Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Diabetes Reports 12/2015

01-12-2015 | Microvascular Complications—Nephropathy (T Isakova, Section Editor)

Therapies on the Horizon for Diabetic Kidney Disease

Authors: Sadaf S. Khan, Susan E. Quaggin

Published in: Current Diabetes Reports | Issue 12/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy is rapidly becoming the major cause of end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Standard of care therapies include strict glycemic control and blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. While these treatments slow progression of diabetic nephropathy, they do not arrest or reverse it. Newer therapies targeting multiple molecular pathways involved in renal inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress have shown promise in animal models. Subsequently, many of these agents have been investigated in clinical human trials with mixed results. In this review, we will discuss recent findings of novel agents used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Tazo Z, Shia A, Zhao J. Epidemiological perspectives of diabetes. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015. Tazo Z, Shia A, Zhao J. Epidemiological perspectives of diabetes. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015.
2.
go back to reference Saran R, Li Y, Robinson B, et al. US Renal Data System 2014 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(1 suppl 1):S1–306. Saran R, Li Y, Robinson B, et al. US Renal Data System 2014 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(1 suppl 1):S1–306.
3.
go back to reference Chawla V, Bijan R. Non-proteinuric Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2014; 14–529. Chawla V, Bijan R. Non-proteinuric Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2014; 14–529.
4.
go back to reference Messent JW, Elliot TG, Hill RD, et al. Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a twenty-three year follow-up study. Kidney Int. 1992;41:836–9.CrossRefPubMed Messent JW, Elliot TG, Hill RD, et al. Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a twenty-three year follow-up study. Kidney Int. 1992;41:836–9.CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
7.
go back to reference The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference UK Propspective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837–53.CrossRef UK Propspective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837–53.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(5):850–86.CrossRef National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(5):850–86.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1–150.CrossRef Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1–150.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 suppl 1:S1–93. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 suppl 1:S1–93.
12.
go back to reference Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic enphroatphy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1892–903.CrossRefPubMed Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic enphroatphy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1892–903.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–53.CrossRefPubMed Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–53.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204–13.CrossRefPubMed Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(23):2204–13.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Sato A, Hayashi K, Naruse M, et al. Effectiveness of aldosterone blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension. 2003;41:64–8.CrossRefPubMed Sato A, Hayashi K, Naruse M, et al. Effectiveness of aldosterone blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension. 2003;41:64–8.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Rossing K, Schoedt K, Smidt U, et al. Beneficial effects of adding spironolactone to recommended antihypertensive treatment in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2106–211.CrossRefPubMed Rossing K, Schoedt K, Smidt U, et al. Beneficial effects of adding spironolactone to recommended antihypertensive treatment in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2106–211.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese V, et al. Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:45–51.CrossRefPubMed Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Campese V, et al. Antagonists of aldosterone and proteinuria in patients with CKD: an uncontrolled pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:45–51.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Zoja C, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. The Nrf2 pathway in the progression of renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:i19–24.CrossRefPubMed Zoja C, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. The Nrf2 pathway in the progression of renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:i19–24.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Aminzadeh MA, Reisman SA, Vziri ND, et al. The synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (CDDO-dhTFEA) restores Nrf2 activity and attenuate oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease. Xenobiotica. 2014;44:570–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Aminzadeh MA, Reisman SA, Vziri ND, et al. The synthetic triterpenoid RTA dh404 (CDDO-dhTFEA) restores Nrf2 activity and attenuate oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease. Xenobiotica. 2014;44:570–8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Pergola P, Raskin P, Toto P, et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:327–36.CrossRefPubMed Pergola P, Raskin P, Toto P, et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:327–36.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Chin M, Reisman S, Bakris G, et al. Mechanisms contributing to adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease treated with Bardoxolone Methyl. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39:499–508.CrossRefPubMed Chin M, Reisman S, Bakris G, et al. Mechanisms contributing to adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease treated with Bardoxolone Methyl. Am J Nephrol. 2014;39:499–508.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference McCormick B, Sydor A, Akbari A, et al. The effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria in diabetic kidney diseaes: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:454–63.CrossRefPubMed McCormick B, Sydor A, Akbari A, et al. The effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria in diabetic kidney diseaes: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:454–63.CrossRefPubMed
23.•
go back to reference Navarro-Gonzalez J, Mora-Fernandez C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:220–9. In this study, the addition of pentoxifylline to RAS blockade demonstrated reduction in albuminuria and slowed decreased in eGFR.CrossRefPubMed Navarro-Gonzalez J, Mora-Fernandez C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:220–9. In this study, the addition of pentoxifylline to RAS blockade demonstrated reduction in albuminuria and slowed decreased in eGFR.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on GFR decline in CKD: A pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:606–16.CrossRefPubMed Perkins RM, Aboudara MC, Uy AL, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on GFR decline in CKD: A pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:606–16.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Evcimen ND, King GL. The role of protein kinase C activation and the vascular complications of diabetes. Pharmacol Res. 2007;55:498–510.CrossRefPubMed Evcimen ND, King GL. The role of protein kinase C activation and the vascular complications of diabetes. Pharmacol Res. 2007;55:498–510.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Koya D, Haneda M, Nakagawa H, et al. Amelioration of accelerated diabetic mesangial expansion by treatment with PKC beta inhibitor in diabetic db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes. FASEB J. 2000;14(3):439–47.PubMed Koya D, Haneda M, Nakagawa H, et al. Amelioration of accelerated diabetic mesangial expansion by treatment with PKC beta inhibitor in diabetic db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes. FASEB J. 2000;14(3):439–47.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Toto JB, et al. The effects of ruboxistaurin on nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2686–90.CrossRefPubMed Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Toto JB, et al. The effects of ruboxistaurin on nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2686–90.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Gilbert RE, Kim SA, Tuttle GL, et al. Effects of ruboxistuarin on urinary transforming growth factor-b in patients with diabetic nephropathy and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:995–6.CrossRefPubMed Gilbert RE, Kim SA, Tuttle GL, et al. Effects of ruboxistuarin on urinary transforming growth factor-b in patients with diabetic nephropathy and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:995–6.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Tuttle KR, McGill JB, Haney DJ, et al. Kidney outcomes in long-term studies of ruboxistuarin for diabetic eye disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:631–6.CrossRefPubMed Tuttle KR, McGill JB, Haney DJ, et al. Kidney outcomes in long-term studies of ruboxistuarin for diabetic eye disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:631–6.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Tuttle KR, Bastyr III JB, McGill CL, et al. Albuminuria and kidney function in a long-term study of ruboxistaurin for diabetic neuropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(4):631–6.CrossRef Tuttle KR, Bastyr III JB, McGill CL, et al. Albuminuria and kidney function in a long-term study of ruboxistaurin for diabetic neuropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(4):631–6.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Cho ME, Smith DC, Branton MH, et al. Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:906–13.CrossRefPubMed Cho ME, Smith DC, Branton MH, et al. Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:906–13.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Kanamori H, Matsubara T, Mima A, et al. Inhibition of MCP-1/CRR2 pathway ameliorates the development of diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;360:727–7. Kanamori H, Matsubara T, Mima A, et al. Inhibition of MCP-1/CRR2 pathway ameliorates the development of diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;360:727–7.
34.
go back to reference Tesch GH. MCP-1/CLL2: a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for progressive renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;294:F697–701.CrossRefPubMed Tesch GH. MCP-1/CLL2: a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for progressive renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;294:F697–701.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Ruggenenti P, Negarim M. Effects of MCP-1 inhibition by bindarit therapy in type 2 diabetes subjects with micro- or macro- albuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010: 21. Ruggenenti P, Negarim M. Effects of MCP-1 inhibition by bindarit therapy in type 2 diabetes subjects with micro- or macro- albuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010: 21.
36.
go back to reference Ble A, Mosca M, Loretto GD, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 inhibition in subjects with acute proliferative lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34(4):367–72.CrossRefPubMed Ble A, Mosca M, Loretto GD, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 inhibition in subjects with acute proliferative lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34(4):367–72.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Gambaro G, Cavazzana AO, Luzi P, et al. Glycosasminoglycans prevent morphological renal alterations and albuminuria in diabetic rats. Kidney Int. 1992;42:285–91.CrossRefPubMed Gambaro G, Cavazzana AO, Luzi P, et al. Glycosasminoglycans prevent morphological renal alterations and albuminuria in diabetic rats. Kidney Int. 1992;42:285–91.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Gambaro G, Venturini AP, Noonan DM, et al. Treatment with a glycosaminoglycan formulation ameliorates experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1994;46:797–806.CrossRefPubMed Gambaro G, Venturini AP, Noonan DM, et al. Treatment with a glycosaminoglycan formulation ameliorates experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1994;46:797–806.CrossRefPubMed
39.•
go back to reference Ceol M, Nerlich A, Baggio B, et al. Increased glomerular expression α1(IV) collagen expression and deposition in long-term diabetic rats is prevented by chronic glycosaminoglycan treatment. Lab Investig. 1996;74:484–95. In this study, atrasentan (a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist) with RAS inhibition successfully reduced albuminuria in type 2 diabetic nephropathy and thus may improve renal outcomes.PubMed Ceol M, Nerlich A, Baggio B, et al. Increased glomerular expression α1(IV) collagen expression and deposition in long-term diabetic rats is prevented by chronic glycosaminoglycan treatment. Lab Investig. 1996;74:484–95. In this study, atrasentan (a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist) with RAS inhibition successfully reduced albuminuria in type 2 diabetic nephropathy and thus may improve renal outcomes.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Ceol M, Gambaro G, Sauer U, et al. Glycosaminoglycan therapy prevents TGF- β 1 overexpression and pathologic changes in renal tissue of long-term diabetic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:2324–36.PubMed Ceol M, Gambaro G, Sauer U, et al. Glycosaminoglycan therapy prevents TGF- β 1 overexpression and pathologic changes in renal tissue of long-term diabetic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:2324–36.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Van den Hoven MJ, Rops AL, Bakker MA, et al. Increased expression of heparanase in overt diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2006;70:2100–8.PubMed Van den Hoven MJ, Rops AL, Bakker MA, et al. Increased expression of heparanase in overt diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2006;70:2100–8.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Gambaro G, Kinalska I, Oksa A, et al. Oral sulodexide reduces albuminuria in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: the Di.N.A.S. randomized trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1615–25.CrossRefPubMed Gambaro G, Kinalska I, Oksa A, et al. Oral sulodexide reduces albuminuria in microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: the Di.N.A.S. randomized trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1615–25.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Lewis EJ, Lewis JB, Greene T, et al. Sulodexide for kidney protection in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58:729–36.CrossRefPubMed Lewis EJ, Lewis JB, Greene T, et al. Sulodexide for kidney protection in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58:729–36.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Packham DK, Wolfe R, Reutens AT, et al. Sulodexide fails to demonstrate renoprotective in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:123–30.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Packham DK, Wolfe R, Reutens AT, et al. Sulodexide fails to demonstrate renoprotective in overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:123–30.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Wenzel R, Littke T, Kuranoff S, et al. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Neprol. 2009;20:655–64.CrossRef Wenzel R, Littke T, Kuranoff S, et al. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Neprol. 2009;20:655–64.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Kohan DE. Addition of atrasetan to renin-angiotensin system blockade reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;58:763–72.CrossRef Kohan DE. Addition of atrasetan to renin-angiotensin system blockade reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;58:763–72.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Zoppini G, Targher G, Chonchol M, et al. Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. Diabetes Care. 2010;35:99–104.CrossRef Zoppini G, Targher G, Chonchol M, et al. Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. Diabetes Care. 2010;35:99–104.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Kang DH, Park SK, Lee IK, et al. Uric acid- induced C-reactive protein expression: implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3553–62.CrossRefPubMed Kang DH, Park SK, Lee IK, et al. Uric acid- induced C-reactive protein expression: implication on cell proliferation and nitric oxide production of human vascular cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3553–62.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, et al. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:51–9.CrossRefPubMed Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, et al. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:51–9.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, et al. Effects of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(8):1388–93.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, et al. Effects of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(8):1388–93.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Maahs DM, Caramori ML, Cherney DZI, et al. Uric acid lowering to prevent kidney function loss in diabetes: the preventing early renal function loss (PERL). Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(4):550–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Maahs DM, Caramori ML, Cherney DZI, et al. Uric acid lowering to prevent kidney function loss in diabetes: the preventing early renal function loss (PERL). Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(4):550–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Sanchez-Nino MD, Bozic M, Cordoba-Lanus E, et al. Beyond proteinuria: VDR activation reduces renal inflammation in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012;302:F647–57.CrossRefPubMed Sanchez-Nino MD, Bozic M, Cordoba-Lanus E, et al. Beyond proteinuria: VDR activation reduces renal inflammation in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012;302:F647–57.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference de Zeeuw D, Agrawal R, Amdahl M, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;367:1543–51.CrossRef de Zeeuw D, Agrawal R, Amdahl M, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;367:1543–51.CrossRef
55.
go back to reference The Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1193–120.PubMedCentralCrossRef The Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1193–120.PubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Koh GY. Orchestral actions of angiopoeitin-1 in vascular regeneration. Trends Mol Med. 2013;19(1):31–9.CrossRefPubMed Koh GY. Orchestral actions of angiopoeitin-1 in vascular regeneration. Trends Mol Med. 2013;19(1):31–9.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Jeansson M, Gawlik A, Anderson G, et al. Angiopoeitin-1 is essential in mouse vasculature during development and in response to injury. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2278–89.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Jeansson M, Gawlik A, Anderson G, et al. Angiopoeitin-1 is essential in mouse vasculature during development and in response to injury. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2278–89.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Giacoo F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010;107(9):1058–70.CrossRef Giacoo F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010;107(9):1058–70.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Gray SP, Di Marco E, Okabe J, et al. NADPH oxidase 1 plays a role in diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013;127(18):1888–902.CrossRefPubMed Gray SP, Di Marco E, Okabe J, et al. NADPH oxidase 1 plays a role in diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013;127(18):1888–902.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Ortiz-Muñoz, Lopez-Parra V, Lopez-Franco O, et al. Suppressors of cytokine signaling abrogate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(5):763–72.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ortiz-Muñoz, Lopez-Parra V, Lopez-Franco O, et al. Suppressors of cytokine signaling abrogate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(5):763–72.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Walsh DW, Roxburgh SA, McGettigan P, et al. Co-regulation of Gremlin and Notch signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1782(1):10–21.CrossRefPubMed Walsh DW, Roxburgh SA, McGettigan P, et al. Co-regulation of Gremlin and Notch signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1782(1):10–21.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Marrero MB, Banes-Berceli AK, Stern DM, et al. Role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290(4):F762–8.CrossRefPubMed Marrero MB, Banes-Berceli AK, Stern DM, et al. Role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290(4):F762–8.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Wang X, Shaw S, Amiri F, et al. Inhibition of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway prevents the high glucose-induced increase in tgf-beta and fibronectin synthesis in mesangial cells. Diabetes. 2002;51(12):3505–9.CrossRefPubMed Wang X, Shaw S, Amiri F, et al. Inhibition of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway prevents the high glucose-induced increase in tgf-beta and fibronectin synthesis in mesangial cells. Diabetes. 2002;51(12):3505–9.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Therapies on the Horizon for Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors
Sadaf S. Khan
Susan E. Quaggin
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Diabetes Reports / Issue 12/2015
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Electronic ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0685-3

Other articles of this Issue 12/2015

Current Diabetes Reports 12/2015 Go to the issue

Microvascular Complications—Neuropathy (R Pop-Busui, Section Editor)

Retinal Failure in Diabetes: a Feature of Retinal Sensory Neuropathy

Diabetes Epidemiology (NM Maruthur, Section Editor)

Undiagnosed MODY: Time for Action

Diabetes Epidemiology (NM Maruthur, Section Editor)

Betatrophin in Diabetes Mellitus: the Epidemiological Evidence in Humans

Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes (VR Aroda and A Getaneh, Section Editors)

Hypoglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease: Lessons from Outcome Studies

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.