Top

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

Published in:

01-08-2020 | Original Article

The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a Persian Version Among a Large Sample of Psychiatric Patients

Authors: Vahid Khosravani, Mahmoud Najafi, Ali Mohammadzadeh

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Issue 4/2020

Abstract

The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), as a measure of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), showed good validity and reliability. Factor analytic studies have studied various models regarding first-order and second-order factors by using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). A limitation of prior psychometric studies on the YSQ-SF is the reliance on normal samples. This study aimed to assess latent factor structure, validity, and reliability of the Persian-translated version of YSQ-SF in a large sample of patients with different mental disorders. One thousand and six patients with different psychiatric disorders completed the YSQ-SF, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI). The results showed that the 15-factor first-order and five-factor second-order models had more acceptable fits than other models. The internal reliability of the YSQ-SF in terms of Cronbach’s alpha was found to be good. Criterion, predictive, and discriminant validity of the scale was confirmed to be acceptable. The findings suggest that among the proposed models of YSQ-SF, the 75-item YSQ-SF with 15-factor first-order and five-factor second-order models has acceptable fits among Iranian psychiatric patients.

Available only for authorised users

Ahmadian, A., Mirzaee, J., Omidbeygi, M., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2015). Differences in maladaptive schemas between patients suffering from chronic and acute posttraumatic stress disorder and healthy controls. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 1677–1684. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s85959.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ahmadpanah, M., Astinsadaf, S., Akhondi, A., Haghighi, M., Bahmani, D. S., Nazaribadie, M., Jahangard, L., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, social isolation, shame and abandonment are related to a history of suicide attempts among patients with major depressive disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.008.CrossRefPubMed

Ball, S. A., & Cecero, J. J. (2001). Addicted patients with personality disorders: Traits, schemas, and presenting problems. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.1.72.18642.CrossRefPubMed

Baranoff, J., Oei, T. P. S., Kwon, S. M., & Cho, S. (2006). Factor structure and internal consistency of the young schema questionnaire (short form). Journal of Affective Disorders, 93(1), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N., & Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.021.CrossRef

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self report manual. San Antonio.

Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0.CrossRef

Besharat, M. A. (2011). Development and validation of adult attachment inventory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.093.CrossRef

Bortolon, C., Capdevielle, D., Boulenger, J. P., Gely-Nargeot, M. C., & Raffard, S. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas predict positive symptomatology in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.018.CrossRefPubMed

Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(5), 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.667.CrossRef

Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills: Sage.

Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions 154:(136–136).

Calvete, E., Estévez, A., López de Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The Schema questionnaire--short form: Structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90.CrossRef

Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. (2010). Do early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between childhood experiences and avoidant personality disorder features? A preliminary investigation in a non-clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 343–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9250-1.CrossRef

Cormier, A., Jourda, B., Laros, C., Walburg, V., & Callahan, S. (2011). Influence between early maladaptive schemas and depression. L'Encephale, 37(4), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2011.01.001.CrossRefPubMed

Crowell, J. A., Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1999). Measurement of individual differences in adolescents and adult attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 434–465). New York: Guilford Press.

Cui, L., Lin, W., & Oei, T. P. (2011). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the young Schema questionnaire (short form) in Chinese undergraduate students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9(6), 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9283-4.CrossRef

Dozois, D. J. (2007). Stability of negative self-structures: A longitudinal comparison of depressed, remitted, and nonpsychiatric controls. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20349.CrossRefPubMed

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research Department, Psychiatric Institute.

Garrusi, B., & Nakhaee, N. (2009). Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 104(2), 509–516. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.2.509-516.CrossRefPubMed

Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck depression inventory-second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20070.CrossRefPubMed

Ghazanfari, F., Rezaei, M., & Rezaei, F. (2018). The mediating role of repetitive negative thinking and experiential avoidance on the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(3), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.12.010.CrossRefPubMed

Glaser, B. A., Campbell, L. F., Calhoun, G. B., Bates, J. M., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2002). The early maladaptive schema questionnaire-short form: A construct validity study. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35(1), 2–13.CrossRef

Gong, J., & Chan, R. C. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas as mediators between childhood maltreatment and later psychological distress among Chinese college students. Psychiatry Research, 259, 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.019.CrossRefPubMed

Grant, D., Almond, M. K., Newnham, A., Roberts, P., & Hutchings, A. (2008). The Beck depression inventory requires modification in scoring before use in a haemodialysis population in the UK. Nephron Clinical Practice, 110(1), c33–c38. https://doi.org/10.1159/000151230.CrossRefPubMed

Haaland, A. T., Vogel, P. A., Launes, G., Haaland, V. Ø., Hansen, B., Solem, S., & Himle, J. A. (2011). The role of early maladaptive schemas in predicting exposure and response prevention outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(11), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.007.CrossRefPubMed

Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of depression: A 9-year follow-up study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5.CrossRef

Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(3), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016085112981.

Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas among patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 803–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.036.CrossRefPubMed

Hawke, L. D., Provencher, M. D., & Arntz, A. (2011). Early maladaptive schemas in the risk for bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.040.CrossRefPubMed

Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.52.3.511.CrossRef

Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., Wang, C. E., Holthe, H., Haugum, J. A., Nordahl, H. M., Hovland, O. J., & Holte, A. (2005). The structure of maladaptive schemas: A confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-derived scales. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 627–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-9630-0.CrossRef

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.

Khosravani, V., Seidisarouei, M., & Alvani, A. (2016a). Early maladaptive schemas, behavioral inhibition system, behavioral approach system, and defense styles in natural drug abusers. Polish Annals Medicine, 23(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poamed.2015.12.003.CrossRef

Khosravani, V., Alvani, A., & Seidisarouei, M. (2016b). The relation of early maladaptive schemas and behavioral inhibition/approach systems to defense styles in abusers of synthetic drug: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Substance Use, 21(6), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2015.1130184.CrossRef

Khosravani, V., Bastan, F. S., Ardestani, M. S., & Ardakani, R. J. (2017a). Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal risk in an Iranian sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 255, 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.080.CrossRefPubMed

Khosravani, V., Alvani, A., Seidisarouei, M., Amirinezhad, A., & Shojaee, D. (2017b). Early maladaptive schemas, behavioral inhibition/approach systems, and defense styles in the users of natural and synthetic substances and healthy subjects. Journal of Substance Use, 22(2), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2016.1166272.CrossRef

Khosravani, V., Mehdizadeh, A., Dortaj, A., Alvani, A., & Amirinezhad, A. (2017c). Early maladaptive schemas, behavioral inhibition/approach systems, and defense styles in the abusers of opiate, stimulant, and cannabis drugs and healthy subjects. Journal of Substance Use, 22(3), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1208776.CrossRef

Khosravani, V., Bastan, F. S., Ghorbani, F., & Kamali, Z. (2017d). Difficulties in emotion regulation mediate negative and positive affects and craving in alcoholic patients. Addictive Behaviors, 71, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.029.CrossRefPubMed

Khosravani, V., Kamali, Z., Ardakani, R. J., & Ardestani, M. S. (2017e). The relation of childhood trauma to suicide ideation in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder with lifetime suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 255, 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.032.CrossRefPubMed

Kim, J. E., Lee, S. W., & Lee, S. J. (2014). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and symptom dimensions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 215(1), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.036.CrossRefPubMed

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.

Kwak, K. H., & Lee, S. J. (2015). A comparative study of early maladaptive schemas in obsessive–compulsive disorder and panic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 230(3), 757–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.015.CrossRefPubMed

Londoño, N. H., Schnitter, M., Marín, C., Calvete, E., Ferrer, A., Maestre, K., Chaves, L., & Castrillón, D. (2012). Young Schema questionnaire-short form: validación en Colombia. Universitas Psychologica, 11(1), 147–164.CrossRef

MacDonald, K., Sciolla, A. F., Folsom, D., Bazzo, D., Searles, C., Moutier, C., Thomas, M. L., Borton, K., & Norcross, B. (2015). Individual risk factors for physician boundary violations: The role of attachment style, childhood trauma and maladaptive beliefs. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(5), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.002.CrossRefPubMed

Mason, O., Platts, H., & Tyson, M. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78(4), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608305x41371.CrossRef

McLean, H. R., Bailey, H. N., & Lumley, M. N. (2014). The secure base script: Associated with early maladaptive schemas related to attachment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 87(4), 425–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12025.CrossRef

Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.

Renner, F., Lobbestael, J., Peeters, F., Arntz, A., & Huibers, M. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas in depressed patients: Stability and relation with depressive symptoms over the course of treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.027.CrossRefPubMed

Rezaei, M., Ghazanfari, F., & Rezaee, F. (2016). The role of childhood trauma, early maladaptive schemas,emotional schemas and experimental avoidance on depression: A structural equation modeling. Psychiatry Research, 246, 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.037.CrossRefPubMed

Riso, L. P., Du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S., Pacoe, E. M., Grant, M. M., & Ulmer, C. S. (2003). Cognitive aspects of chronic depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.112.1.72.CrossRefPubMed

Riso, L. P., Froman, S. E., Raouf, M., Gable, P., Maddux, R. E., Turini-Santorelli, N., Penna, S., Blandino, J. A., Jacobs, C. H., & Cherry, M. (2006). The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(4), 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9015-z.CrossRef

Sadooghi, Z., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Rasoulzadeh Tabatabaie, K., & Esfehanian, N. (2008). Factor analysis of the young schema questionnaire-short form in a nonclinical Iranian sample. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(2), 214–219 (text in Persian).

Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.

Stopa, L., Thorne, P., Waters, A., & Preston, J. (2001). Are the short and long forms of the young Schema questionnaire comparable and how well does each version predict psychopathology scores? Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 15(3), 253–272.CrossRef

Sundag, J., Ascone, L., de Matos Marques, A., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Elucidating the role of early maladaptive schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 238, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.008.CrossRefPubMed

Thiel, N., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Herbst, N., Külz, A. K., Nissen, C., Hertenstein, E., Gross, E., & Voderholzer, U. (2014). The prediction of treatment outcomes by early maladaptive schemas and schema modes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0362-0.CrossRef

Waller, G., Meyer, C., & Ohanian, V. (2001). Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the young Schema questionnaire: Core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026487018110.CrossRef

Welburn, K., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The Schema questionnaire—Short form: Factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016231902020.CrossRef

Wright, M. O. D., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007.CrossRef

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1994). Young schema questionnaire. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach, 63–76

Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality. Sarasota: Professional Resources Press.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1994). Young schema questionnaire. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach, 63–76

Young, J. E. (1998). Young Schema questionnaire short form. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.

Young, J. E. (2005). Young Schema questionnaire – Short form 3 (YSQ-S3). New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema therapy: A Practitioner's guide. NY: Guilford Publications.

Title: The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a Persian Version Among a Large Sample of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Vahid Khosravani
Mahmoud Najafi
Ali Mohammadzadeh
Publication date: 01-08-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Issue 4/2020
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9997-2

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

The Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a Persian Version Among a Large Sample of Psychiatric Patients

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2020

Correlates of Anxiety and Depression among Young Men Living in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Discriminative Characteristics of Marginalised Novel Psychoactive Users: a Transnational Study

Anonymous Women? A Scoping Review of the Experiences of Women in Gamblers Anonymous (GA)

Emirati Women’s Experiences of Consanguineous Marriage: a Qualitative Exploration of Attitudes, Health Challenges, and Coping Styles

Perspectives of Frontline Professionals on Palestinian Children Living with Sibling and Parental Drug Use in the West Bank and Gaza Strip

Predictors of Personal Recovery of People with Severe Mental Illness in a Chinese Society: a Cross-Sectional Study with a Random Sample