Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease of unknown aetiology that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality [ 1 ]. IPF is characterised by progressive scarring of the lung parenchyma leading to …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown aetiology predominantly affecting older male smokers [ 1 ]. Recent studies suggest that recurrent injuries to the alveolar epithelium stimulate …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung fibrotic disease, and acute exacerbation (AE) of IPF is potentially fatal [ 1 , 2 ]. There are considerable variations in the clinical course of IPF, with 4.8%–14.2% of patients with IPF …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and fibrotic lung disease with a median survival time (MST) of 3–5 years [ 1 ]. Acute exacerbation (AE) is a devastating complication of IPF with an MST of only 3 months [ 2 ]. Although …

IPF is an incurable and worsening respiratory condition of unknown cause, characterized by the progressive deterioration of lung function. The median life expectancy for individuals with IPF is a mere 3.8 years [ 1 , 2 ]. The progression of disease …

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis (IIPs) are a subgroup of interstitial lung diseases of unknown etiology characterized by the accumulation of varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) of unknown origin and has a poor prognosis [ 1 ]. Epidemiological studies reveal that the global incidence and prevalence of IPF are increasing annually, and the …

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and highly fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive dyspnea and irreversible decline in lung function [ 1 ], which seriously threatens patients’ quality of life and …

The sirtuin family is a heterogeneous group of proteins that play a critical role in many cellular activities. Several degenerative diseases have recently been linked to aberrant sirtuin expression and activity because of the involvement of …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a life-threatening interstitial lung disease. Identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis is of great clinical importance. The epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is important in the process of inflammation and …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, characterized by severe pulmonary tissue fibrosis without a known pathogenesis. And the mean survival time after diagnosis is 2–3 years [ 1 , 2 ]. It …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrotic interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology characterized by cough, dyspnea, and a progressive decline in lung function that primarily affects the elderly population [ 1 ]. The radiological …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial lung disease of unknown cause with a very poor prognosis that is characterized by abnormal collagen accumulation in the lung parenchyma, leading to progressive impairment of …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare and incurable chronic lung disease that primarily affects older adults [ 1 – 6 ]. Nintedanib, an antifibrotic medication, has been approved in the United States for the treatment of IPF since October …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe chronic interstitial lung disease [ 1 ]. IPF patients have a poor prognosis, with most patients dying within 2–3 years after diagnosis [ 2 , 3 ] and a survival rate of less than 40% at 5 years [ 4 , 5 …]. IPF patients experience the destruction of alveolar structures, resulting in decreased lung function, interrupted gas exchange, respiratory failure, and ultimately death [

The incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is increasing annually, and it is classified as a chronic and fatal interstitial lung disease [ 1 ]. According to statistics, it constitutes approximately two-thirds of the diagnosed population …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a type of interstitial lung disease characterized by chronic progressive pulmonary fibrosis accompanied by irreversible reduction of lung function [ 1 ]. The main pathological changes of IPF include epithelial …