people annually suffer from Cholera and 100,000–120,000 lives lost [ 3 ]. Vast …

Cholera is recognized as an ancient diarrheal disease that is a continuous burden to public health for years in the developing and under-developed countries of Asia and Africa, where there are a population influx and poor water supply and basic …

Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae [ 1 ]. Until now, seven distinct pandemics of cholera have been recorded [ 2 ]. The earlier pandemics were caused by the classical biotype of V. cholerae O1, whereas the …

The seventh cholera pandemic began in 1961, and it is still considered pandemic at present. Among nearly 210 serogroups of Vibrio cholerae , only the toxigenic serogroups O1 and O139 cause cholera epidemics. The causal strains of the seventh …

Cholera is acute secretory diarrhoea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae [ 1 ]. It is one of the earliest and well–known human pathogens. However, there is still lack of understanding into the transmission and progression of the …

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Vibrio cholerae O139 are lethal pathogens capable of causing severe infectious diseases, characterized by acute outbreak, and large scale prevalence. As the statistics from Ministry of Health People Public of China …

Detection of Aeromonas species, and in particular differentiating these from Vibrio species, can require a large number of laboratory tests [ 1 – 3 ]. We were caught out by this when on the same day two patients presented with cholera-like symptoms …

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the main derivatives of riboflavin, are cofactors for enzymes mediating many redox reactions in the cell [ 1 ]. Globally, up to 17% of enzymes dependent on cofactors use flavins [ 2 …]. Flavoenzymes are involved in a mixture of biological processes such as vitamin, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, photosensitization and oxidative stress response. In bacteria, flavins

Riboflavin, also named vitamin B2, is an essential micronutrient. This vitamin serves as precursor for biological electron transfer cofactors, mainly flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These products are required …