Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cancer Causes & Control 3/2015

01-03-2015 | Review article

The role of body size and physical activity on the risk of breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers

Authors: Rachael Pettapiece-Phillips, Steven A. Narod, Joanne Kotsopoulos

Published in: Cancer Causes & Control | Issue 3/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Women who inherit a BRCA mutation face a high lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Given the high penetrance of these mutations, prevention is of extreme importance. Here, we review the literature regarding the role of body size and of physical activity in the context of BRCA-associated breast cancer. There is some evidence to support a protective role of a healthy body size and of regular physical activity among mutation carriers, particularly during adolescence or early adulthood. Factors which increase the physiologic expression of the normal copy of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene and thereby normalize protein levels, contribute to stem cell homeostasis, and/or affect hormone levels, might mitigate the effects of an inherited BRCA mutation. Preliminary evidence from one in vivo study and from one epidemiologic report suggests that an increase in BRCA1 mRNA expression occurs with increasing levels of physical activity. The prospect of changing lifestyle for the purpose of preventing breast cancer in high-risk women, complemented by mechanistic evidence, warrants evaluation in large-scale prospective studies.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Lynch HT, Cybulski C, Ghadirian P, Stawicka M, Foulkes WD, Kilar E, Kim-Sing C, Neuhausen SL, Armel S, Gilchrist D, Sweet K, Gronwald J, Eisen A, Gorski B, Sun P, Narod SA (2012) The risk of breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 mutation from North America and Poland. Int J Cancer 131(1):229–234. doi:10.1002/ijc.26369 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Lynch HT, Cybulski C, Ghadirian P, Stawicka M, Foulkes WD, Kilar E, Kim-Sing C, Neuhausen SL, Armel S, Gilchrist D, Sweet K, Gronwald J, Eisen A, Gorski B, Sun P, Narod SA (2012) The risk of breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 mutation from North America and Poland. Int J Cancer 131(1):229–234. doi:10.​1002/​ijc.​26369 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
2.
go back to reference Mavaddat N, Peock S, Frost D, Ellis S, Platte R, Fineberg E, Evans DG, Izatt L, Eeles RA, Adlard J, Davidson R, Eccles D, Cole T, Cook J, Brewer C, Tischkowitz M, Douglas F, Hodgson S, Walker L, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Houghton C, Donaldson A, Rogers MT, Dorkins H, Miedzybrodzka Z, Gregory H, Eason J, Barwell J, McCann E, Murray A, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Embrace (2013) Cancer risks for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from prospective analysis of EMBRACE. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(11):812–822. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt095 CrossRefPubMed Mavaddat N, Peock S, Frost D, Ellis S, Platte R, Fineberg E, Evans DG, Izatt L, Eeles RA, Adlard J, Davidson R, Eccles D, Cole T, Cook J, Brewer C, Tischkowitz M, Douglas F, Hodgson S, Walker L, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Houghton C, Donaldson A, Rogers MT, Dorkins H, Miedzybrodzka Z, Gregory H, Eason J, Barwell J, McCann E, Murray A, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Embrace (2013) Cancer risks for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from prospective analysis of EMBRACE. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(11):812–822. doi:10.​1093/​jnci/​djt095 CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL, Loman N, Olsson H, Johannsson O, Borg A, Pasini B, Radice P, Manoukian S, Eccles DM, Tang N, Olah E, Anton-Culver H, Warner E, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Gorski B, Tulinius H, Thorlacius S, Eerola H, Nevanlinna H, Syrjakoski K, Kallioniemi OP, Thompson D, Evans C, Peto J, Lalloo F, Evans DG, Easton DF (2003) Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 72(5):1117–1130. doi:10.1086/375033 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL, Loman N, Olsson H, Johannsson O, Borg A, Pasini B, Radice P, Manoukian S, Eccles DM, Tang N, Olah E, Anton-Culver H, Warner E, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Gorski B, Tulinius H, Thorlacius S, Eerola H, Nevanlinna H, Syrjakoski K, Kallioniemi OP, Thompson D, Evans C, Peto J, Lalloo F, Evans DG, Easton DF (2003) Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 72(5):1117–1130. doi:10.​1086/​375033 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
4.
go back to reference Risch HA, McLaughlin JR, Cole DE, Rosen B, Bradley L, Kwan E, Jack E, Vesprini DJ, Kuperstein G, Abrahamson JL, Fan I, Wong B, Narod SA (2001) Prevalence and penetrance of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population series of 649 women with ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 68(3):700–710. doi:10.1086/318787 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Risch HA, McLaughlin JR, Cole DE, Rosen B, Bradley L, Kwan E, Jack E, Vesprini DJ, Kuperstein G, Abrahamson JL, Fan I, Wong B, Narod SA (2001) Prevalence and penetrance of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population series of 649 women with ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 68(3):700–710. doi:10.​1086/​318787 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
6.
go back to reference Metcalfe K, Gershman S, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Olopade OI, Domchek S, McLennan J, Eisen A, Foulkes WD, Rosen B, Sun P, Narod SA (2011) Predictors of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer 104(9):1384–1392. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.120 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Metcalfe K, Gershman S, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Olopade OI, Domchek S, McLennan J, Eisen A, Foulkes WD, Rosen B, Sun P, Narod SA (2011) Predictors of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer 104(9):1384–1392. doi:10.​1038/​bjc.​2011.​120 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
7.
go back to reference Metcalfe K, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Olopade OI, Domchek S, Eisen A, Foulkes WD, Rosen B, Vesprini D, Sun P, Narod SA (2011) Risk of ipsilateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 127(1):287–296. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1336-7 CrossRefPubMed Metcalfe K, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Olopade OI, Domchek S, Eisen A, Foulkes WD, Rosen B, Vesprini D, Sun P, Narod SA (2011) Risk of ipsilateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 127(1):287–296. doi:10.​1007/​s10549-010-1336-7 CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Welcsh PL, Schubert EL, King MC (1998) Inherited breast cancer: an emerging picture. Clin Genet 54(6):447–458CrossRefPubMed Welcsh PL, Schubert EL, King MC (1998) Inherited breast cancer: an emerging picture. Clin Genet 54(6):447–458CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Elledge SJ, Amon A (2002) The BRCA1 suppressor hypothesis: an explanation for the tissue-specific tumor development in BRCA1 patients. Cancer Cell 1(2):129–132CrossRefPubMed Elledge SJ, Amon A (2002) The BRCA1 suppressor hypothesis: an explanation for the tissue-specific tumor development in BRCA1 patients. Cancer Cell 1(2):129–132CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Metcalfe KA, Birenbaum-Carmeli D, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Lynch H, Moller P, Ghadirian P, Foulkes WD, Klijn J, Friedman E, Kim-Sing C, Ainsworth P, Rosen B, Domchek S, Wagner T, Tung N, Manoukian S, Couch F, Sun P, Narod SA (2008) International variation in rates of uptake of preventive options in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Cancer 122(9):2017–2022. doi:10.1002/ijc.23340 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Metcalfe KA, Birenbaum-Carmeli D, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Lynch H, Moller P, Ghadirian P, Foulkes WD, Klijn J, Friedman E, Kim-Sing C, Ainsworth P, Rosen B, Domchek S, Wagner T, Tung N, Manoukian S, Couch F, Sun P, Narod SA (2008) International variation in rates of uptake of preventive options in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Cancer 122(9):2017–2022. doi:10.​1002/​ijc.​23340 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
16.
go back to reference Metcalfe KA, Lubinski J, Ghadirian P, Lynch H, Kim-Sing C, Friedman E, Foulkes WD, Domchek S, Ainsworth P, Isaacs C, Tung N, Gronwald J, Cummings S, Wagner T, Manoukian S, Moller P, Weitzel J, Sun P, Narod SA (2008) Predictors of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: the Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. J Clin Oncol 26(7):1093–1097. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6078 CrossRefPubMed Metcalfe KA, Lubinski J, Ghadirian P, Lynch H, Kim-Sing C, Friedman E, Foulkes WD, Domchek S, Ainsworth P, Isaacs C, Tung N, Gronwald J, Cummings S, Wagner T, Manoukian S, Moller P, Weitzel J, Sun P, Narod SA (2008) Predictors of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: the Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. J Clin Oncol 26(7):1093–1097. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2007.​12.​6078 CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Metcalfe KA, Kim-Sing C, Ghadirian P, Sun P, Narod SA (2014) Health care provider recommendations for reducing cancer risks among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Clin Genet 85(1):21–30. doi:10.1111/cge.12233 CrossRefPubMed Metcalfe KA, Kim-Sing C, Ghadirian P, Sun P, Narod SA (2014) Health care provider recommendations for reducing cancer risks among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Clin Genet 85(1):21–30. doi:10.​1111/​cge.​12233 CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Narod S, Lynch H, Conway T, Watson P, Feunteun J, Lenoir G (1993) Increasing incidence of breast cancer in family with BRCA1 mutation. Lancet 341(8852):1101–1102CrossRefPubMed Narod S, Lynch H, Conway T, Watson P, Feunteun J, Lenoir G (1993) Increasing incidence of breast cancer in family with BRCA1 mutation. Lancet 341(8852):1101–1102CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Wong N, Goffin J, Chappuis PO (2002) Change in the penetrance of founder BRCA1/2 mutations? A retrospective cohort study. J Med Genet 39(6):407–409CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Wong N, Goffin J, Chappuis PO (2002) Change in the penetrance of founder BRCA1/2 mutations? A retrospective cohort study. J Med Genet 39(6):407–409CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
22.
go back to reference Chang-Claude J, Becher H, Eby N, Bastert G, Wahrendorf J, Hamann U (1997) Modifying effect of reproductive risk factors on the age at onset of breast cancer for German BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123(5):272–279PubMed Chang-Claude J, Becher H, Eby N, Bastert G, Wahrendorf J, Hamann U (1997) Modifying effect of reproductive risk factors on the age at onset of breast cancer for German BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123(5):272–279PubMed
23.
go back to reference Kotsopoulos J, Olopado OI, Ghadirian P, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Isaacs C, Weber B, Kim-Sing C, Ainsworth P, Foulkes WD, Eisen A, Sun P, Narod SA (2005) Changes in body weight and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 7(5):R833–R843. doi:10.1186/bcr1293 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Kotsopoulos J, Olopado OI, Ghadirian P, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Isaacs C, Weber B, Kim-Sing C, Ainsworth P, Foulkes WD, Eisen A, Sun P, Narod SA (2005) Changes in body weight and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 7(5):R833–R843. doi:10.​1186/​bcr1293 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
24.
go back to reference McGee J, Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Rosen B, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Karlan B, Foulkes WD, Ainsworth P, Ghadirian P, Senter L, Eisen A, Sun P, Narod SA (2012) Anthropometric measures and risk of ovarian cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20(6):1288–1292. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.394 CrossRef McGee J, Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Rosen B, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Karlan B, Foulkes WD, Ainsworth P, Ghadirian P, Senter L, Eisen A, Sun P, Narod SA (2012) Anthropometric measures and risk of ovarian cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20(6):1288–1292. doi:10.​1038/​oby.​2011.​394 CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Manders P, Pijpe A, Hooning MJ, Kluijt I, Vasen HF, Hoogerbrugge N, van Asperen CJ, Meijers-Heijboer H, Ausems MG, van Os TA, Gomez-Garcia EB, Brohet RM, van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA (2011) Body weight and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126(1):193–202. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1120-8 CrossRefPubMed Manders P, Pijpe A, Hooning MJ, Kluijt I, Vasen HF, Hoogerbrugge N, van Asperen CJ, Meijers-Heijboer H, Ausems MG, van Os TA, Gomez-Garcia EB, Brohet RM, van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA (2011) Body weight and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126(1):193–202. doi:10.​1007/​s10549-010-1120-8 CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Pijpe A, Manders P, Brohet RM, Collee JM, Verhoef S, Vasen HF, Hoogerbrugge N, van Asperen CJ, Dommering C, Ausems MG, Aalfs CM, Gomez-Garcia EB, Hebon Van’t Veer LJ, van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA (2010) Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(1):235–244. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0476-0 CrossRefPubMed Pijpe A, Manders P, Brohet RM, Collee JM, Verhoef S, Vasen HF, Hoogerbrugge N, van Asperen CJ, Dommering C, Ausems MG, Aalfs CM, Gomez-Garcia EB, Hebon Van’t Veer LJ, van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA (2010) Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(1):235–244. doi:10.​1007/​s10549-009-0476-0 CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Scott R (2004) DNA double strand break repair and its association with inherited predispositions to breast cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2(1):37–43CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Scott R (2004) DNA double strand break repair and its association with inherited predispositions to breast cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2(1):37–43CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
40.
go back to reference Amadou A, Ferrari P, Muwonge R, Moskal A, Biessy C, Romieu I, Hainaut P (2013) Overweight, obesity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer according to ethnicity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Obes Rev 14(8):665–678. doi:10.1111/obr.12028 CrossRefPubMed Amadou A, Ferrari P, Muwonge R, Moskal A, Biessy C, Romieu I, Hainaut P (2013) Overweight, obesity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer according to ethnicity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Obes Rev 14(8):665–678. doi:10.​1111/​obr.​12028 CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Olsen CM, Bain CJ, Jordan SJ, Nagle CM, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Webb PM (2007) Recreational physical activity and epithelial ovarian cancer: a case–control study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(11):2321–2330. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0566 CrossRefPubMed Olsen CM, Bain CJ, Jordan SJ, Nagle CM, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Webb PM (2007) Recreational physical activity and epithelial ovarian cancer: a case–control study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(11):2321–2330. doi:10.​1158/​1055-9965.​EPI-07-0566 CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Chen WY, Colditz GA (2007) Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 4(7):415–423. doi:10.1038/ncponc0851 CrossRefPubMed Chen WY, Colditz GA (2007) Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 4(7):415–423. doi:10.​1038/​ncponc0851 CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Althuis MD, Fergenbaum JH, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Madigan MP, Sherman ME (2004) Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(10):1558–1568PubMed Althuis MD, Fergenbaum JH, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Madigan MP, Sherman ME (2004) Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(10):1558–1568PubMed
46.
go back to reference Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A (2009) Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status–a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 124(3):698–712. doi:10.1002/ijc.23943 CrossRefPubMed Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A (2009) Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status–a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 124(3):698–712. doi:10.​1002/​ijc.​23943 CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Research WCRFAIfC (2007) Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC Research WCRFAIfC (2007) Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC
49.
go back to reference Cancer IAfRo (2002) Weight control and physical activity. IARC handbooks on cancer prevention, vol 6. Lyon, France Cancer IAfRo (2002) Weight control and physical activity. IARC handbooks on cancer prevention, vol 6. Lyon, France
50.
go back to reference van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson L, Folsom AR, Fraser G, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi L, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Rohan T, Smith-Warner SA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ (2000) Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 152(6):514–527CrossRefPubMed van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson L, Folsom AR, Fraser G, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi L, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Rohan T, Smith-Warner SA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ (2000) Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 152(6):514–527CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Potischman N, Swanson CA, Siiteri P, Hoover RN (1996) Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(11):756–758CrossRefPubMed Potischman N, Swanson CA, Siiteri P, Hoover RN (1996) Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(11):756–758CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTiernan A, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Kuller LH, Adams-Campbell LL, Lane D, Vitolins M, Kabat GC, Rohan TE, Li CI (2011) Body size, physical activity, and risk of triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20(3):454–463. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0974 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTiernan A, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Kuller LH, Adams-Campbell LL, Lane D, Vitolins M, Kabat GC, Rohan TE, Li CI (2011) Body size, physical activity, and risk of triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20(3):454–463. doi:10.​1158/​1055-9965.​EPI-10-0974 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
57.
go back to reference Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR (2002) Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr 132(11 Suppl):3456S–3464SPubMed Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR (2002) Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr 132(11 Suppl):3456S–3464SPubMed
60.
go back to reference Lukanova A, Kaaks R (2005) Endogenous hormones and ovarian cancer: epidemiology and current hypotheses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(1):98–107PubMed Lukanova A, Kaaks R (2005) Endogenous hormones and ovarian cancer: epidemiology and current hypotheses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(1):98–107PubMed
61.
go back to reference Risch HA (1998) Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone.[comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(23):1774–1786CrossRefPubMed Risch HA (1998) Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone.[comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(23):1774–1786CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Olsen CM, Green AC, Nagle CM, Jordan SJ, Whiteman DC, Bain CJ, Webb PM (2008) Epithelial ovarian cancer: testing the ‘androgens hypothesis’. Endocr Relat Cancer 15(4):1061–1068. doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0075 CrossRefPubMed Olsen CM, Green AC, Nagle CM, Jordan SJ, Whiteman DC, Bain CJ, Webb PM (2008) Epithelial ovarian cancer: testing the ‘androgens hypothesis’. Endocr Relat Cancer 15(4):1061–1068. doi:10.​1677/​ERC-08-0075 CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Wang M, Yu B, Westerlind K, Strange R, Khan G, Patil D, Boeneman K, Hilakivi-Clarke L (2009) Prepubertal physical activity up-regulates estrogen receptor beta, BRCA1 and p53 mRNA expression in the rat mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 115(1):213–220. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-0062-x CrossRefPubMed Wang M, Yu B, Westerlind K, Strange R, Khan G, Patil D, Boeneman K, Hilakivi-Clarke L (2009) Prepubertal physical activity up-regulates estrogen receptor beta, BRCA1 and p53 mRNA expression in the rat mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 115(1):213–220. doi:10.​1007/​s10549-008-0062-x CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Magbanua MJ, Richman EL, Sosa EV, Jones LW, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM (2014) Physical activity and prostate gene expression in men with low-risk prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control : CCC 25(4):515–523. doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0354-x CrossRefPubMed Magbanua MJ, Richman EL, Sosa EV, Jones LW, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM (2014) Physical activity and prostate gene expression in men with low-risk prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control : CCC 25(4):515–523. doi:10.​1007/​s10552-014-0354-x CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Kossman DA, Williams NI, Domchek SM, Kurzer MS, Stopfer JE (1985) Schmitz KH (2011) Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. J Appl Physiol 111(6):1687–1693. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2011 CrossRef Kossman DA, Williams NI, Domchek SM, Kurzer MS, Stopfer JE (1985) Schmitz KH (2011) Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. J Appl Physiol 111(6):1687–1693. doi:10.​1152/​japplphysiol.​00319.​2011 CrossRef
66.
68.
go back to reference Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Lagiou P (2008) Early life events and conditions and breast cancer risk: from epidemiology to etiology. Int J Cancer 122(3):481–485. doi:10.1002/ijc.23303 CrossRefPubMed Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Lagiou P (2008) Early life events and conditions and breast cancer risk: from epidemiology to etiology. Int J Cancer 122(3):481–485. doi:10.​1002/​ijc.​23303 CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Trichopoulos D, Lipworth L (1995) Is cancer causation simpler than we thought, but more intractable? Epidemiology 6(4):347–349CrossRefPubMed Trichopoulos D, Lipworth L (1995) Is cancer causation simpler than we thought, but more intractable? Epidemiology 6(4):347–349CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Trichopoulos D, Lipman RD (1992) Mammary gland mass and breast cancer risk. Epidemiology 3(6):523–526CrossRefPubMed Trichopoulos D, Lipman RD (1992) Mammary gland mass and breast cancer risk. Epidemiology 3(6):523–526CrossRefPubMed
72.
75.
go back to reference Mavaddat N, Barrowdale D, Andrulis IL, Domchek SM, Eccles D, Nevanlinna H, Ramus SJ, Spurdle A, Robson M, Sherman M, Mulligan AM, Couch FJ, Engel C, McGuffog L, Healey S, Sinilnikova OM, Southey MC, Terry MB, Goldgar D, O’Malley F, John EM, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Hansen TV, Nielsen FC, Osorio A, Stavropoulou A, Benitez J, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Barile M, Volorio S, Pasini B, Dolcetti R, Putignano AL, Ottini L, Radice P, Hamann U, Rashid MU, Hogervorst FB, Kriege M, van der Luijt RB, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Brewer C, Walker L, Rogers MT, Side LE, Houghton C, Weaver J, Godwin AK, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Meindl A, Kast K, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Varon-Mateeva R, Schonbuchner I, Gevensleben H, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Belotti M, Barjhoux L, Isaacs C, Peshkin BN, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Canadas C, Heikkinen T, Heikkila P, Aittomaki K, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Agnarsson BA, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Dumont M, Simard J, Montagna M, Agata S, D’Andrea E, Yan M, Fox S, Rebbeck TR, Rubinstein W, Tung N, Garber JE, Wang X, Fredericksen Z, Pankratz VS, Lindor NM, Szabo C, Offit K, Sakr R, Gaudet MM, Singer CF, Tea MK, Rappaport C, Mai PL, Greene MH, Sokolenko A, Imyanitov E, Toland AE, Senter L, Sweet K, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Kruse T, Caligo M, Aretini P, Rantala J, von Wachenfeld A, Henriksson K, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Nussbaum R, Beattie M, Odunsi K, Sucheston L, Gayther SA, Nathanson K, Gross J, Walsh C, Karlan B, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC (2012) Pathology of Breast and Ovarian Cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21(1):134–147. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0775 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Mavaddat N, Barrowdale D, Andrulis IL, Domchek SM, Eccles D, Nevanlinna H, Ramus SJ, Spurdle A, Robson M, Sherman M, Mulligan AM, Couch FJ, Engel C, McGuffog L, Healey S, Sinilnikova OM, Southey MC, Terry MB, Goldgar D, O’Malley F, John EM, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Hansen TV, Nielsen FC, Osorio A, Stavropoulou A, Benitez J, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Barile M, Volorio S, Pasini B, Dolcetti R, Putignano AL, Ottini L, Radice P, Hamann U, Rashid MU, Hogervorst FB, Kriege M, van der Luijt RB, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Brewer C, Walker L, Rogers MT, Side LE, Houghton C, Weaver J, Godwin AK, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Meindl A, Kast K, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Varon-Mateeva R, Schonbuchner I, Gevensleben H, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Belotti M, Barjhoux L, Isaacs C, Peshkin BN, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Canadas C, Heikkinen T, Heikkila P, Aittomaki K, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Agnarsson BA, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Dumont M, Simard J, Montagna M, Agata S, D’Andrea E, Yan M, Fox S, Rebbeck TR, Rubinstein W, Tung N, Garber JE, Wang X, Fredericksen Z, Pankratz VS, Lindor NM, Szabo C, Offit K, Sakr R, Gaudet MM, Singer CF, Tea MK, Rappaport C, Mai PL, Greene MH, Sokolenko A, Imyanitov E, Toland AE, Senter L, Sweet K, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Kruse T, Caligo M, Aretini P, Rantala J, von Wachenfeld A, Henriksson K, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Nussbaum R, Beattie M, Odunsi K, Sucheston L, Gayther SA, Nathanson K, Gross J, Walsh C, Karlan B, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC (2012) Pathology of Breast and Ovarian Cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21(1):134–147. doi:10.​1158/​1055-9965.​EPI-11-0775 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
77.
go back to reference Emmons KM, Kalkbrenner KJ, Klar N, Light T, Schneider KA, Garber JE (2000) Behavioral risk factors among women presenting for genetic testing. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9(1):89–94PubMed Emmons KM, Kalkbrenner KJ, Klar N, Light T, Schneider KA, Garber JE (2000) Behavioral risk factors among women presenting for genetic testing. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9(1):89–94PubMed
78.
go back to reference Spector D (2007) Lifestyle behaviors in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation: an exploratory study guided by concepts derived from the health belief model. Cancer Nurs 30(1):E1–10CrossRefPubMed Spector D (2007) Lifestyle behaviors in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation: an exploratory study guided by concepts derived from the health belief model. Cancer Nurs 30(1):E1–10CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference O’Neill SC, Kaufman E, DeMarco T, Peshkin BN, McKenna K, Shelby R, Valdimarsdottir H, Rispoli J, Schwartz MD (2008) Changes in diet and physical activity following BRCA1/2 testing. J Psychosoc Oncol 26(3):63–80CrossRefPubMed O’Neill SC, Kaufman E, DeMarco T, Peshkin BN, McKenna K, Shelby R, Valdimarsdottir H, Rispoli J, Schwartz MD (2008) Changes in diet and physical activity following BRCA1/2 testing. J Psychosoc Oncol 26(3):63–80CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Pasanisi P, Bruno E, Venturelli E, Manoukian S, Barile M, Peissel B, De Giacomi C, Bonanni B, Berrino J, Berrino F (2011) Serum levels of IGF-I and BRCA penetrance: a case–control study in breast cancer families. Fam Cancer. doi:10.1007/s10689-011-9437-y PubMed Pasanisi P, Bruno E, Venturelli E, Manoukian S, Barile M, Peissel B, De Giacomi C, Bonanni B, Berrino J, Berrino F (2011) Serum levels of IGF-I and BRCA penetrance: a case–control study in breast cancer families. Fam Cancer. doi:10.​1007/​s10689-011-9437-y PubMed
Metadata
Title
The role of body size and physical activity on the risk of breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers
Authors
Rachael Pettapiece-Phillips
Steven A. Narod
Joanne Kotsopoulos
Publication date
01-03-2015
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Cancer Causes & Control / Issue 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0957-5243
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7225
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0521-0

Other articles of this Issue 3/2015

Cancer Causes & Control 3/2015 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine