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Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
Published in: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 3/2024

Open Access 01-03-2024 | Thyroid Cancer | Research

Distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules using plasma trimethylamine N-oxide, carnitine, choline and betaine

Authors: Liang Shi, Muhong Guo, Cuixiao Shi, Gu Gao, Xianghong Xu, Chuan Zhang, Jingjing Fu, Yudan Ni, Feng Wang, Xue Xue, Fei Yu

Published in: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | Issue 3/2024

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Abstract

Purpose

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiome–derived metabolite, and its precursors (carnitine, choline, betaine) have not been fully examined in relation to thyroid cancer (TC) risk. The aim of this study was to assess the value of TMAO and its precursors in diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

Methods

In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to measure the levels of plasma TMAO and its precursors (choline, carnitine, and betaine) in 215 TC patients, 63 benign thyroid nodules (BTN) patients and 148 healthy controls (HC). The distribution of levels of TMAO and its precursors among the three groups were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and the predictive accuracy of single and combined biomarkers.

Results

In comparison to HC, TC showed higher levels of TMAO and lower levels of its precursors (carnitine, choline, and betaine) (all P < 0.001). Plasma choline (P < 0.01) and betaine (P < 0.05) were declined in BTN than HC. The levels of carnitine (P < 0.001) and choline (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in BTN than that in TC group. Plasma TMAO showed lower levels in TC with lymph node metastasis (101.5 (73.1–144.5) ng/ml) than those without lymph node metastasis (131 (84.8–201) ng/ml, P < 0.05). Combinations of these four metabolites achieved good performance in the differential diagnosis, with the area under the ROC curve of 0.703, 0.741, 0.793 when discriminating between TC and BTN, BTN and HC, TC and HC, respectively.

Conclusion

Plasma TMAO, along with its precursors could serve as new biomarkers for the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
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Metadata
Title
Distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules using plasma trimethylamine N-oxide, carnitine, choline and betaine
Authors
Liang Shi
Muhong Guo
Cuixiao Shi
Gu Gao
Xianghong Xu
Chuan Zhang
Jingjing Fu
Yudan Ni
Feng Wang
Xue Xue
Fei Yu
Publication date
01-03-2024
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology / Issue 3/2024
Print ISSN: 0171-5216
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1335
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-024-05666-w

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