Therapy model for advanced intracerebral B16 mouse melanoma using radiation therapy combined with immunotherapy

go back to reference Walbert T, Gilbert MR (2009) The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from solid tumors. Int J Clin Oncol 14:299–306. doi:10.1007/s10147-009-0916-1 PubMedCrossRef Walbert T, Gilbert MR (2009) The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with brain metastases from solid tumors. Int J Clin Oncol 14:299–306. doi:10.​1007/​s10147-009-0916-1 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Langley RR, Fidler IJ (2013) The biology of brain metastasis. Clin Chem 59:180–189. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2012.193342 PubMedCrossRef Langley RR, Fidler IJ (2013) The biology of brain metastasis. Clin Chem 59:180–189. doi:10.​1373/​clinchem.​2012.​193342 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Goulart CR, Mattei TA, Ramina R (2011) Cerebral melanoma metastases: a critical review on diagnostic methods and therapeutic options. ISRN Surg 2011:276908. doi:10.5402/2011/276908 PubMed Goulart CR, Mattei TA, Ramina R (2011) Cerebral melanoma metastases: a critical review on diagnostic methods and therapeutic options. ISRN Surg 2011:276908. doi:10.​5402/​2011/​276908 PubMed

go back to reference Preusser M, Capper D, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Berghoff AS, Birner P, Bartsch R, Marosi C, Zielinski C, Mehta MP, Winkler F, Wick W, von Deimling A (2012) Brain metastases: pathobiology and emerging targeted therapies. Acta Neuropathol 123:205–222. doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0933-9 PubMedCrossRef Preusser M, Capper D, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Berghoff AS, Birner P, Bartsch R, Marosi C, Zielinski C, Mehta MP, Winkler F, Wick W, von Deimling A (2012) Brain metastases: pathobiology and emerging targeted therapies. Acta Neuropathol 123:205–222. doi:10.​1007/​s00401-011-0933-9 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Mellman I, Coukos G, Dranoff G (2011) Cancer immunotherapy comes of age. Nature 480:480–489. doi:10.1038/nature10673 PubMedCrossRef Mellman I, Coukos G, Dranoff G (2011) Cancer immunotherapy comes of age. Nature 480:480–489. doi:10.​1038/​nature10673 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Chi M, Dudek A (2011) Vaccine therapy for metastatic melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Melanoma Res 21:165–174. doi:10.1097/CMR.0b013e328346554d PubMedCrossRef Chi M, Dudek A (2011) Vaccine therapy for metastatic melanoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Melanoma Res 21:165–174. doi:10.​1097/​CMR.​0b013e328346554d​ PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, Akerley W, van den Eertwegh AJ, Lutzky J, Lorigan P, Vaubel JM, Linette GP, Hogg D, Ottensmeier CH, Lebbé C, Peschel C, Quirt I, Clark JI, Wolchok JD, Weber JS, Tian J, Yellin MJ, Nichol GM, Hoos A, Urba WJ (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Eng J Med 363:711–723. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003466 CrossRef Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, Akerley W, van den Eertwegh AJ, Lutzky J, Lorigan P, Vaubel JM, Linette GP, Hogg D, Ottensmeier CH, Lebbé C, Peschel C, Quirt I, Clark JI, Wolchok JD, Weber JS, Tian J, Yellin MJ, Nichol GM, Hoos A, Urba WJ (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Eng J Med 363:711–723. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa1003466 CrossRef

go back to reference Weber JS, Amin A, Minor D, Seigel J, Berman D, O'Day SJ (2011) Safety asnd clinical activity of ipilimumab in melanoma patients with brain metastases: retrospective analysis of data from a phase 2 trial. Melanoma Res 21:530–534. doi:10.1097/CMR.0b013e32834d3d88 PubMedCrossRef Weber JS, Amin A, Minor D, Seigel J, Berman D, O'Day SJ (2011) Safety asnd clinical activity of ipilimumab in melanoma patients with brain metastases: retrospective analysis of data from a phase 2 trial. Melanoma Res 21:530–534. doi:10.​1097/​CMR.​0b013e32834d3d88​ PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rosenberg S (2011) Cell-transfer immunotherapy for metastatic solid cancer—what clinicians need to know. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:577–585. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.116 PubMedCrossRef Rosenberg S (2011) Cell-transfer immunotherapy for metastatic solid cancer—what clinicians need to know. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:577–585. doi:10.​1038/​nrclinonc.​2011.​116 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Sharma P, Wagner K, Wolchok JD, Allison JP (2011) Novel cancer immunotherapy agents with survival benefit: recent successes and next steps. Nat Rev Cancer 11:805–812. doi:10.1038/nrc3153 PubMedCrossRef Sharma P, Wagner K, Wolchok JD, Allison JP (2011) Novel cancer immunotherapy agents with survival benefit: recent successes and next steps. Nat Rev Cancer 11:805–812. doi:10.​1038/​nrc3153 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Blank C, Hooijkaas AI, Haanen JB, Schumacher TN (2011) Combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 60:1359–1371. doi:10.1007/s00262-011-1079-2 PubMedCrossRef Blank C, Hooijkaas AI, Haanen JB, Schumacher TN (2011) Combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 60:1359–1371. doi:10.​1007/​s00262-011-1079-2 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fidler IJ (1973) Selection of successive tumor lines for metastasis. Nat New Biol 242:148–149PubMed Fidler IJ (1973) Selection of successive tumor lines for metastasis. Nat New Biol 242:148–149PubMed

go back to reference Smilowitz HM, Weissenberger J, Weis J, Brown JD, O'Neill RJ, Laissue JA (2007) Orthotopic transplantation of v-src expressing glioma cell lines into immunocompetent mice: establishment of a new transplantable in vivo model for malignant gliomas. J. Neurosurg 106:652–659PubMedCrossRef Smilowitz HM, Weissenberger J, Weis J, Brown JD, O'Neill RJ, Laissue JA (2007) Orthotopic transplantation of v-src expressing glioma cell lines into immunocompetent mice: establishment of a new transplantable in vivo model for malignant gliomas. J. Neurosurg 106:652–659PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Lowenthal JW, Corthésy P, Tougne C, Lees R, MacDonald HR, Nabholz M (1985) High and low affinity IL2 receptors: analysis by IL2 dissociation rate and reactivity with monoclonal anti-receptor antibody PC61. J Immunol 135:3988–3994PubMed Lowenthal JW, Corthésy P, Tougne C, Lees R, MacDonald HR, Nabholz M (1985) High and low affinity IL2 receptors: analysis by IL2 dissociation rate and reactivity with monoclonal anti-receptor antibody PC61. J Immunol 135:3988–3994PubMed

go back to reference Setiady YY, Coccia JA, Park PU (2010) In vivo depletion of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells by the PC61 anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody is mediated by the FcgammaRIII+ phagocytes. Eur J Immunol 40:780–786. doi:10.1002/eji.200939613 PubMedCrossRef Setiady YY, Coccia JA, Park PU (2010) In vivo depletion of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells by the PC61 anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody is mediated by the FcgammaRIII+ phagocytes. Eur J Immunol 40:780–786. doi:10.​1002/​eji.​200939613 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, Golumbek P, Levitsky H, Brose K, Jackson V, Hamada H, Pardoll D, Mulligan RC (1993) Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3539–3543PubMedCrossRef Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, Golumbek P, Levitsky H, Brose K, Jackson V, Hamada H, Pardoll D, Mulligan RC (1993) Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3539–3543PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Cranmer LD, Trevor KT, Bandlamuri S, Hersh EM (2005) Rodent models of brain metastases in melanoma. Melanoma Res 15:325–356PubMedCrossRef Cranmer LD, Trevor KT, Bandlamuri S, Hersh EM (2005) Rodent models of brain metastases in melanoma. Melanoma Res 15:325–356PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Weiss E-M, Wunderlich R, Ebel N, Rubner Y, Schlücker E, Meyer-Pittroff R, Ott OJ, Fietkau R, Gaipl US, Frey B (2012) Selected anti-tumor vaccines merit a place in multimodal tumor therapies. Front Oncol 2:132. doi:10.3389/fonc.2012.00132 PubMedCrossRef Weiss E-M, Wunderlich R, Ebel N, Rubner Y, Schlücker E, Meyer-Pittroff R, Ott OJ, Fietkau R, Gaipl US, Frey B (2012) Selected anti-tumor vaccines merit a place in multimodal tumor therapies. Front Oncol 2:132. doi:10.​3389/​fonc.​2012.​00132 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Dranoff G (2012) Experimental mouse tumour models: what can be learnt about human cancer immunology? Nat Rev Immunol 12:61–66. doi:10.1038/nri3129 Dranoff G (2012) Experimental mouse tumour models: what can be learnt about human cancer immunology? Nat Rev Immunol 12:61–66. doi:10.​1038/​nri3129

go back to reference Fox BA, Schendel DJ, Butterfield LH, Aamdal S, Allison JP, Ascierto PA, Atkins MB, Bartunkova J, Bergmann L, Berinstein N, Bonorino CC, Borden E, Bramson JL, Britten CM, Cao X, Carson WE, Chang AE, Characiejus D, Choudhury AR, Coukos G, de Gruijl T, Dillman RO, Dolstra H, Dranoff G, Durrant LG, Finke JH, Galon J, Gollob JA, Gouttefangeas C, Grizzi F, Guida M, Hakansson L, Hege K, Herberman RB, Hodi FS, Hoos A, Huber C, Hwu P, Imai K, Jaffee EM, Janetzki S, June CH, Kalinski P, Kaufman HL, Kawakami K, Kawakami Y, Keilholtz U, Khleif SN, Kiessling R, Kotlan B, Kroemer G, Lapointe R, Levitsky HI, Lotze MT, Maccalli C, Maio M, Marschner JP, Mastrangelo MJ, Masucci G, Melero I, Nelief C, Murphy WJ, Nelson B, Nicolini A, Nishimura MI, Odunsi K, Ohashi PS, O’Donnell-Tormey J, Old LJ, Ottensmeier C, Papamichail M, Parmiani G, Pawelec G, Proietti E, Qin S, Rees R, Ribas A, Ridolfi R, Ritter G, Rivoltini L, Romero PJ, Salem ML, Scheper RJ, Seliger B, Sharma P, Shiku H, Singh-Jasuja H, Song W, Straten PT, Tahara H, Tian Z, van Der Burg SH, von Hoegen P, Wang E, Welters MJ, Winter H, Withington T, Wolchok JD, Xiao W, Zitvogel L, Zwierzina H, Marincola FM, Gajewski TF, Wigginton JM, Disis ML (2011) Defining the critical hurdles in cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 9:214. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-9-214 PubMedCrossRef Fox BA, Schendel DJ, Butterfield LH, Aamdal S, Allison JP, Ascierto PA, Atkins MB, Bartunkova J, Bergmann L, Berinstein N, Bonorino CC, Borden E, Bramson JL, Britten CM, Cao X, Carson WE, Chang AE, Characiejus D, Choudhury AR, Coukos G, de Gruijl T, Dillman RO, Dolstra H, Dranoff G, Durrant LG, Finke JH, Galon J, Gollob JA, Gouttefangeas C, Grizzi F, Guida M, Hakansson L, Hege K, Herberman RB, Hodi FS, Hoos A, Huber C, Hwu P, Imai K, Jaffee EM, Janetzki S, June CH, Kalinski P, Kaufman HL, Kawakami K, Kawakami Y, Keilholtz U, Khleif SN, Kiessling R, Kotlan B, Kroemer G, Lapointe R, Levitsky HI, Lotze MT, Maccalli C, Maio M, Marschner JP, Mastrangelo MJ, Masucci G, Melero I, Nelief C, Murphy WJ, Nelson B, Nicolini A, Nishimura MI, Odunsi K, Ohashi PS, O’Donnell-Tormey J, Old LJ, Ottensmeier C, Papamichail M, Parmiani G, Pawelec G, Proietti E, Qin S, Rees R, Ribas A, Ridolfi R, Ritter G, Rivoltini L, Romero PJ, Salem ML, Scheper RJ, Seliger B, Sharma P, Shiku H, Singh-Jasuja H, Song W, Straten PT, Tahara H, Tian Z, van Der Burg SH, von Hoegen P, Wang E, Welters MJ, Winter H, Withington T, Wolchok JD, Xiao W, Zitvogel L, Zwierzina H, Marincola FM, Gajewski TF, Wigginton JM, Disis ML (2011) Defining the critical hurdles in cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 9:214. doi:10.​1186/​1479-5876-9-214 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Demaria S, Bhardwaj N, McBride WH, Formenti SC (2005) Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a revived partnership. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 63:655–666. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.032 CrossRef Demaria S, Bhardwaj N, McBride WH, Formenti SC (2005) Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a revived partnership. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 63:655–666. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2005.​06.​032 CrossRef

go back to reference Smilowitz HM, Micca PL, Nawrocky MM, Slatkin DN, Tu W, Coderre JA (2000) The combination of boron neutron-capture therapy and immunoprophylaxis for advanced intracerebral gliosarcomas in rats. J Neuro-Oncol 46:231–240CrossRef Smilowitz HM, Micca PL, Nawrocky MM, Slatkin DN, Tu W, Coderre JA (2000) The combination of boron neutron-capture therapy and immunoprophylaxis for advanced intracerebral gliosarcomas in rats. J Neuro-Oncol 46:231–240CrossRef

go back to reference Smilowitz HM, Coderre JA, Nawrocky MM, Tu W, Pinkerton A, Jahng GH, Gebbers N, Slatkin DN (2002) The combination of X-ray-mediated radiosurgery and gene-mediated immunoprophylaxis for an advanced intracerebral gliosarcoma in rats. J. Neuro-Oncol 57:9–18CrossRef Smilowitz HM, Coderre JA, Nawrocky MM, Tu W, Pinkerton A, Jahng GH, Gebbers N, Slatkin DN (2002) The combination of X-ray-mediated radiosurgery and gene-mediated immunoprophylaxis for an advanced intracerebral gliosarcoma in rats. J. Neuro-Oncol 57:9–18CrossRef

go back to reference Formenti SC, Demaria S (2013) Combining radiotherapy and cancer immunotherapy: a paradigm shift. JNCI 105:256–265. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs629 PubMedCrossRef Formenti SC, Demaria S (2013) Combining radiotherapy and cancer immunotherapy: a paradigm shift. JNCI 105:256–265. doi:10.​1093/​jnci/​djs629 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Wheeler CJ, Black KL (2009) DCVax-Brain and DC vaccines in the treatment of GBM. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 18:509–519. doi:10.1517/13543780902841951 CrossRef Wheeler CJ, Black KL (2009) DCVax-Brain and DC vaccines in the treatment of GBM. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 18:509–519. doi:10.​1517/​1354378090284195​1 CrossRef

go back to reference Prins RM, Soto H, Konkankit V, Odesa SK, Eskin A, Yong WH, Nelson SF, Liau LM (2011) Gene expression profile correlates with T-cell infiltration and relative survival in glioblastoma patients vaccinated with dendritic cell immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 17:1603–1615. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2563 PubMedCrossRef Prins RM, Soto H, Konkankit V, Odesa SK, Eskin A, Yong WH, Nelson SF, Liau LM (2011) Gene expression profile correlates with T-cell infiltration and relative survival in glioblastoma patients vaccinated with dendritic cell immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 17:1603–1615. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-10-2563 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gibney GT, Forsyth PA, Sondak VK (2012) Melanoma in the brain: biology and therapeutic options. Melanoma Res 22:177–183. doi:10.1097/CMR.0b013e328352dbef PubMedCrossRef Gibney GT, Forsyth PA, Sondak VK (2012) Melanoma in the brain: biology and therapeutic options. Melanoma Res 22:177–183. doi:10.​1097/​CMR.​0b013e328352dbef​ PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Onizuka S, Tawara I, Shimizu J, Sakaguchi S, Fujita T, Nakayama E (1999) Tumor rejection by in vivo administration of anti-CD25 (Interleukin-2 Receptor α) monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 59:3128–3133PubMed Onizuka S, Tawara I, Shimizu J, Sakaguchi S, Fujita T, Nakayama E (1999) Tumor rejection by in vivo administration of anti-CD25 (Interleukin-2 Receptor α) monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 59:3128–3133PubMed

go back to reference Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Sakaguchi S (1999) Induction of tumor immunity by removing CD25+CD4+ T cells: a common basis between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. J Immunol 163:5211–5218PubMed Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Sakaguchi S (1999) Induction of tumor immunity by removing CD25+CD4+ T cells: a common basis between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. J Immunol 163:5211–5218PubMed

go back to reference Piccirillo CA, Shevach EM (2001) Cutting edge: control of CD8+ T cell activation by CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory cells. J Immunol 167:1137–1140PubMed Piccirillo CA, Shevach EM (2001) Cutting edge: control of CD8+ T cell activation by CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory cells. J Immunol 167:1137–1140PubMed

go back to reference Tanaka H, Tanaka J, Kjaergaardf J, Shu S (2002) Depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells augments the generation of specific immune T cells in tumor draining lymph nodes. J Immunother 25:207–217. doi:10.1097/01.CJI0000015083.20350.82 PubMedCrossRef Tanaka H, Tanaka J, Kjaergaardf J, Shu S (2002) Depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells augments the generation of specific immune T cells in tumor draining lymph nodes. J Immunother 25:207–217. doi:10.​1097/​01.​CJI0000015083.​20350.​82 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Maes W, Rosas GG, Verbinnen B (2009) DC vaccination with anti-CD25 treatment leads to long-term immunity against experimental glioma. Neuro Oncol 11:529–542. doi:10.1215/15228517-2009-004 PubMedCrossRef Maes W, Rosas GG, Verbinnen B (2009) DC vaccination with anti-CD25 treatment leads to long-term immunity against experimental glioma. Neuro Oncol 11:529–542. doi:10.​1215/​15228517-2009-004 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Grauer IM, Sutmuller RP, van Maren W, Jacobs JF, Bennink E, Toonen LW, Nierkens S, Adema GJ (2008) Elimination of regulatory T cells is essential for an effective vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in a murine glioma model. Int J Cancer 122:1794–1802. doi:10.1002/ijc.23284 PubMedCrossRef Grauer IM, Sutmuller RP, van Maren W, Jacobs JF, Bennink E, Toonen LW, Nierkens S, Adema GJ (2008) Elimination of regulatory T cells is essential for an effective vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in a murine glioma model. Int J Cancer 122:1794–1802. doi:10.​1002/​ijc.​23284 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Van de Laar L, Coffer PJ, Woltman AM (2012) Regulation of dendritic cell development by GM-CSF: molecular control and implications for immune homeostasis and therapy. Blood 119:3383–3393. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-11-370130 PubMedCrossRef Van de Laar L, Coffer PJ, Woltman AM (2012) Regulation of dendritic cell development by GM-CSF: molecular control and implications for immune homeostasis and therapy. Blood 119:3383–3393. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2011-11-370130 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Rice JC, Bucy RP (1995) Differences in the degree of depletion, rate of recovery, and their preferential elimination of naive CD4+T cells by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (GK1.5) in young and aged mice. J Immunol 154:6644–6654PubMed Rice JC, Bucy RP (1995) Differences in the degree of depletion, rate of recovery, and their preferential elimination of naive CD4+T cells by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (GK1.5) in young and aged mice. J Immunol 154:6644–6654PubMed

go back to reference Zou T, Satake A, Ojha P, Kambayashi T (2011) Cellular therapies supplement: the role of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and dendritic cells in regulatory T-cell homeostasis and expansion. Transfusion 51:160S–168S. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03379.x PubMedCrossRef Zou T, Satake A, Ojha P, Kambayashi T (2011) Cellular therapies supplement: the role of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor and dendritic cells in regulatory T-cell homeostasis and expansion. Transfusion 51:160S–168S. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1537-2995.​2011.​03379.​x PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Jacobs JF, Nierkens S, Figdor CG, deVries IJ, Aderma GJ (2012) Regulatory T cells in melanoma: the final hurdle towards effective immunotherapy? Lancet Oncol 13:e32–e42. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70155-3 PubMedCrossRef Jacobs JF, Nierkens S, Figdor CG, deVries IJ, Aderma GJ (2012) Regulatory T cells in melanoma: the final hurdle towards effective immunotherapy? Lancet Oncol 13:e32–e42. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(11)70155-3 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Whiteside TL, Schuler P, Schilling B (2012) Induced and natural regulatory T cells in human cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 12:1383–1397. doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.707184 PubMedCrossRef Whiteside TL, Schuler P, Schilling B (2012) Induced and natural regulatory T cells in human cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 12:1383–1397. doi:10.​1517/​14712598.​2012.​707184 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Lutsiak ME, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SV, Schlom J, Sabzevari H (2005) Inhibition of CD4+25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood 105:2862–2868. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-06-2410 PubMedCrossRef Lutsiak ME, Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SV, Schlom J, Sabzevari H (2005) Inhibition of CD4+25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood 105:2862–2868. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2004-06-2410 PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Peggs KS, Quezada SA, Chambers CA, Korman AJ, Allison JP (2009) Blockade of CTLA-4 on both effector and regulatory T cell compartments contributes to the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. J Exp Med 206:1717–1725. doi:10.1084/jem.20082492 PubMedCrossRef Peggs KS, Quezada SA, Chambers CA, Korman AJ, Allison JP (2009) Blockade of CTLA-4 on both effector and regulatory T cell compartments contributes to the antitumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. J Exp Med 206:1717–1725. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20082492 PubMedCrossRef