Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Oral Health
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Review

The direct digital workflow in fixed implant prosthodontics: a narrative review

Authors: George Michelinakis, Dimitrios Apostolakis, Phophi Kamposiora, George Papavasiliou, Mutlu Özcan

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this narrative review was to examine the applicability of IOS procedures regarding single and multiple fixed implant restorations. Clinical outcomes for monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate restorations produced through a direct digital workflow were reported.

Methods

A MEDLINE (Pubmed) search of the relevant English-language literature spanning from January 1st 2015 until March 31st 2020 was conducted. In vitro studies comparing digital implant impression accuracy by different IOS devices or in vitro studies examining differences in accuracy between digital and conventional impression procedures were included. Also, RCTs, clinical trials and case series on the success and/or survival of monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate restorations on implants, manufactured completely digitally were included. In vitro and in vivo studies reporting on restorations produced through an indirect digital workflow, case reports and non-English language articles were excluded. The aim was to investigate the accuracy of IOS for single and multiple fixed implant restorations compared to the conventional impression methods and report on the variables that influence it. Finally, this study aimed to report on the survival and success of fixed implant-retained restorations fabricated using the direct digital workflow.

Results

For the single and short-span implant sites, IOS accuracy was high and the deviations in the position of the virtual implant fell within the acceptable clinical limits. In the complete edentulous arch with multiple implants, no consensus regarding the superiority of the conventional, splinted, custom tray impression procedure compared to the IOS impression was identified. Moreover, complete-arch IOS impressions were more accurate than conventional, non-splinted, open or close tray impressions. Factors related to scanbody design as well as scanner generation, scanning range and interimplant distance were found to influence complete-arch scanning accuracy. Single implant-retained monolithic restorations exhibited high success and survival rates and minor complications for short to medium follow-up periods.

Conclusions

The vast majority of identified studies were in vitro and this limited their clinical significance. Nevertheless, intraoral scanning exhibited high accuracy both for single and multiple implant restorations. Available literature on single-implant monolithic restorations manufactured through a complete digital workflow shows promising results for a follow-up of 3–5 years.
Literature
1.
Duret F, Preston JD. CAD/CAM imaging in dentistry. Curr Opin Dent. 1991;1:150–4.PubMed
2.
Blatz MB, Conejo J. The current state of Chairside digital dentistry and materials. Dent Clin North Am. 2019;63:175–97.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Joda T, Brägger U. Complete digital workflow for the production of implant-supported single-unit monolithic crowns. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25:1304–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Tsirogiannis P, Reissmann DR, Heydecke G. Evaluation of the marginal fit of single-unit, complete-coverage ceramic restorations fabricated after digital and conventional impressions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;116(328–335):e2.
5.
Joda T, Ferrari M, Brägger U. Monolithic implant-supported lithium disilicate (LS2) crowns in a complete digital workflow: a prospective clinical trial with a 2-year follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017;19:505–11.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Chochlidakis KM, Papaspyridakos P, Geminiani A, Chen C-J, Feng IJ, Ercoli C. Digital versus conventional impressions for fixed prosthodontics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;116(184–190):e12.
7.
Berntsen C, Kleven M, Heian M, Hjortsjö C. Clinical comparison of conventional and additive manufactured stabilization splints. Acta Biomater Odontol Scand. 2018;4:81–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Carneiro Pereira AL, Martins de Aquino LM, Carvalho Porto de Freitas RF, Soares Paiva Tôrres AC, da Fonte Porto Carreiro A. CAD/CAM-fabricated removable partial dentures: a case report. Int J Comput Dent. 2019;22:371–9.
9.
Arnold C, Hey J, Schweyen R, Setz JM. Accuracy of CAD-CAM-fabricated removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119:586–92.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Lo Russo L, Caradonna G, Salamini A, Guida L. Intraoral scans of edentulous arches for denture design in a single procedure. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123:215–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Goodacre BJ, Goodacre CJ. Using intraoral scanning to fabricate complete dentures: first experiences. Int J Prosthodont. 2018;31:166–70.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Fang J-H, An X, Jeong S-M, Choi B-H. Digital intraoral scanning technique for edentulous jaws. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119:733–5.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Michelinakis G, Pavlakis M, Igoumenakis D. Rehabilitation of a maxillectomy patient using intraoral scanning impression technology and a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing fabricated obturator prosthesis: a clinical report. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2018;18:282–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Soltanzadeh P, Su J-M, Habibabadi SR, Kattadiyil MT. Obturator fabrication incorporating computer-aided design and 3-dimensional printing technology: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;121:694–7.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Wismeijer D, Joda T, Flügge T, Fokas G, Tahmaseb A, Bechelli D, et al. Group 5 ITI consensus report: digital technologies. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29(Suppl 16):436–42.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Giachetti L, Sarti C, Cinelli F, Russo DS. Accuracy of digital impressions in fixed prosthodontics: a systematic review of clinical studies. Int J Prosthodont. 2020;33:192–201.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Wong CKK, Narvekar U, Petridis H. Prosthodontic complications of metal-ceramic and all-ceramic, complete-arch fixed implant prostheses with minimum 5 years mean follow-up period. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthodont Off J Am Coll Prosthodont. 2019;28:e722–35.
18.
19.
Sulaiman TA. Materials in digital dentistry—a review. J Esthet Restor Dent Off Publ Am Acad Esthet Dent Al. 2020;32:171–81.CrossRef
20.
21.
Basaki K, Alkumru H, De Souza G, Finer Y. Accuracy of digital vs. conventional implant impression approach: a three-dimensional comparative in vitro analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:792–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Mühlemann S, Greter EA, Park J-M, Hämmerle CHF, Thoma DS. Precision of digital implant models compared to conventional implant models for posterior single implant crowns: a within-subject comparison. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29:931–6.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Mangano FG, Hauschild U, Veronesi G, Imburgia M, Mangano C, Admakin O. Trueness and precision of 5 intraoral scanners in the impressions of single and multiple implants: a comparative in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Chew AA, Esguerra RJ, Teoh KH, Wong KM, Ng SD, Tan KB. Three-dimensional accuracy of digital implant impressions: effects of different scanners and implant level. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:70–80.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Chia VA, Esguerra RJ, Teoh KH, Teo JW, Wong KM, Tan KB. In vitro three-dimensional accuracy of digital implant impressions: the effect of implant angulation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:313–21.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Del Corso M, Abà G, Vazquez L, Dargaud J, Dohan Ehrenfest DM. Optical three-dimensional scanning acquisition of the position of osseointegrated implants: an in vitro study to determine method accuracy and operational feasibility. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2009;11:214–21.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Stimmelmayr M, Güth J-F, Erdelt K, Edelhoff D, Beuer F. Digital evaluation of the reproducibility of implant scanbody fit–an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:851–6.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Revilla-León M, Fogarty R, Barrington JJ, Zandinejad A, Özcan M. Influence of scan body design and digital implant analogs on implant replica position in additively manufactured casts. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:202–10.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Lee SJ, Betensky RA, Gianneschi GE, Gallucci GO. Accuracy of digital versus conventional implant impressions. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015;26:715–9.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Koch GK, Gallucci GO, Lee SJ. Accuracy in the digital workflow: from data acquisition to the digitally milled cast. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;115:749–54.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Marghalani A, Weber H-P, Finkelman M, Kudara Y, El Rafie K, Papaspyridakos P. Digital versus conventional implant impressions for partially edentulous arches: an evaluation of accuracy. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119:574–9.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Alsharbaty MHM, Alikhasi M, Zarrati S, Shamshiri AR. A clinical comparative study of 3-dimensional accuracy between digital and conventional implant impression techniques. J Prosthodont. 2019;28:e902–8.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Papaspyridakos P, Gallucci GO, Chen C-J, Hanssen S, Naert I, Vandenberghe B. Digital versus conventional implant impressions for edentulous patients: accuracy outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27:465–72.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Amin S, Weber HP, Finkelman M, El Rafie K, Kudara Y, Papaspyridakos P. Digital vs. conventional full-arch implant impressions: a comparative study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:1360–7.
35.
Miyoshi K, Tanaka S, Yokoyama S, Sanda M, Baba K. Effects of different types of intraoral scanners and scanning ranges on the precision of digital implant impressions in edentulous maxilla: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2020;31:74–83.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Kim KR, Seo K-Y, Kim S. Conventional open-tray impression versus intraoral digital scan for implant-level complete-arch impression. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;122:543–9.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Tan MY, Yee SHX, Wong KM, Tan YH, Tan KBC. Comparison of three-dimensional accuracy of digital and conventional implant impressions: effect of interimplant distance in an edentulous arch. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2019;34:366–80.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Huang R, Liu Y, Huang B, Zhang C, Chen Z, Li Z. Improved scanning accuracy with newly designed scan bodies: an in vitro study comparing digital versus conventional impression techniques for complete-arch implant rehabilitation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2020;31:625–33.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Alikhasi M, Siadat H, Nasirpour A, Hasanzade M. Three-dimensional accuracy of digital impression versus conventional method: effect of implant angulation and connection type. Int J Dent. 2018;2018:3761750.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Rech-Ortega C, Fernández-Estevan L, Solá-Ruíz M-F, Agustín-Panadero R, Labaig-Rueda C. Comparative in vitro study of the accuracy of impression techniques for dental implants: direct technique with an elastomeric impression material versus intraoral scanner. Med Oral Patol Oral Cirugia Bucal. 2019;24:e89-95.
41.
Papaspyridakos P, Chen Y-W, Alshawaf B, Kang K, Finkelman M, Chronopoulos V, et al. Digital workflow: in vitro accuracy of 3D printed casts generated from complete-arch digital implant scans. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:589–93.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Revilla-León M, Gonzalez-Martín Ó, Pérez López J, Sánchez-Rubio JL, Özcan M. Position accuracy of implant analogs on 3D printed polymer versus conventional dental stone casts measured using a coordinate measuring machine. J Prosthodont. 2018;27:560–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Flügge T, Att W, Metzger M, Nelson K. Precision of dental implant digitization using intraoral scanners. Int J Prosthodont. 2016;29:277–83.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Mangano FG, Veronesi G, Hauschild U, Mijiritsky E, Mangano C. Trueness and precision of four intraoral scanners in oral implantology: a comparative in vitro study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0163107.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Fukazawa S, Odaira C, Kondo H. Investigation of accuracy and reproducibility of abutment position by intraoral scanners. J Prosthodont Res. 2017;61:450–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Imburgia M, Logozzo S, Hauschild U, Veronesi G, Mangano C, Mangano FG. Accuracy of four intraoral scanners in oral implantology: a comparative in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2017;17:92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Kim RJ-Y, Benic GI, Park J-M. Trueness of digital intraoral impression in reproducing multiple implant position. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0222070.
48.
Giménez B, Pradíes G, Martínez-Rus F, Özcan M. Accuracy of two digital implant impression systems based on confocal microscopy with variations in customized software and clinical parameters. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2015;30:56–64.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Vandeweghe S, Vervack V, Dierens M, De Bruyn H. Accuracy of digital impressions of multiple dental implants: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:648–53.PubMedCrossRef
50.
51.
Di Fiore A, Meneghello R, Graiff L, Savio G, Vigolo P, Monaco C, et al. Full arch digital scanning systems performances for implant-supported fixed dental prostheses: a comparative study of 8 intraoral scanners. J Prosthodont Res. 2019;63:396–403.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Sami T, Goldstein G, Vafiadis D, Absher T. An in vitro 3D evaluation of the accuracy of 4 intraoral optical scanners on a 6-implant model. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:748–54.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Bilmenoglu C, Cilingir A, Geckili O, Bilhan H, Bilgin T. In vitro comparison of trueness of 10 intraoral scanners for implant-supported complete-arch fixed dental prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:755–60.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Kim J-E, Hong Y-S, Kang Y-J, Kim J-H, Shim J-S. Accuracy of scanned stock abutments using different intraoral scanners: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont Off J Am Coll Prosthodont. 2019;28:797–803.CrossRef
55.
Malik J, Rodriguez J, Weisbloom M, Petridis H. Comparison of accuracy between a conventional and two digital intraoral impression techniques. Int J Prosthodont. 2018;31:107–13.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Ender A, Mehl A. In-vitro evaluation of the accuracy of conventional and digital methods of obtaining full-arch dental impressions. Quintessence Int Berl Ger. 1985;2015(46):9–17.
57.
Rutkūnas V, Gečiauskaitė A, Jegelevičius D, Vaitiekūnas M. Accuracy of digital implant impressions with intraoral scanners. A systematic review. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2017;10:101–20.
58.
Chochlidakis K, Papaspyridakos P, Tsigarida A, Romeo D, Chen Y-W, Natto Z, et al. Digital versus conventional full-arch implant impressions: a prospective study on 16 edentulous maxillae. J Prosthodont. 2020;29:281–6.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Giménez B, Özcan M, Martínez-Rus F, Pradíes G. Accuracy of a digital impression system based on active wavefront sampling technology for implants considering operator experience, implant angulation, and depth. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2015;17:e54-64.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Ciocca L, Meneghello R, Monaco C, Savio G, Scheda L, Gatto MR, et al. In vitro assessment of the accuracy of digital impressions prepared using a single system for full-arch restorations on implants. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2018;13:1097–108.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Arcuri L, Pozzi A, Lio F, Rompen E, Zechner W, Nardi A. Influence of implant scanbody material, position and operator on the accuracy of digital impression for complete-arch: a randomized in vitro trial. J Prosthodont Res. 2020;64:128–36.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Gimenez-Gonzalez B, Hassan B, Özcan M, Pradíes G. An in vitro study of factors influencing the performance of digital intraoral impressions operating on active wavefront sampling technology with multiple implants in the edentulous maxilla. J Prosthodont. 2017;26:650–5.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Gintaute A, Papatriantafyllou N, Aljehani M, Att W. Accuracy of computerized and conventional impression-making procedures for multiple straight and tilted dental implants. Int J Esthet Dent. 2018;13:550–65.PubMed
64.
Lin W-S, Harris BT, Elathamna EN, Abdel-Azim T, Morton D. Effect of implant divergence on the accuracy of definitive casts created from traditional and digital implant-level impressions: an in vitro comparative study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2015;30:102–9.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Motel C, Kirchner E, Adler W, Wichmann M, Matta RE. Impact of different scan bodies and scan strategies on the accuracy of digital implant impressions assessed with an intraoral scanner: an in vitro study. J Prosthodont. 2020;29:309–14.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Mizumoto RM, Yilmaz B, McGlumphy EA, Seidt J, Johnston WM. Accuracy of different digital scanning techniques and scan bodies for complete-arch implant-supported prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123:96–104.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Mizumoto RM, Yilmaz B. Intraoral scan bodies in implant dentistry: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;120:343–52.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Schmidt A, Billig JW, Schlenz M, Rehmann P, Wöstmann B. Influence of the accuracy of intraoral scanbodies on implant position: differences in manufacturing tolerances. Int J Prosthodont. 2019;32:430–2.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Mangano F, Lerner H, Margiani B, Solop I, Latuta N, Admakin O. Congruence between meshes and library files of implant scanbodies: an in vitro study comparing five intraoral scanners. J Clin Med. 2020;9:2174.PubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Sawyers J, Baig MR, El-Masoud B. Effect of multiple use of impression copings and scanbodies on implant cast accuracy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2019;34:891–8.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Revilla-León M, Jiang P, Sadeghpour M, Piedra-Cascón W, Zandinejad A, Özcan M, et al. Intraoral digital scans—part 1: influence of ambient scanning light conditions on the accuracy (trueness and precision) of different intraoral scanners. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:372–8.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Revilla-León M, Subramanian SG, Özcan M, Krishnamurthy VR. Clinical Study of the Influence of Ambient Light Scanning Conditions on the Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of an Intraoral Scanner. J Prosthodont Off J Am Coll Prosthodont. 2020;29:107–13.CrossRef
73.
Flügge T, Schlager S, Nelson K, Nahles S, Metzger M. Precision of intraoral digital dental impressions with iTero and extraoral digitization with the iTero and a model scanner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:471–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Mizumoto RM, Alp G, Özcan M, Yilmaz B. The effect of scanning the palate and scan body position on the accuracy of complete-arch implant scans. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21:987–94.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Iturrate M, Lizundia E, Amezua X, Solaberrieta E. A new method to measure the accuracy of intraoral scanners along the complete dental arch: a pilot study. J Adv Prosthodont. 2019;11:331–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Iturrate M, Eguiraun H, Etxaniz O, Solaberrieta E. Accuracy analysis of complete-arch digital scans in edentulous arches when using an auxiliary geometric device. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;121:447–54.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Delize V, Bouhy A, Lambert F, Lamy M. Intrasubject comparison of digital vs. conventional workflow for screw-retained single-implant crowns: prosthodontic and patient-centered outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2019;30:892–902.
79.
Mangano F, Veronesi G. Digital versus analog procedures for the prosthetic restoration of single implants: a randomized controlled trial with 1 year of follow-up. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:5325032.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Mangano F, Margiani B, Admakin O. A novel full-digital protocol (SCAN-PLAN-MAKE-DONE®) for the design and fabrication of implant-supported monolithic translucent zirconia crowns cemented on customized hybrid abutments: a retrospective clinical study on 25 patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:317.PubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
De Angelis P, Passarelli PC, Gasparini G, Boniello R, D’Amato G, De Angelis S. Monolithic CAD-CAM lithium disilicate versus monolithic CAD-CAM zirconia for single implant-supported posterior crowns using a digital workflow: a 3-year cross-sectional retrospective study. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123:252–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Lerner H, Mouhyi J, Admakin O, Mangano F. Artificial intelligence in fixed implant prosthodontics: a retrospective study of 106 implant-supported monolithic zirconia crowns inserted in the posterior jaws of 90 patients. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Joda T, Bragger U, Zitzmann NU. CAD/CAM implant crowns in a digital workflow: five-year follow-up of a prospective clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21:169–74.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Joda T, Ferrari M, Bragger U. A prospective clinical cohort study analyzing single-unit implant crowns after three years of loading: introduction of a novel Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score (FIPS). Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:1291–5.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Rutkunas V, Larsson C, Vult von Steyern P, Mangano F, Gedrimiene A. Clinical and laboratory passive fit assessment of implant-supported zirconia restorations fabricated using conventional and digital workflow. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020;22:237–245.
86.
Joda T, Brägger U. Time-efficiency analysis comparing digital and conventional workflows for implant crowns: a prospective clinical crossover trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2015;30:1047–53.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Joda T, Brägger U. Time-efficiency analysis of the treatment with monolithic implant crowns in a digital workflow: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27:1401–6.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Joda T, Lenherr P, Dedem P, Kovaltschuk I, Bragger U, Zitzmann NU. Time efficiency, difficulty, and operator’s preference comparing digital and conventional implant impressions: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:1318–23.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Joda T, Brägger U. Patient-centered outcomes comparing digital and conventional implant impression procedures: a randomized crossover trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27:e185–9.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Pieralli S, Kohal R-J, Rabel K, von Stein-Lausnitz M, Vach K, Spies BC. Clinical outcomes of partial and full-arch all-ceramic implant-supported fixed dental prostheses. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29:224–36.
91.
Bidra AS, Tischler M, Patch C. Survival of 2039 complete arch fixed implant-supported zirconia prostheses: a retrospective study. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119:220–4.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Jiang X, Lin Y, Cui HY, Di P. Immediate loading of multiple splinted implants via complete digital workflow: a pilot clinical study with 1-year follow-up. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21:446–53.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Joda T, Ferrari M, Bragger U, Zitzmann NU. Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) of posterior single-implant crowns using digital workflows: a randomized controlled trial with a three-year follow-up. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29:954–61.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The direct digital workflow in fixed implant prosthodontics: a narrative review
Authors
George Michelinakis
Dimitrios Apostolakis
Phophi Kamposiora
George Papavasiliou
Mutlu Özcan
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01398-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Oral Health 1/2021 Go to the issue

Research

Different concentrations of C5a affect human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells differentiation

Research

A randomised clinical study investigating efficacy of a stannous fluoride toothpaste in improving gingival health after 3 weeks’ use

Research article

Do dentists practice what they know? A cross-sectional study on the agreement between dentists' knowledge and practice in restoring endodontically treated teeth

Case report

Oral reactive capillary hemangiomas induced by SHR-1210 in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a case report and literature review

Research

Good role models? Tooth brushing capabilities of parents: a video observation study

Research

Oral health condition and development of frailty over a 12-month period in community‐dwelling older adults