Sexuality is a complex aspect of overall well-being encompassing physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions. Extensive research has been conducted on this topic by experts such as Master and Johnson, who conducted a notable study involving …

Episiotomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure in obstetrics. Indications for episiotomy include foetal distress, to expedite the second stage of labour, and assisted vaginal birth. The angle of an episiotomy has a direct bearing on the …

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy during pregnancy accounting for 71.6%, followed by ovarian malignant tumors, accounting for 7.0% [ 1 ]. The incidence of cervical cancer itself is not very high being about 0.05% among all …

Episiotomy means making surgical incision in the perineal muscles during the second stage of labor for widening the pelvic outlet and increasing the speed of fetal head exit. Episiotomy is used in cases with the possibility of large tears …

Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears are severe complications of vaginal delivery [ 1 ] that are associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes including fecal incontinence [ 2 , 3 ], urinary incontinence [ 4 ] and sexual dysfunction [ 5 ] …

Episiotomy is the most prevalent surgical procedure performed in obstetrics [ 1 ]. Typically, this is performed when the perineum is identified as being taut. Selective episiotomies can occasionally circumvent soft-tissue ruptures during childbirth …

Episiotomy, a feature of 1 in 7 births in the UK [ 1 ], is a surgical incision of the vaginal wall and perineum performed in the second stage of labour. The procedure, used liberally after its introduction in the 1950’s, was thought to prevent …

Vaginal delivery is considered a preferred method of delivery, although cesarean delivery has been increasing over the recent decades. Compared to cesarean delivery, which may be necessary in order to prevent adverse outcomes or to save life, the …

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) are a rare but severe complication of vaginal delivery, with a prevalence between 0.25 and 6.0% [ 1 ]. These injuries have a major impact on women’s short-term and long-term health and well-being [ 2 ].

Obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) occurs in 2.9% of all vaginal births in the UK and can result in faecal incontinence. Where there is a clinical need for episiotomy, OASI can be minimised by accurate selection of the optimum angle of …

Operative vaginal delivery with either ventouse or forceps is used to facilitate delivery for a number of maternal and foetal indications [ 1 ]. In the UK, operative vaginal delivery is the method of delivery in 12% of women [ 2 ]. A worldwide …

Episiotomy is performed to enlarge the birth outlet in order to facilitate the delivery of the fetus [ 1 ]. It is the surgical enlargement of the posterior aspect of the vagina by an incision to the perineum during the last part of the second stage …