Congenital nipple inversion is a common malformation affecting 2–10% women [ 1 ]. The deformity can be bilateral or unilateral. It can result in esthetic dissatisfaction, psychological discomfort, and functional problems, such as local irritation …

Inverted nipples, also known as retracted or flatten nipples, are a frequent condition in which the nipple is pulled inward into the breast instead of pointing outward. The estimated global prevalence of inverted nipple is between 3 and 5% of the …

Inverted nipples are a common condition, affecting at least 2% of the female population [ 1 ]. Apart from being a functional problem during breast-feeding, it also causes significant psychologic and emotional disturbance. They may arise from …

Inverted nipples constitutes functional and esthetic problems, generating frustration in women regarding breastfeeding and reduced self-esteem and self-efficacy in appearance. Many techniques for surgical correction have already been described.

An inverted nipple is a congenital or acquired condition commonly seen in young women.

Inverted nipples are a common problem in female patients, involving up to 10% of women [ 1 ]. In patients with inverted nipples, a relatively short lactiferous duct is attached to the nipple via dense and highly inelastic connective fibers [ 2 , 3 …

The authors have devised a new piercing instrument for postoperative nipple suspension of inverted nipples. The instrument can be used not only postsurgically, but also for nipple suspension in light inverted nipple cases without surgical repair.

Several different techniques have been developed and currently are in use for correction of the inverted nipple. The diversity of techniques indicates the lack of a good, sustainable, and durable solution for this quite common problem. This report …

From January 2007 to December 2008, 87 inverted nipples in 46 female patients were corrected using our method. Patient ages ranged from 22 to 49 years, and all inverted nipples were congenital. Forty-one patients were affected bilaterally and 5 …

Inverted nipple occurs when part of or the entire nipple is abnormally located below the areola. The condition was first described by Cooper in 1840 [ 1 ]. Although this deformity is usually congenital, it may also result from infection, recurrent …

For female patients, an inverted nipple can result in functional problems, such as difficulty breast feeding, and emotional difficulties because of self-consciousness about the condition. Numerous surgical techniques for inverted nipple correction …

Since 2010, 22 nipples in 18 patients have been corrected by the described method. According to the criteria of Han and Hong [ 11 ], all the nipples were classified as grade 3 or 4. The mean age of the patients was 26 years (range, 20–37 years) …

The authors describe the application of the modified star flap technique for correction of inverted nipples. This technique allows easy identification and dissection of the lactiferous ducts under a clear direct view without trans-nipple incision.

Between January 2001 and January 2011, 604 inverted nipples of 310 patients were treated. The mean age of these patients was 22.5 years (range, 17–29 years). Of the 310 patients, 294 had bilateral inverted nipples, and 16 had unilateral inverted …

Inverted nipples cause both functional and aesthetic problems. Functionally, it interferes with lactation and adequate hygiene. Aesthetically, it has an abnormal appearance and leads to psychological disturbance to the patients, hence the …

Many techniques have been proposed over the years to correct the inverted nipple, a condition which causes both aesthetic and functional problems. In more severe cases, other than causing infections and inflammations, breastfeeding is impossible …