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Seminars in Immunopathology
Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology 6/2014

01-11-2014 | Review

The use of microRNA by human viruses: lessons from NK cells and HCMV infection

Authors: Tal Goldberger, Ofer Mandelboim

Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology | Issue 6/2014

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Abstract

Depending on ethnicity and on social conditions, between 40 and 90 % of the population is infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In immunocompetent patients, the virus may cause an acute disease and then revert to a state of latency, which enables its coexistence with the human host. However, in cases of immunosuppression or in neonatal infections, HCMV can cause serious long-lasting illnesses. HCMV has developed multiple mechanisms in order to escape its elimination by the immune system, specifically by two killer cell types of the adaptive and the innate immune systems; cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, respectively. Another fascinating aspect of HCMV is that like other highly developed herpesviruses, it expresses its own unique set of microRNAs. Here, we initially describe how the activity of NK cells is regulated under normal conditions and during infection. Then, we discuss what is currently known about HCMV microRNA-mediated interactions, with special emphasis on immune modulation and NK cell evasion. We further illustrate the significant modulation of cellular microRNAs during HCMV infection. Although, the full target spectrum of HCMV microRNAs is far from being completely elucidated, it can already be concluded that HCMV uses its “multitasking” microRNAs to globally affect its own life cycle, as well as important cellular and immune-related pathways.
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Metadata
Title
The use of microRNA by human viruses: lessons from NK cells and HCMV infection
Authors
Tal Goldberger
Ofer Mandelboim
Publication date
01-11-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Seminars in Immunopathology / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-2297
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2300
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0447-3

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