Top

BMC Pediatrics

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Research

Time to regain birth weight - a marker to predict the severity of retinopathy of prematurity?

Authors: Ajay Anvekar, Sam Athikarisamy, Shripada Rao, Andy Gill, Elizabeth Nathan, Dorota Doherty, Geoffrey Lam

Published in: BMC Pediatrics | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Background

Poor weight gain in the first few weeks of life has been studied as a predictor of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Our aim was to assess whether time taken to regain birthweight (BW) be used as an additional marker to identify infants with type 1 ROP.

Methods

In this retrospective study, preterm infants (< 27 weeks gestational age at birth) born during the period from 1/1/2010–31/12/2015 at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in Australia were included. Twenty-seven preterm infants with Type 1 ROP were identified. Controls (No ROP or ROP other than type 1) were matched with cases on gestational age at birth and BW (1:4 ratio). Data were collected from the database and medical records.

Results

The median (IQR) gestational age for Type 1 ROP and control groups were 24 (24–26) and 25 (24–26) weeks respectively and median (IQR) BW for Type 1 ROP and control groups were 675 (635–810) and 773 (666–884) grams respectively. Preterm infants with Type 1 ROP were more likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) (18.5% vs 3.7%, p = 0.015) and had increased weeks on oxygen therapy (median 11.9 vs 9.1, p = 0.028). Time to regain BW was longer in preterm infants with type 1 ROP than controls but did not reach statistical significance (median 9 vs 7 days, OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.17, p = 0.059) adjusted for SGA and duration of oxygen therapy. The area under the curve from the time to regain BW model with adjustment for SGA and duration of oxygen therapy was 0.73 (95% CI 0.62–0.83).

Conclusion

We hypothesize that time to regain BW has potential to aid prediction of Type 1 ROP and this warrants further investigation in a larger prospective study.

Husain SM, Sinha AK, Bunce C, Arora P, Lopez W, Mun KS, et al. Relationships between maternal ethnicity, gestational age, birth weight, weight gain, and severe retinopathy of prematurity. J Pediatr. 2013;163(1):67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.12.038.CrossRefPubMed

Wu C, Lofqvist C, Smith LE, DK VV, Hellstrom A. WINROP Consortium. Importance of early postnatal weight gain for normal retinal angiogenesis in very preterm infants: a multicenter study analyzing weight velocity deviations for the prediction of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(8):992–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim J, Jin JY, Kim SS. Postnatal weight gain in the first two weeks as a predicting factor of severe retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment. Korean J Pediatr. 2015;58(2):52–9. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2015.58.2.52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hellstrom A, Smith LE, Dammann O. Retinopathy of prematurity. Lancet. 2013;382(9902):1445–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60178-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pierce EA, Foley ED, Smith LE. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by oxygen in a model of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(10):1219–28. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140419009.CrossRefPubMed

Hellstrom A, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Albertsson-Wikland K, Carlsson B, Niklasson A, et al. Postnatal serum insulin-like growth factor I deficiency is associated with retinopathy of prematurity and other complications of premature birth. Pediatrics. 2003;112(5):1016–20. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.5.1016.CrossRefPubMed

Hellstrom A, Perruzzi C, Ju M, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Liu JL, et al. Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(10):5804–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101113998.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hikino S, Ihara K, Yamamoto J, Takahata Y, Nakayama H, Kinukawa N, et al. Physical growth and retinopathy in preterm infants: involvement of IGF-I and GH. Pediatr Res. 2001;50(6):732–6. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200112000-00017.CrossRefPubMed

Smith LE. IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant. Biol Neonate. 2005;88(3):237–44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000087587.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Smith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, Soker S, Kinose F, Xu X, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med. 1999;5(12):1390–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/70963.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Langford K, Nicolaides K, Miell JP. Maternal and fetal insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the second and third trimesters of human pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(5):1389–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.5.1389.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Lassarre C, Hardouin S, Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankenne F, Binoux M. Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res. 1991;29(3):219–25. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199103000-00001.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Lineham JD, Smith RM, Dahlenburg GW, King RA, Haslam RR, et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I levels in newborn premature and full-term infants followed longitudinally. Early Hum Dev. 1986;13(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(86)90096-4.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Engstrom E, Niklasson A, Wikland KA, Ewald U, Hellstrom A. The role of maternal factors, postnatal nutrition, weight gain, and gender in regulation of serum IGF-I among preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2005;57(4):605–10. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000155950.67503.BC.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Binenbaum G. Algorithms for the prediction of retinopathy of prematurity based on postnatal weight gain. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40(2):261–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2013.02.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Lee JW, McElrath T, Chen M, Wallace DK, Allred EN, Leviton A, et al. Pregnancy disorders appear to modify the risk for retinopathy of prematurity associated with neonatal hyperoxemia and bacteremia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(8):811–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2013.764407.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Austeng D, Kallen KB, Ewald UW, Jakobsson PG, Holmstrom GE. Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in infants born before 27 weeks' gestation in Sweden. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(10):1315–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.244.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Darlow BA, Hutchinson JL, Henderson-Smart DJ, Donoghue DA, Simpson JM, Evans NJ. Australian and New Zealand neonatal network. Prenatal risk factors for severe retinopathy of prematurity among very preterm infants of the Australian and New Zealand neonatal network. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):990–6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1309.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Lofqvist C, Andersson E, Sigurdsson J, Engstrom E, Hard AL, Niklasson A, et al. Longitudinal postnatal weight and insulin-like growth factor I measurements in the prediction of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(12):1711–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.12.1711.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Fortes Filho JB, Bonomo PP, Maia M, Procianoy RS. Weight gain measured at 6 weeks after birth as a predictor for severe retinopathy of prematurity: study with 317 very low birth weight preterm babies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(6):831–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-008-1012-3.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Stoltz Sjostrom E, Lundgren P, Ohlund I, Holmstrom G, Hellström A, Domellof M. Low energy intake during the first 4 weeks of life increases the risk for severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2016;101(2):F108–13. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306816.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Biniwale M, Weiner A, Sardesai S, Cayabyab R, Barton L, Ramanathan R. Early postnatal weight gain as a predictor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(3):429–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1381902.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Early Treatment For Retinopathy Of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(12):1684–94. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.121.12.1684.CrossRef

24.

Fierson WM. American Academy of Pediatrics section on ophthalmology; American Academy of ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2018;142(6):e20183061.CrossRef

25.

Vinekar A, Mangalesh S, Mallavarapu M, Jayadev C, Sharma P, Shetty B. Regaining birth weight and predicting ROP—a prospective, pilot study. Ann Eye Sci. 2017;2:50.CrossRef

26.

Fortes Filho JB, Valiatti FB, Eckert GU, Costa MC, Silveira RC, Procianoy RS. Is being small for gestational age a risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity? A study with 345 very low birth weight preterm infants. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(1):48–54. English, Portuguese. https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1870.CrossRef

27.

Wallace DK, Kylstra JA, Phillips SJ, Hall JG. Poor postnatal weight gain: a risk factor for severe retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS. 2000;4(6):343–7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpa.2000.110342.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Allegaert K, Vanhole C, Casteels I, Naulaers G, Debeer A, Cossey V, et al. Perinatal growth characteristics and associated risk of developing threshold retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS. 2003;7(1):34–7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpa.2003.S1091853102420150.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Cabanas Poy MJ, Montoro Ronsano JB, Castillo Salinas F, Martin Begue N, Clemente Bautista S, Gorgas Torner MQ. Association between postnatal weight gain and need for treatment in retinopathy of prematurity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021;22:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.1940937.CrossRef

30.

Chaves-Samaniego MJ, Chaves-Samaniego MC, Munoz Hoyos A, Garcia Serrano JL. New evidence on the protector effect of weight gain in retinopathy of prematurity. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2021;95(2):78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpede.2020.05.016.CrossRef

31.

Li Y, Shah M, Miller MR, Lee DSC, Sharan S. Impact of early postnatal weight gain on retinopathy of prematurity in very preterm infants in southwestern Ontario. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(3):168–72. https://doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20190208-01.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Behin Saric I, Saric MJ, Vukojevic N. Poor postnatal weight gain as a predictor of retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Clin Croat. 2020;59(3):407–15. https://doi.org/10.20471/acc.2020.59.03.03.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Aydemir O, Sarikabadayi YU, Aydemir C, Tunay ZO, Tok L, Erdeve O, et al. Adjusted poor weight gain for birth weight and gestational age as a predictor of severe ROP in VLBW infants. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(6):725–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.29.CrossRef

34.

Wang ZH, Gao PF, Bai H, Li YY. Postnatal weight gain in very low birth weight infants in Beijing and the risk of retinopathy of prematurity. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(6):1207–10. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.23.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Anuk Ince D, Gulcan H, Hanta D, Ecevit A, Akkoyun I, Kurt A, et al. Poor postnatal weight gain predicts stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. Turk J Pediatr. 2013;55(3):304–8.PubMed

36.

Wongnophirun A, Khuwuthyakorn V, Tantiprabha W, Wiwatwongwana A. Association between severe retinopathy of prematurity and postnatal weight gain in very low-birthweight infants at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2020;40(2):85–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2019.1631588.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Chu A, Dhindsa Y, Sim MS, Altendahl M, Tsui I. Prenatal intrauterine growth restriction and risk of retinopathy of prematurity. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17591. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74600-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Razak A, Faden M. Association of small for gestational age with retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105(3):270–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-316976.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Time to regain birth weight - a marker to predict the severity of retinopathy of prematurity?
Authors: Ajay Anvekar
Sam Athikarisamy
Shripada Rao
Andy Gill
Elizabeth Nathan
Dorota Doherty
Geoffrey Lam
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Pediatrics / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2431
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-03027-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Time to regain birth weight - a marker to predict the severity of retinopathy of prematurity?

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Role of umbilical cord C-peptide levels in early prediction of hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers

Nutritional education during rehabilitation of children 6–24 months with acute malnutrition, under unavailability of therapeutic/supplementary foods: a retrospective study in rural Angola

Atopic diseases in children and adolescents are associated with behavioural difficulties

Sex differences in children's health status as measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL)™: cross-sectional findings from a large school-based sample in the Netherlands

Airway injury and pneumomediastinum associated with less invasive surfactant administration in a premature neonate: a case report

Feeding patterns and BMI trajectories during infancy: a multi-ethnic, prospective birth cohort