Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Nephrology 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Review

The pathophysiology of hyperuricaemia and its possible relationship to cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality

Authors: David Gustafsson, Robert Unwin

Published in: BMC Nephrology | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. High levels are causative in gout and urolithiasis. Hyperuricaemia has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), congestive heart failure (CHF), the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and atherosclerosis, with or without cardiovascular events. This article briefly reviews uric acid metabolism and summarizes the current literature on hyperuricaemia in cardiovascular disease and related co-morbidities, and emerging treatment options.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Choi HK, Mount DB, Reginato AM: Pathogenesis of Gout. Ann Intern Med. 2005, 143 (7): 499-516. 10.7326/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009.CrossRefPubMed Choi HK, Mount DB, Reginato AM: Pathogenesis of Gout. Ann Intern Med. 2005, 143 (7): 499-516. 10.7326/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Choi HK, Curhan G: Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. Br Med J. 2008, 336: 309-312. 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.BE.CrossRef Choi HK, Curhan G: Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. Br Med J. 2008, 336: 309-312. 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.BE.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Crittenden DB, Pillinger MH: New therapies for gout. Annu Rev Med. 2013, 64: 325-337. 10.1146/annurev-med-080911-105830.CrossRefPubMed Crittenden DB, Pillinger MH: New therapies for gout. Annu Rev Med. 2013, 64: 325-337. 10.1146/annurev-med-080911-105830.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Bobulescu IA, Moe OW: Renal transport of uric acid: evolving concepts and uncertainties. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012, 19 (6): 358-371. 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.07.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bobulescu IA, Moe OW: Renal transport of uric acid: evolving concepts and uncertainties. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012, 19 (6): 358-371. 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.07.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Hosomi A, Nakanishi T, Fujita T, Tamai I: Extra-renal elimination of uric acid via intestinal efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (2): e30456-10.1371/journal.pone.0030456.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hosomi A, Nakanishi T, Fujita T, Tamai I: Extra-renal elimination of uric acid via intestinal efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (2): e30456-10.1371/journal.pone.0030456.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Dinour D, Bahn A, Ganon L, Ron R, Geifman Holtzman O, Knecht A, Gafter U, Ruth Rachamimov R, Sela BA, Gerhard Burckhardt G, Holtzman EJ: URAT1 mutations cause renal hypouricaemia type 1 in Iraqi Jews. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011, 26 (7): 2175-2181. 10.1093/ndt/gfq722.CrossRefPubMed Dinour D, Bahn A, Ganon L, Ron R, Geifman Holtzman O, Knecht A, Gafter U, Ruth Rachamimov R, Sela BA, Gerhard Burckhardt G, Holtzman EJ: URAT1 mutations cause renal hypouricaemia type 1 in Iraqi Jews. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011, 26 (7): 2175-2181. 10.1093/ndt/gfq722.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Kolz M, Johnson T, Sanna S, Teumer A, Vitart V, Perola M, Mangino M, Albrecht E, Wallace C, Farrall M, Johansson A, Nyholt DR, Aulchenko Y, Beckmann JS, Bergmann S, Bochud M, Brown M, Campbell H, Connell J, Dominiczak A, Homuth G, Lamina C, McCarthy MI, Meitinger T, Mooser V, Munroe P, Nauck M, Peden J, Prokisch H, Salo P, for the EUROSPAN Consortium, et al: Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5 (6): e1000504-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000504.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kolz M, Johnson T, Sanna S, Teumer A, Vitart V, Perola M, Mangino M, Albrecht E, Wallace C, Farrall M, Johansson A, Nyholt DR, Aulchenko Y, Beckmann JS, Bergmann S, Bochud M, Brown M, Campbell H, Connell J, Dominiczak A, Homuth G, Lamina C, McCarthy MI, Meitinger T, Mooser V, Munroe P, Nauck M, Peden J, Prokisch H, Salo P, for the EUROSPAN Consortium, et al: Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5 (6): e1000504-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000504.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
go back to reference Yang Q, Köttgen A, Dehghan A, Smith AV, Glazer NL, Chen MH, Chasman DI, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Harris TB, Launer L, Nalls M, Hernandez D, Arking DE, Boerwinkle E, Grove ML, Li M, Kao WHL, Chonchol M, Haritunians T, Li G, Lumley T, Psaty BM, Shlipak M, Hwang SJ, Larsson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Upadhyay A, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, et al: Multiple genetic loci influence serum urate levels and their relationship with gout and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010, 3 (6): 523-530. 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.934455.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yang Q, Köttgen A, Dehghan A, Smith AV, Glazer NL, Chen MH, Chasman DI, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Harris TB, Launer L, Nalls M, Hernandez D, Arking DE, Boerwinkle E, Grove ML, Li M, Kao WHL, Chonchol M, Haritunians T, Li G, Lumley T, Psaty BM, Shlipak M, Hwang SJ, Larsson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Upadhyay A, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, et al: Multiple genetic loci influence serum urate levels and their relationship with gout and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010, 3 (6): 523-530. 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.934455.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Dinour D, Gray NK, Campbell S, Shu X, Sawyer L, Richardson W, Rechavi G, Amariglio N, Ganon L, Sela BA, Bahat H, Goldman M, Weissgarten J, Millar MR, Wright AF, Holtzman EJ: Homozygous SLC2A9 mutations cause severe renal hypouricemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 21 (1): 64-72. 10.1681/ASN.2009040406.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dinour D, Gray NK, Campbell S, Shu X, Sawyer L, Richardson W, Rechavi G, Amariglio N, Ganon L, Sela BA, Bahat H, Goldman M, Weissgarten J, Millar MR, Wright AF, Holtzman EJ: Homozygous SLC2A9 mutations cause severe renal hypouricemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 21 (1): 64-72. 10.1681/ASN.2009040406.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Köttgen A, Albrecht E, Teumer A, Vitart V, Krumsiek J, Hundertmark C, Pistis G, Ruggiero D, O’Seaghdha CM, Haller T, Yang Q, Tanaka T, Johnson AD, Kutalik Z, Smith AV, Shi J, Struchalin M, Middelberg RPS, Brown MJ, Gaffo AL, Pirastu N, Li G, Hayward C, Zemunik T, Huffman J, Yengo L, Zhao JH, Demirkan A, Feitosa MF, Liu X, et al: Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations. Nat Genet. 2013, 45 (2): 145-154.CrossRefPubMed Köttgen A, Albrecht E, Teumer A, Vitart V, Krumsiek J, Hundertmark C, Pistis G, Ruggiero D, O’Seaghdha CM, Haller T, Yang Q, Tanaka T, Johnson AD, Kutalik Z, Smith AV, Shi J, Struchalin M, Middelberg RPS, Brown MJ, Gaffo AL, Pirastu N, Li G, Hayward C, Zemunik T, Huffman J, Yengo L, Zhao JH, Demirkan A, Feitosa MF, Liu X, et al: Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations. Nat Genet. 2013, 45 (2): 145-154.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Moskowitz JL, Piret SE, Lhotta K, Kitzler TM, Tashman AP, Velez E, Thakker RV, Kotanko P: Association between genotype and phenotype in uromodulin-associated kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. in press Moskowitz JL, Piret SE, Lhotta K, Kitzler TM, Tashman AP, Velez E, Thakker RV, Kotanko P: Association between genotype and phenotype in uromodulin-associated kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. in press
13.
go back to reference Juraschek SP, Kovell LC, Miller ER, Gelber AC: Association of kidney disease with prevalent gout in the United States in 1988–1994 and 2007–2010. Sem Arthritis Rheumatism. 2013, 42 (6): 551-561. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.09.009.CrossRef Juraschek SP, Kovell LC, Miller ER, Gelber AC: Association of kidney disease with prevalent gout in the United States in 1988–1994 and 2007–2010. Sem Arthritis Rheumatism. 2013, 42 (6): 551-561. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.09.009.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Liote´ F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, et al: 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologictherapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res. 2012, 64 (10): 1431-1446. 10.1002/acr.21772.CrossRef Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, Pillinger MH, Merill J, Lee S, Prakash S, Kaldas M, Gogia M, Perez-Ruiz F, Taylor W, Liote´ F, Choi H, Singh JA, Dalbeth N, Kaplan S, Niyyar V, Jones D, Yarows SA, Roessler B, Kerr G, King C, Levy G, Furst DE, Edwards NL, Mandell B, Schumacher HR, et al: 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologictherapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res. 2012, 64 (10): 1431-1446. 10.1002/acr.21772.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Yamanaka H: Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: Second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2011, 30 (12): 1018-1029. 10.1080/15257770.2011.596496.CrossRefPubMed Yamanaka H: Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: Second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2011, 30 (12): 1018-1029. 10.1080/15257770.2011.596496.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Schlesinger N: Difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis. A disease warranting better management. Drugs. 2011, 71 (11): 1413-1439. 10.2165/11592290-000000000-00000.CrossRefPubMed Schlesinger N: Difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis. A disease warranting better management. Drugs. 2011, 71 (11): 1413-1439. 10.2165/11592290-000000000-00000.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Becker MAH, Ralph Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, Wells AF, MacDonald P, Lloyd E, Lademacher C: The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010, 12: R63-10.1186/ar2978.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Becker MAH, Ralph Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, Wells AF, MacDonald P, Lloyd E, Lademacher C: The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010, 12: R63-10.1186/ar2978.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Ryu HJ, Song R, Kim HW, Kim JH, Lee EY, Lee YJ, Song YW, Lee EB: Clinical risk factors for adverse events in allopurinol users. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013, 53 (2): 211-216. 10.1177/0091270012439715.CrossRefPubMed Ryu HJ, Song R, Kim HW, Kim JH, Lee EY, Lee YJ, Song YW, Lee EB: Clinical risk factors for adverse events in allopurinol users. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013, 53 (2): 211-216. 10.1177/0091270012439715.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Fleischmann R, Shen Z, Yeh L-T, Kerr B, Polvent E, Suster M, Hingorani V, Miner JN, Manhard K, Quart B: Lesinurad (RDEA594), a novel uricosuric agent, in combination with febuxostat shows significant additive urate lowering effects in gout patients with 100% response achieved for all combination dose regimens [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011, 70 (Suppl. 3): 188- Fleischmann R, Shen Z, Yeh L-T, Kerr B, Polvent E, Suster M, Hingorani V, Miner JN, Manhard K, Quart B: Lesinurad (RDEA594), a novel uricosuric agent, in combination with febuxostat shows significant additive urate lowering effects in gout patients with 100% response achieved for all combination dose regimens [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011, 70 (Suppl. 3): 188-
20.
go back to reference Kotz J: The gout pipeline crystallizes. Nature Rev Drug Discov. 2012, 11 (6): 425-426. 10.1038/nrd3748.CrossRef Kotz J: The gout pipeline crystallizes. Nature Rev Drug Discov. 2012, 11 (6): 425-426. 10.1038/nrd3748.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Ohno I, Yamaguchi Y, Saikawa H, Uetake D, Hikita M, Okabe H, Ichida K, Hosoya T: Sevelamer decreases serum uric acid concentration through adsorption of uric acid in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Inter Med. 2009, 48 (6): 415-420. 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1817.CrossRef Ohno I, Yamaguchi Y, Saikawa H, Uetake D, Hikita M, Okabe H, Ichida K, Hosoya T: Sevelamer decreases serum uric acid concentration through adsorption of uric acid in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Inter Med. 2009, 48 (6): 415-420. 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1817.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Dalbeth N, So A: Hyperuriemia and gout: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69 (10): 1738-1743. 10.1136/ard.2010.136218.CrossRefPubMed Dalbeth N, So A: Hyperuriemia and gout: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010, 69 (10): 1738-1743. 10.1136/ard.2010.136218.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Álvarez-Lario B, Macarrón-Vivente J: Is there anything good in uric acid?. QJM. 2011, 104 (12): 1015-1024. 10.1093/qjmed/hcr159.CrossRefPubMed Álvarez-Lario B, Macarrón-Vivente J: Is there anything good in uric acid?. QJM. 2011, 104 (12): 1015-1024. 10.1093/qjmed/hcr159.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, Jefferson JA, Kang DH, Gordon KL, Lan HY, Kivlighn S, Johnson RJ: Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 2001, 38 (5): 1101-1106. 10.1161/hy1101.092839.CrossRefPubMed Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, Jefferson JA, Kang DH, Gordon KL, Lan HY, Kivlighn S, Johnson RJ: Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 2001, 38 (5): 1101-1106. 10.1161/hy1101.092839.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, Feng L, Xia YY, Chen Q, Kang DH, Gordon KL, Watanabe S, Nakagawa T, Lan HY, Johnson RJ: Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002, 282 (6): F991-F997.CrossRefPubMed Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, Feng L, Xia YY, Chen Q, Kang DH, Gordon KL, Watanabe S, Nakagawa T, Lan HY, Johnson RJ: Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002, 282 (6): F991-F997.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Grayson PC, Kim SY, LaValley M, Choi HK: Hyperuricemia and incident hypertension: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011, 63 (1): 102-110. 10.1002/acr.20344.CrossRef Grayson PC, Kim SY, LaValley M, Choi HK: Hyperuricemia and incident hypertension: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011, 63 (1): 102-110. 10.1002/acr.20344.CrossRef
28.
29.
go back to reference Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ: Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2008, 300 (8): 924-932. 10.1001/jama.300.8.924.CrossRef Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ: Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2008, 300 (8): 924-932. 10.1001/jama.300.8.924.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Soletsky B, Feig DI: Uric acid reduction rectifies prehypertension in obese adolescents. Hypertens. 2012, 60 (5): 1148-1156. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.196980.CrossRef Soletsky B, Feig DI: Uric acid reduction rectifies prehypertension in obese adolescents. Hypertens. 2012, 60 (5): 1148-1156. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.196980.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Agarwal V, Hans N, Messerli FH: Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2013, 16 (6): 435-442.CrossRef Agarwal V, Hans N, Messerli FH: Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2013, 16 (6): 435-442.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodrigues LAG: Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case–control study. Br Med J. 2012, 344: d8190-10.1136/bmj.d8190.CrossRef Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodrigues LAG: Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case–control study. Br Med J. 2012, 344: d8190-10.1136/bmj.d8190.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Nashar K, Fried LF: Hyperuricemia and the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Is uric acid a marker or an independent risk factor. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012, 19 (6): 386-391. 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.05.004.CrossRefPubMed Nashar K, Fried LF: Hyperuricemia and the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Is uric acid a marker or an independent risk factor. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012, 19 (6): 386-391. 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.05.004.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, Watanabe S, Han L, Mazzali M, Truong L, Harris R, Johnson RJ: A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002, 13 (12): 2888-2897. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000034910.58454.FD.CrossRefPubMed Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, Watanabe S, Han L, Mazzali M, Truong L, Harris R, Johnson RJ: A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002, 13 (12): 2888-2897. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000034910.58454.FD.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Jalal D, Sánchez Lozada LG, Kang DH, Ritz E: Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: which is chasing which?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013, in press Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Jalal D, Sánchez Lozada LG, Kang DH, Ritz E: Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: which is chasing which?. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013, in press
37.
go back to reference Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH: Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006, 47 (1): 51-59. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.006.CrossRefPubMed Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH: Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006, 47 (1): 51-59. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.006.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, Ruiz-Caro C, Ampuero J, Rincón A, Arroyo D, Luño J: Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 5 (8): 1388-1393. 10.2215/CJN.01580210.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, Ruiz-Caro C, Ampuero J, Rincón A, Arroyo D, Luño J: Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010, 5 (8): 1388-1393. 10.2215/CJN.01580210.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Momeni A, Shahidi S, Seirafian S, Taheri S, Kheiri S: Effect of allopurinol in decreasing proteinuria in Type 2 diabetic patients. Iranian J Kid Dis. 2010, 4 (2): 128-132. Momeni A, Shahidi S, Seirafian S, Taheri S, Kheiri S: Effect of allopurinol in decreasing proteinuria in Type 2 diabetic patients. Iranian J Kid Dis. 2010, 4 (2): 128-132.
40.
go back to reference Shi Y, Chen W, Jalal D, et al: Clinical outcome of hyperuricemia in IgA nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2012, 35 (3): 153-160. 10.1159/000331453.CrossRefPubMed Shi Y, Chen W, Jalal D, et al: Clinical outcome of hyperuricemia in IgA nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2012, 35 (3): 153-160. 10.1159/000331453.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Miao Y, Ottenbros SA, Laverman GD, Brenner BM, Cooper ME, Parving HH, Grobbee DE, Shahinfar S, de Zeeuw D, Lambers Heerspink HJ: Effect of a reduction in uric acid on renal outcomes during losartan treatment: A post hoc analysis of the reduction of endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the angiotensin ii antagonist losartan trial. Hypertension. 2011, 58 (1): 2-7. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.171488.CrossRefPubMed Miao Y, Ottenbros SA, Laverman GD, Brenner BM, Cooper ME, Parving HH, Grobbee DE, Shahinfar S, de Zeeuw D, Lambers Heerspink HJ: Effect of a reduction in uric acid on renal outcomes during losartan treatment: A post hoc analysis of the reduction of endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the angiotensin ii antagonist losartan trial. Hypertension. 2011, 58 (1): 2-7. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.171488.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Krishnan E: Gout and the risk for incident heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Br Med J Open. 2012, 2 (1): e000282- Krishnan E: Gout and the risk for incident heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Br Med J Open. 2012, 2 (1): e000282-
43.
go back to reference Tamariz L, Verma S: Uric acid as a predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure: A Meta-analysis. Congest Heart Fail. 2011, 17 (1): 25-30. 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00200.x.CrossRefPubMed Tamariz L, Verma S: Uric acid as a predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure: A Meta-analysis. Congest Heart Fail. 2011, 17 (1): 25-30. 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00200.x.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Hamaguchi S, Furumoto T, Tsuchihashi-Makaya M, Goto K, Goto D, Yokota T, Kinugawa S, Yokoshiki H, Takeshita A, Tsutsui H, for the JCARE-CARD Investigators: Hyperuricemia predicts adverse outcome in patients with heart failure. Internat J Cardiol. 2011, 151 (2): 143-147. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.05.002.CrossRef Hamaguchi S, Furumoto T, Tsuchihashi-Makaya M, Goto K, Goto D, Yokota T, Kinugawa S, Yokoshiki H, Takeshita A, Tsutsui H, for the JCARE-CARD Investigators: Hyperuricemia predicts adverse outcome in patients with heart failure. Internat J Cardiol. 2011, 151 (2): 143-147. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.05.002.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Gotsman I, Kern A, Lotan C, Zwas DR: Changes in uric acid levels and allopurinol use in chronic heart failure: Association with improved survival. J Cardiac Failure. 2012, 18 (9): 694-701. 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.06.528.CrossRefPubMed Gotsman I, Kern A, Lotan C, Zwas DR: Changes in uric acid levels and allopurinol use in chronic heart failure: Association with improved survival. J Cardiac Failure. 2012, 18 (9): 694-701. 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.06.528.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Filippatos GS, Ahmed MI, Gladden JD, Aban IB, Love TE, Sanders PW, Pitt B, Anker SD, Ahmed A: Hyperuricemia, chronic kidney disease, and outcomes in heart failure: potential mechanistic insights from epidemiological data. Eur Hear J. 2011, 32 (6): 712-720. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq473.CrossRef Filippatos GS, Ahmed MI, Gladden JD, Aban IB, Love TE, Sanders PW, Pitt B, Anker SD, Ahmed A: Hyperuricemia, chronic kidney disease, and outcomes in heart failure: potential mechanistic insights from epidemiological data. Eur Hear J. 2011, 32 (6): 712-720. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq473.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Harzand A, Tamariz L, Hare JM: Uric acid, heart failure survival, and the impact of xanthine oxidase inhibition. Congest Heart Fail. 2012, 18 (3): 179-182. 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00262.x.CrossRefPubMed Harzand A, Tamariz L, Hare JM: Uric acid, heart failure survival, and the impact of xanthine oxidase inhibition. Congest Heart Fail. 2012, 18 (3): 179-182. 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00262.x.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference George J, Carr E, Davies J, Belch JJF, Struthers A: High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering UA. Circulation. 2006, 114 (23): 2508-2516. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.651117.CrossRefPubMed George J, Carr E, Davies J, Belch JJF, Struthers A: High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering UA. Circulation. 2006, 114 (23): 2508-2516. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.651117.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Noman A, Ang DSC, Ogston S, Lang CC, Struthers AD: Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2010, 375 (9732): 2161-2167. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60391-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Noman A, Ang DSC, Ogston S, Lang CC, Struthers AD: Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2010, 375 (9732): 2161-2167. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60391-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Ogino K, Kato M, Furuse Y, Kinugasa Y, Ishida K, Osaki S, Kinugawa T, Igawa O, Hisatome I, Shigemasa C, Anker SD, Doehner W: Uric acid-lowering treatment with benzbromarone in patients with heart failure: a double- blind placebo-controlled crossover preliminary study. Circ Heart Fail. 2010, 3 (1): 73-81. 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.868604.CrossRefPubMed Ogino K, Kato M, Furuse Y, Kinugasa Y, Ishida K, Osaki S, Kinugawa T, Igawa O, Hisatome I, Shigemasa C, Anker SD, Doehner W: Uric acid-lowering treatment with benzbromarone in patients with heart failure: a double- blind placebo-controlled crossover preliminary study. Circ Heart Fail. 2010, 3 (1): 73-81. 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.868604.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS: Elevated serum uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome: an active component or an innocent bystander?. Metabolism. 2006, 55 (10): 1293-1301. 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.05.013.CrossRefPubMed Tsouli SG, Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS: Elevated serum uric acid levels in metabolic syndrome: an active component or an innocent bystander?. Metabolism. 2006, 55 (10): 1293-1301. 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.05.013.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, Saito A, Sone H: Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009, 32 (9): 1737-1742. 10.2337/dc09-0288.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, Saito A, Sone H: Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009, 32 (9): 1737-1742. 10.2337/dc09-0288.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
go back to reference Dehghan A, van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC: High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008, 31 (2): 361-362.CrossRefPubMed Dehghan A, van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC: High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008, 31 (2): 361-362.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Masuo K, Kawaguchi H, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML: Serum uric acid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict subsequent weight gain and blood pressure elevation. Hypertension. 2003, 42 (3): 474-480.CrossRefPubMed Masuo K, Kawaguchi H, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML: Serum uric acid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict subsequent weight gain and blood pressure elevation. Hypertension. 2003, 42 (3): 474-480.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Kanellis J, Kang DH: Uric acid as a mediator of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and vascular disease. Semin Nephrol. 2005, 25 (1): 39.42-CrossRefPubMed Kanellis J, Kang DH: Uric acid as a mediator of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and vascular disease. Semin Nephrol. 2005, 25 (1): 39.42-CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ: Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013, 25 (2): 210-216. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835d951e.CrossRefPubMed Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ: Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013, 25 (2): 210-216. 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835d951e.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Facchini F, Chen YD, Hollenbeck CB, Reaven GM: Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. J Am Med Assoc. 1991, 266 (21): 3008-3011. 10.1001/jama.1991.03470210076036.CrossRef Facchini F, Chen YD, Hollenbeck CB, Reaven GM: Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. J Am Med Assoc. 1991, 266 (21): 3008-3011. 10.1001/jama.1991.03470210076036.CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Quinones Galvan A, Natali A, Baldi S, Frascerra S, Sanna G, Ciaciaro D, Ferrannini E: Effect of insulin on uric acid excretion in humans. Am J Physiol. 1995, 268 (1): E1-E5.PubMed Quinones Galvan A, Natali A, Baldi S, Frascerra S, Sanna G, Ciaciaro D, Ferrannini E: Effect of insulin on uric acid excretion in humans. Am J Physiol. 1995, 268 (1): E1-E5.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Muscelli E, Natali A, Bianchi S, Bigazzi S, Quinones Galvan AQ, Sironi AM, Frascerra S, Ciociaro D, Ferrannini E: Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1996, 9 (8): 746-752. 10.1016/0895-7061(96)00098-2.CrossRefPubMed Muscelli E, Natali A, Bianchi S, Bigazzi S, Quinones Galvan AQ, Sironi AM, Frascerra S, Ciociaro D, Ferrannini E: Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1996, 9 (8): 746-752. 10.1016/0895-7061(96)00098-2.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Bibert S, Hess SK, Firsov D, Thorens B, Geering K, Horisberger JD, Bonny O: Mouse GLUT9: evidences for a urate uniporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009, 297 (3): F612-619. 10.1152/ajprenal.00139.2009.CrossRefPubMed Bibert S, Hess SK, Firsov D, Thorens B, Geering K, Horisberger JD, Bonny O: Mouse GLUT9: evidences for a urate uniporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009, 297 (3): F612-619. 10.1152/ajprenal.00139.2009.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Anzai N, Ichida K, Jutabha P, Kimura T, Babu E, Jin CJ, Srivastava S, Kitamura K, Hisatome I, Endou H, Sakurai H: Plasma urate level is directly regulated by a voltage-driven urate efflux transporter URATv1 (SLC2A9) in humans. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283 (5): 26834-26838.CrossRefPubMed Anzai N, Ichida K, Jutabha P, Kimura T, Babu E, Jin CJ, Srivastava S, Kitamura K, Hisatome I, Endou H, Sakurai H: Plasma urate level is directly regulated by a voltage-driven urate efflux transporter URATv1 (SLC2A9) in humans. J Biol Chem. 2008, 283 (5): 26834-26838.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Price KL, Sautin YY, Long DA, Zhang L, Miyazaki H, Mu W, Endou H, Johnson RJ: Human vascular smooth muscle cells express a urate transporter. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006, 17 (7): 1791-1795. 10.1681/ASN.2006030264.CrossRefPubMed Price KL, Sautin YY, Long DA, Zhang L, Miyazaki H, Mu W, Endou H, Johnson RJ: Human vascular smooth muscle cells express a urate transporter. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006, 17 (7): 1791-1795. 10.1681/ASN.2006030264.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Sautin YY, Nakagawa T, Zharikov S, Johnson RJ: Adverse effects of the classic antioxidant uric acid in adipocytes: NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007, 293 (2): C584-596. 10.1152/ajpcell.00600.2006.CrossRefPubMed Sautin YY, Nakagawa T, Zharikov S, Johnson RJ: Adverse effects of the classic antioxidant uric acid in adipocytes: NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007, 293 (2): C584-596. 10.1152/ajpcell.00600.2006.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Shafiu M, Johnson RJ, Turner ST, Langaee T, Gong Y, Chapman AB, Gums JG, Johnson JA: Urate transporter gene SLC22A12 polymorphisms associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Caucasians with hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2012, 35 (6): 477-482. 10.1159/000337370.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Shafiu M, Johnson RJ, Turner ST, Langaee T, Gong Y, Chapman AB, Gums JG, Johnson JA: Urate transporter gene SLC22A12 polymorphisms associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Caucasians with hypertension. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2012, 35 (6): 477-482. 10.1159/000337370.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
go back to reference Baldwin W, McRae S, Marek G, Wymer D, Pannu V, Baylis C, Johnson RJ, Sautin YY: Hyperuricemia as a mediator of the proinflammatory endocrine imbalance in the adipose tissue in a murine model of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2011, 60 (4): 1258-1269. 10.2337/db10-0916.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Baldwin W, McRae S, Marek G, Wymer D, Pannu V, Baylis C, Johnson RJ, Sautin YY: Hyperuricemia as a mediator of the proinflammatory endocrine imbalance in the adipose tissue in a murine model of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2011, 60 (4): 1258-1269. 10.2337/db10-0916.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
go back to reference Brymora A, Flisinski M, Johnson RJ, Goszka G, Stefanska Manitius J: Low-fructose diet lowers blood pressure and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012, 27 (2): 608-612. 10.1093/ndt/gfr223.CrossRefPubMed Brymora A, Flisinski M, Johnson RJ, Goszka G, Stefanska Manitius J: Low-fructose diet lowers blood pressure and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012, 27 (2): 608-612. 10.1093/ndt/gfr223.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Mangge H, Zelzer S, Puerstner P, Schnedl WJ, Reeves G, Postolache TT, Weghuber D: Uric acid best predicts metabolically unhealthy obesity with increased cardiovascular risk in youth and adults. Obesity. 2013, 21 (1): E71-E77. 10.1002/oby.20061.CrossRefPubMed Mangge H, Zelzer S, Puerstner P, Schnedl WJ, Reeves G, Postolache TT, Weghuber D: Uric acid best predicts metabolically unhealthy obesity with increased cardiovascular risk in youth and adults. Obesity. 2013, 21 (1): E71-E77. 10.1002/oby.20061.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Petta S, Camma CD, Cabibi D, Di Marco V, Craxi A: Hyperuricemia is associated with histological liver damage in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut. 2011, 24 (7): 757-766.CrossRef Petta S, Camma CD, Cabibi D, Di Marco V, Craxi A: Hyperuricemia is associated with histological liver damage in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut. 2011, 24 (7): 757-766.CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Petta S, Macaluso SF, Cammà C, Di Marco V, Cabibi D, Craxì A: Hyperuricaemia: another metabolic feature affecting the severity of chronic hepatitis because of HCV infection. Liver Int. 2012, 32 (9): 1443-1450. 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02842.x.CrossRefPubMed Petta S, Macaluso SF, Cammà C, Di Marco V, Cabibi D, Craxì A: Hyperuricaemia: another metabolic feature affecting the severity of chronic hepatitis because of HCV infection. Liver Int. 2012, 32 (9): 1443-1450. 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02842.x.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Bell DSH: Beware of the low urine pH-the major cause of the increased prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012, 14 (4): 299-303. 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01519.x.CrossRefPubMed Bell DSH: Beware of the low urine pH-the major cause of the increased prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the patient with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012, 14 (4): 299-303. 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01519.x.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB: Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999, 131 (1): 7-13. 10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003.CrossRefPubMed Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB: Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999, 131 (1): 7-13. 10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA: Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62 (2): 170-180. Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA: Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010, 62 (2): 170-180.
73.
go back to reference Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA: Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61 (7): 885-892. 10.1002/art.24612.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA: Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009, 61 (7): 885-892. 10.1002/art.24612.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
74.
go back to reference Rablink TJ, Luscher TF: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: host defense enzyme of the endothelium?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006, 26 (2): 267-271.CrossRef Rablink TJ, Luscher TF: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: host defense enzyme of the endothelium?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006, 26 (2): 267-271.CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Higgins P, Dawson J, Lees KR, McArthur K, Quinn TJ, Walters MR: Xanthine oxidase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Therap. 2012, 30 (4): 217-226. 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00277.x.CrossRef Higgins P, Dawson J, Lees KR, McArthur K, Quinn TJ, Walters MR: Xanthine oxidase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Therap. 2012, 30 (4): 217-226. 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00277.x.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Rajendra NS, Ireland S, George J, Belch JJF, Lang CC, Struthers AD: Mechanistic insights into the therapeutic use of high-dose allopurinol in angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011, 58 (8): 820-828. 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.052.CrossRefPubMed Rajendra NS, Ireland S, George J, Belch JJF, Lang CC, Struthers AD: Mechanistic insights into the therapeutic use of high-dose allopurinol in angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011, 58 (8): 820-828. 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.052.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Dogan A, Yarlioglues M, Kaya MG, Karadag Z, Dogan S, Ardic I, Dogdu O, Kilinc Y, Zencir C, Akpek M, Ozdogru I, Oguzhan Kalay AN: Effect of long-term and high-dose allopurinol therapy on endothelial function in normotensive diabetic patients. Blood Press. 2011, 20 (3): 182-187. 10.3109/08037051.2010.538977.CrossRefPubMed Dogan A, Yarlioglues M, Kaya MG, Karadag Z, Dogan S, Ardic I, Dogdu O, Kilinc Y, Zencir C, Akpek M, Ozdogru I, Oguzhan Kalay AN: Effect of long-term and high-dose allopurinol therapy on endothelial function in normotensive diabetic patients. Blood Press. 2011, 20 (3): 182-187. 10.3109/08037051.2010.538977.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Greig D, Alcaino H, Castro PF, Garcia L, Verdejo HE, Navarro M, López R, Mellado R, Tapia F, Gabrielli LA, Nogerol C, Chiong M, Godoy I, Lavandero S: Xanthine-oxidase inhibitors and statins in chronic heart failure: Effects on vascular and functional parameters. J Heart Lung Transpl. 2011, 30 (4): 408-413. 10.1016/j.healun.2010.10.003.CrossRef Greig D, Alcaino H, Castro PF, Garcia L, Verdejo HE, Navarro M, López R, Mellado R, Tapia F, Gabrielli LA, Nogerol C, Chiong M, Godoy I, Lavandero S: Xanthine-oxidase inhibitors and statins in chronic heart failure: Effects on vascular and functional parameters. J Heart Lung Transpl. 2011, 30 (4): 408-413. 10.1016/j.healun.2010.10.003.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Waring WS, McKnight JA, Webb DJ: Lowering serum urate does not improve endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007, 50 (12): 2572-2579. 10.1007/s00125-007-0817-7.CrossRefPubMed Waring WS, McKnight JA, Webb DJ: Lowering serum urate does not improve endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007, 50 (12): 2572-2579. 10.1007/s00125-007-0817-7.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The pathophysiology of hyperuricaemia and its possible relationship to cardiovascular disease, morbidity and mortality
Authors
David Gustafsson
Robert Unwin
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Nephrology / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2369
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2369-14-164

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Nephrology 1/2013 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.